Ngaphandle Kwezindikimba Ezihlukene: Indlela Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni Asebenza Ngayo Enye

Izifundo eziningi zomphakathi ziqala ngomfanekiso olula: amabhokisi amathathu acocekile abhalwe ukuthi uGunya, u-Legislative, no-Jaji, ngalinye elinezibopho zalo ezicocekile. Liyisiqalo esiwusizo, kodwa futhi lingadukisa. Ngokwesiko, isimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika asizange siklanyelwe ukugcina lamagatsha ehlukene ngokuphelele. Abakhi, babedweba kakhulu emibonweni yeMontesquieu nasemibonweni yabo yamakoloni, bakha ngamabomu isakhiwo lapho amagatsha ayoba khona awedwa kakhulu. Umgomo wawungalawulwa ngokwehlukana kodwa ugebedwa kodwa umshini owawungalawulwa ukulwa kwesifiso sokuvelela, njengoba uJames Madison Diocesmes. No.

Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlangana kubalulekile kunoma ubani ozama ukuqonda indlela imithetho edluliselwa ngayo, indlela izimiso eziphoqelelwa ngayo, nendlela amalungelo avikelwa ngayo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolisisa okunemininingwane, okuwusizo ngendlela isikhulu, isimiso somthetho, namagatsha abusa ngayo asebenzelana ngayo, asekelane, futhi acindezelane ngayo ezweni langempela lokubusa.

Idwala Lokuhlangana: Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nokulinganisela

Ngaphambi kokuba uhlole ubuhlobo obuqondile, kubalulekile ukucacisa izimfundiso ezimbili ezivumelanayo ezichaza imisebe ye - interbrancy.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Lesimiso sinikeza igatsha ngalinye imisebenzi ehlukile. Igatsha iLegislative (Coregn) libhala imithetho. Igatsha eliphethe (uMongameli nezinhlangano zikahulumeni) liyawaqinisekisa. Igatsha leJaji (izinkantolo) liyawachaza. Lengxenye ivimbela noma isiphi isigungu esisodwa ekusebenziseni igunya eliphelele. Nokho, ukwahlukana akuphelele. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli angamisa umthetho neNkantolo Ephakeme ethinta imithetho ethinta indlela amacala aphathwa ngayo.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Amasesha nezilinganiso yizinqubo ezivumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba likwazi ukuqondisa nokulinganisela ezinye. Lesimiso senza iqoqo lobubonisi obubodwa kunabaphathi abaqinile. Izibonelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • [[[QULT:0] Igunya phezu kokubusa: UKhongolose lulawula uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwemali, luqinisekisa ama-mine, futhi lungagcona uMongameli.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukukhipha ngemithetho: UMongameli angakhipha izikweletu abese ebiza i-Congress ukuba ingene esiqephini esikhethekile.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Inkantolo ephetheyo engaphezulu kwemithetho ne-Authority: ingashaya imithetho noma izenzo zobuphathi eziphula uMthetho-sisekelo.
  • [[I- Igunya ngokwahlulela:[ inquma isimo sezinkantolo zikahulumeni futhi ingaveza izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze kukhishwe izincazelo zokwahlulela.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isinqumo sokwahlulela: UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme.

La mandla adlulelanayo awazona izilokazane ezisesimisweni, kodwa ayizici eziklanyelwe ukuphoqa ukuxoxisana, ukucabangisisa, nokuhlehla.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ingqungquthela Njengenjini Nengashi

Ngokuvamile i - Congress ibizwa ngokuthi igatsha lokuqala likahulumeni ngoba yiyo kuphela ekhethwe ngokuqondile abantu futhi umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko uwukwenza umthetho, kodwa ukuhlangana kwayo namanye amagatsha kukhulu kakhulu.

Umshini Wokwenza Imithetho

Inqubo yomthetho kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekupheleni ukuhlola kokuncika kwemithetho. Imali ingaqala endluni noma eSigele, kodwa ayinakuba umthetho ngaphandle kwesigqebhezana soMongameli (noma i-veto ehlisiwe). Phakathi nenqubo, izinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe ngokuvamile zinikeza ubuchwepheshe nokuhlaziywa komthetho wokubhakathiswa. Uma sewenziwe, umthetho uzosetshenziswa yinxusa lesikhulu, futhi ukubekwa kwalo ngokomthetho kungavivinywa ekugcineni enkantolo yombuso.

Cabangela ukudlula komthetho we-Affordble Care Act ngo-2010. UKhongolo lwaphikisana futhi lwamisa umthetho, kodwa uMnyango Wezempilo Nezinkonzo Zobuntu kwadingeka ukuba ubhale amakhulukhulu amakhasi emithetho ukuze usebenze. Umthetho wabe usubhekene nezinselele eziningi zeNkantolo Ephakeme, kuhlanganise ne- National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [20], owasekela umyalo othi umuntu ngamunye awe yintela kuyilapho ephula ukwanda kwemithetho esemthethweni we-Medicaid. Lo mthetho owodwa wathinta wonke amagatsha amathathu emjikelezweni oqhubeka nezinselele ezintsha namuhla.

Ukuvelela Nokuqinisekisa

Igatsha lemithetho linethonya elikhulu kumphathi wezikhulu ngokuqulwa kwecala, ngokuphenywa, nangobukhoma bemali. Amakomiti eSiphakamiso abiza izikhulu zegatsha njalo ukuba zifakazele ngokusetshenziswa kwezimiso, ukusetshenziswa, nokungaphathi kahle okungase kwenzeke. Lo msebenzi wobubonisi uye wabonakala ikakhulukazi phakathi nokuhlola izindaba ezisukela ekuhlolweni kokuhlakanipha kuya ekusabeleni okuwumqedazwe.

UKhongolose futhi ufeza indima eqondile ekusebenziseni amagatsha aphetheyo nawahluleli. ISigele siqinisekisa onobhala beKhabhinethi, iziphathi, amanxusa, nabahluleli bakahulumeni. Lenqubo yokuqinisekisa iye yaya iqala ukuphikisana emashumini eminyaka amuva, njengoba abanyunyana becusumbulwa ngenxa yokuthambekela kwabo kwemibono nemibono yezimiso. Ikhono likamongameli lokusebenzisa iziphakamiso zabo lixhomeke kakhulu ekutheni iqembu labo lilawula iSigebeqe futhi lingaqinisekisa abakhonziwa kahle yini.

Amandla Afunayo

Mhlawumbe i-exination engathi sína kakhulu iSishaya - mthetho esiphethe isikhulu amandla okungagunyazi. Indlu yabameleli ingamgunyaza uMongameli, uMongameli ongumsekeli, noma ezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni ngenxa yokuvukela umbuso, ukufumbathisa, noma amanye amacala amakhulu kanye namaphutha. Khona - ke iSigele siqunga icala noMahluleli oMkhulu weNkantolo Ephakeme owengamele. Le nqubo ihilela ngokuqondile wonke amagatsha amathathu: i Houses sehlola futhi ivote ezihlokweni zezentengiselwano, i-gesate yamajajistara, i-sdate, neJaji eSikhulu seNkathi yeNkathi Ephakeme iqinisekisa ukuthi i-procedial i-heature.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukusebenzisa Imisebenzi, Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Esiqondile Nokulinganiselwa

Igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa nguMongameli, linomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho ngokwethembeka. Kodwa uMongameli akayena umqondisi ongenzi lutho. Umongameli wanamuhla uye waphenduka waba umsunguli wesimiso esinamandla, ngokuvamile ebangela izinqumo zesizwe ngezindlela ezingokomthetho nezethukela.

I - Veto Njengethuluzi Elishukumisayo

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 7 yoMthetho-sisekelo inikeza uMongameli amandla okulawula umthetho weveto. Lesi akusona nje ithuluzi elibukhali lokubulala izikweletu zikaMongameli ongathandi; kuyithuluzi elisebenzayo elilawula lokho okucatshangwa ngisho nangokudlula uMkhandlu. Umongameli angaphawula ukuthi bazokwethula incwadi ethile, okungase kubangele ukuba abaholi benhlangano bashintshe umthetho ukuze bagweme ukuxabana. UMongameli uFranklin D. Rooselt wasebenzisa ngokudume ngokudume kakhulu usongo lwe-veto ukuphoqa ushintsho kulokhu kuthatha umthetho omusha. Uma i-veto ingenzeka, i-Hulumer ingawususa ngemithetho emibili yesithathu ephezulu emagumbini odwa . .Ngqungquthelayo isho impumelelo ukuduzela ukuhlasela.

Ukuhleleka Kweziphathimandla Nokwakhiwa Kwenhlangano

Lapho i-Congress inikeza imithetho ebanzi, ngokuvamile kuthuma igunya kubaphathi abaphethe ukuba bagcwalise imininingwane ngezimiso. Lenqubo yokushaya umthetho inethonya elikhulu elisebenzayo, elithinta yonke into kusukela ezindinganisweni zendawo ezungezile kuya ekulondekeni emsebenzini. UMongameli anganikeza iziyalo eziqondisa indlela izinhlangano eziqondisa ngayo i-stown sh & Tube. Neziyalo eziphethe ziyithuluzi elinamandla lokulungisa isimiso ngaphandle komthetho omusha, zingaba nezingenamkhawulo. Izinkantolo zingashaya iziyalezo zesikhulu ezidlula umthetho ngokomthetho noma igunya lemithetho, njengoba kwenza iNkantolo Ephakeme ye-town sh & Tube. V. Sawyer[FLD:] [FLD] [1952], lapho zingasebenzi, lapho zishaya umthetho kaPresidenti kaTruman owenzile wensimbi phakathi neMpi yase-Korea.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamazwe Angaphandle Neziphakamiso

Ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe, uMongameli ungummeleli oyinhloko we-United States, kodwa usaxhomeke kakhulu eMkhandlwini. Izivumelwano zidinga ukuvunyelwa kwezigele ezimbili-ntathu ngaphambi kokuba zivunyelwe. Lokhu kudala amandla lapho omongameli kumele baxoxe khona nohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe kuphela kodwa nanabaphathi be-senesmes ukuze baqinisekise amavoti adingekayo. Uma izivumelwano ezingokomthetho zinzima ngokwezombangazwe, ababusi baphendukela kakhulu ezivumelwaneni zezikhulu, ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa kweSishaya-mthetho kodwa ezingasaphili kakhulu ngoba umongameli wesikhathi esizayo angaphuma kubo.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza, Ukubukeza, Nokuzibamba

Igatsha lokwahlulela ngokuvamile libhekwa njengegatsha elincane kakhulu lezombangazwe, kodwa ukusebenzelana kwalo noKhongolo noMongameli kuwumthelela ojulile. Izinkantolo aziqali isimiso, kodwa zinegama lokugcina ngencazelo yoMthetho - sisekelo nomthetho kahulumeni.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Njengenhlolo - vo Engasekho

Amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela .[1] Igunya lokumemezela imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha ezingagunyaziwe − lamiswa ku Marbury v. Madison (1803] [183]. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme ishaye amakhulu emithetho kahulumeni nekahulumeni. Leligunya lokumisa i-jacarica ngendima eqondile phezu kwamanye amagatsha. Ngokwesibonelo, eUnited States v. Nixon (1877], iNkantolo ePhakathi likhipha umthetho kaProfesi. Umongameli Nixon Nixgate, wayala ukuba aphendule amakhasethi e-mende e-mende. Isinqumo se-Nixton'swon'.

Ukuchaza Isimiso Nokusabela Kwenhlangano

Ngisho noma izinkantolo zingawutholi umthetho ongekho emthethweni, kumelwe zichaze lokho umthetho okushoyo. Lezincazelo zingayiphendula ngokuphumelelayo indlela yokukhipha umthetho omusha ocacisa injongo yayo yasekuqaleni, kodwa lokhu kudinga ukunqoba izithiyo ezifanayo zomthetho njenganoma imuphi omunye umthetho. Ngezinye izikhathi, uMkhandlu awuvumelani nencazelo yomthetho kodwa awukwazi ukuvotela imvume, ushiye incazelo yenkantolo imile iminyaka noma amashumi.

Ukumiswa Kwezikhathi Zokuphila Nefa Lezombangazwe

UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, asebenza ekumiseni isigwebo sokuphila konke. Lokhu kusho ukuthi igama elilodwa lomongameli lingabumba inkantolo yezizukulwane. Izimpi zokuqinisekisa izikhulu zenkantolo ziye zaba phakathi kwezici ezilandelanayo neziphikisana kakhulu zobuhlobo bobuhlobo. Ukushintshwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme esuka eWarren Court kuya kubantu abaningi ababambelele emfundisweni yamanje kubonisa ukuthi amandla okumiswa avumela kanjani umqondisi ophethe nomthetho wezikhungo zezomthetho ukuba athonye ifilosofi yokwahlulela esikhathini eside ngemva kokuba umongameli ephume ehhovisi.

Amaphuzu Athakazelisayo: Lapho Ukuhlangana Kubangela Khona Ukuphazamiseka

Umklamo kahulumeni ohlangene ubangela ukungezwani ngamabomu, kodwa ezinye izindawo zokushayisa ziphikelela kakhulu kunezinye.

Ilungelo Eliphethe Iqembu Liyaphikisana Nokuphatha Kwamanxusa

Sekuyisikhathi eside abameli bebonke ilungelo lokugcina izimfihlo ezithile zezikhulu zegatsha. Lelilungelo alilona eliphelele, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo ziye zaphoqelela ukudalulwa lapho uMkhandlu uveza isidingo esiqinile. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokuvikela ukumiswa kwesinqumo sobuphathi nokusiza ukuqondisa imithetho kulokhu kungumthombo oziphindaphindayo wengxabano, ikakhulukazi phakathi nophengululo lokuthi ukuziphatha okubi.

Ukunqatshelwa kwemithetho yokwahlulela ngokuphikisana.

Emashumini eminyaka, izinkantolo zanikeza izinhlangano eziphetheyo imvume yokungaqondi kahle kwemithetho ecacile ngaphansi kwemfundiso . Lokhu kuthatha isikhathi kwaqaphela ukuthi amanxusa anolwazi lobuchwepheshe oluntulayo. Nokho, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT:]] Light Enterprections v. Raimdo[[FLT:] [2004] [2024] ahlulelwe ngemithetho yezekhono ekhampathiswayo [FLT] [FLT]], ichaza igunya eliguquguqukayo emuva ezinkantolo. Lokhu kuzonyusela ukucuthwa kwezimiso zokwahlulela futhi kushintshe ukulinganisela phakathi kwamagatsha okwahlulela namagatsha.

Ukunqanyulwa Kukahulumeni Namandla Okuthenga

Uma iSishaya-Mkhandlu noMongameli bengenakuvumelana ngezindleko zokushayana, uhulumeni ungavala, umise imisebenzi eminingi kahulumeni. Lokhu kuvala kuyisibonakaliso esiphawulekayo sendlela ukulwa phakathi kwe-interranch okungathinta ngayo izakhamuzi ngokuqondile. Usongo lokuvala luyizindleko ezinkulu ezidinga ukudingidwa, kodwa futhi lubonisa izindleko ezingokoqobo zokuxabana komthetho-sisekelo.

Izifundo Zokuhlasela Kwezwe Kwangempela Ekuxhumaneni Nohulumeni

Ukubona indlela amagatsha asebenza ngayo phakathi nezenzakalo ezinkulu zesizwe kunikeza ukuqonda okucacile kwesimiso esisebenzayo.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Ezakhamuzi

Ukuthuthukiswa komthetho wamalungelo abantu ku 1960 kubonisa ukubambisana okunenzuzo. UMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson wasebenzisa amakhono akhe ezombangazwe kanye nesikhulu esiqinelayo sokuphoqelela uKhongolose ukuba adlulise uMthetho Welungelo Kahulumeni ka-1964 kanye noMthetho we-Voting Rights Act ka-1965. INkantolo Ephakeme ngaphambili yayibeke isisekelo sezinqumo ezifana ne- Brown v. Board of Education [1954], futhi kamuva yasekela lemithetho engokomthetho evimbela imingcele emelene nezinselele zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Igatsha ngalinye lafeza indima ekhethekile kodwa ehlangeneyo ekuqhubekisela phambili amalungelo alinganayo.

Ukusabela Enkingeni Yezimali Ka - 2008

Phakathi nenkinga yezimali ka-2008, amagatsha enza ngesivinini esingavamile nangokubambisana. UKhomishane wadlula kuMnyango Wezezimali weSizalo weSisethi EsiwuMnyango (TARP); uMnyango Wezimali, ingxenye yegatsha eliphethe, wangenela uhlelo; futhi izinkantolo zasingatha ukumangalelwa okuningi okubekela izenzo zikahulumeni inselele. Ukusabela okuhambisana nokusebenza kwe-interrant kwakungenampikiswano, kodwa kwabonisa indlela isimiso esingayikhuthaza ngayo lapho sibhekene nosongo oluphuthumayo lwesizwe.

Okwenza Ukuhlangana Kubaluleke Kubantu Abahlala Ezakhamuzini

Ukuqonda indlela amagatsha axhumana ngayo akuyona nje indlela yokufunda, kodwa kunemiphumela ewusizo ngendlela izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngayo nohulumeni.

Ukuzimisela Nethonya

Uma ufuna ukushintsha inkambiso, ukwazi ukuthi igatsha eliphi okudingeka ulibekelwe ligxeka. Isimiso esihlongozwayo singathonywa ngokuphendula phakathi nenqubo yokushaya umthetho kwe-ace. Umthetho ungashintshwa ngokuthintana nommeleli wakho noma umphathi wakho. Isinqumo senkantolo singabekelwa inselele ngokufaka i-amicus kafushane noma ngokusekela inselele engokomthetho. Ukuqasha okuphumelelayo ngokuvamile kudinga ukuhileleka emagatsheni amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Ukulandisa Nesivikelo Samalungelo

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sisho ukuthi alikho igatsha elingaphazamisa amalungelo akho ngaphandle kokubhekana nemiphumela evela kwelinye igatsha. Uma uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho ovimbela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, izinkantolo zingawushaya. Uma igatsha eliphethe lidlulela egunyeni lalo, uKhongolo-mthetho ungahlola noma unciphise ukuxhaswa kwemali. Lesibopho sokulandisa sinikeza iziteshi eziningi zokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Isiphetho: Umngcele Ophansi Wombuso Wentando Yeningi

Amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni wase-U.S. awawahlukanisi kodwa asebenza nomdanso obucayi, ovame ukuphikisana. Abadwebi baqonda ukuthi amandla okugxilisa ingqondo ayingozi, kodwa futhi babazi ukuthi ukuhlukana ngokuphelele kungenza ukubusa kuphumelele. Ikhambi abalakha lona (isimiso samandla alinganayo, ahlanganyela imithwalo yemfanelo, futhi ahlolana ngokuphawulekayo () abonakala ehlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka.

Kubafundi, othisha, nezakhamuzi eziboshelwe ukuhlobana, kubalulekile ukuqaphela lokhu kuhlangana. Kuchaza ukuthi kungani izinguquko ezinkulu zithatha isikhathi, kungani ngezinye izikhathi kuvela inqubo esheshayo, nokuthi kungani izikhathi zenhlekelele zingaveza isinyathelo esisheshayo. Isimiso asiphumeleli futhi asihlanzekile, kodwa asiklanyelwanga ukuba sivikele inkululeko, futhi kudinga ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamagatsha. Ngokuqonda indlela lobudlelwano olusebenza ngayo, siba ngabahlonyiselwe ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuziphilisa futhi sigcine wonke amagatsha amathathu enomthwalo wemfanelo kubantu abakhonzayo.