Ukuziphendukela Kwezinhlangano Zokulawula Ezikhundleni Zanamuhla

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo ziyisisekelo sokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi. Ziqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ahlolwa, imithombo yomphakathi isetshenziswa ngokuhloniphekile, futhi amalungelo omphakathi avikelekile. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, lezizinhlangano ziye zasuka emasikweni angahleliwe zaba izisekelo eziqinile ezingokomthetho, zivumelanisa nezimfuno ezishintshashintshayo zokubusa, ezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokwethemba umphakathi. Ukuqonda ukuthuthuka kwazo kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukufaneleka nokwethenjwa kwentando yeningi.

Kusukela emihlanganweni yasendulo kuya ezinjani zanamuhla ezizimele, ukuqondisa bekulokhu kubalulekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya. Namuhla, izinhlangano zezokwahlulela zihlanganisa amakomiti emithetho, ukubukeza kokwahlulela, izinhlangano ezizimele, ababali bezincwadi, kanye nemisebenzi yezenhlalo echumayo yomphakathi nemithombo yezindaba.

Imisuka Engokomlando Yokuqondisa

Isimiso sokuthi ababusi kumelwe baphendule embusweni wangaphambi kwedemokrasi yanamuhla. I-Athene yasendulo yayine-euthyna yayo [[FLT: 0] — ukuqulwa komphakathi kwamamantshi — neRiphabliki yeRoma yasebenzisa abalawuli ukubheka ukuziphatha nemali. Lokhu ukuhlola kwakuqala kwabekwa isisekelo sezinhlangano ezisemthethweni zamuva.

Phakathi nenkathi ephakathi, iMagna Carta (1215) yamisa isibonelo esibucayi: igunya lenkosi lalingesona esiphelele. uClaus 61 wasungula umkhandlu wababhishobhi abangu - 25 abagunyazwe ukuphoqelela amagama omthetho - sisekelo, ngokuphumelelayo indikimba yezokwengamela yakudala.

IGlorious Revolution ka-1688 yamisa ukuphakama kwephalamende eNgilandi. I-Bill of Rights (1689) yavimbela umqhele ekumiseni imithetho noma ukukhokha izintela ngaphandle kwemvume yephalamende. Kulenkathi kwavela amakomiti amile ngenxa yokulandisa komphakathi, emelela enye yezindlela zobuphathi bokuqala ezingokomthetho.

Ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. (1787) obekwe ukuhlolwa nezilinganiso phakathi kwesikhulu, i-propatistion, nokwahlulela. Ukuhlukanisa kwemithetho yezomthetho, kuhlangene neBill of Rights (1791), kwakha isimiso lapho igatsha ngalinye lingalinganisela khona ezinye. UJames Madison waphikisa ku- Umdwebi wobufundisi uNo. 51 [FLT]] ukuthi “isivumelwano kumelwe silwelwelwe,” isimiso sesisekelo sokuklama.

Ekhulwini le - 19 nelama - 20 amazwe aseScandinavia aqala ukuqasha ihhovisi lomphathi we - ombudsman ekuqaleni kwawo - 1800; iPalamende yaseSweden i - Ombudsman (1809) yahlola izikhalo zezakhamuzi ngokumelene nesimiso somphakathi.

Ngokufanayo, amahhovisi okuhlola amazwe — njengeNational APhicordial Office (1983) neHhovisi Lokuqulwa Kwamacala Kahulumeni waseU.S. (1981) — amiswa ukuba abukeze izindleko zikahulumeni ngokuzimele. Ukwanda kwalezi zindikimba kwabonisa ukuqaphela okukhulayo ukuthi ukubusa kwentando yeningi kwakudinga okungaphezu kokhetho; kwakudinga ukulandisa okuqhubekayo.

Izinhlobo Zezinhlangano Zokuqondisa

Ukwengamela kwentando yeningi kwanamuhla akukona ukuphatha ngendlela eyodwa. Kusebenza ngezindlela eziningi, ngokuvamile ezihambisanayo. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kukhanyisa indlela imisebenzi esebenzayo.

Ukuphatha Okungokomthetho

Amaphalamende nezinhlangano ziyisici esiyinhloko sokuqondisa kwezombangazwe. Zilawula ukuhlelwa kwemali, ziqinisekise ukumiswa kwezindawo, ziqhube izintambo, futhi zigunyaze ukuphenya. Izimiso zamakomiti — njenge House Committee on Oversing and Government Reformation eUnited States noma iKomiti yama-Public Accounts eUnited Kingdom — zigxila ekuhloleni izenzo zokuphatha.

Ukwengamela umthetho kungaba okuthatha isinyathelo noma okusebenzayo. Ukwengamela okuthatha isinyathelo. Ukusabela emahlazweni noma ekuhlulekeni kwezimiso, kuyilapho ububonisi obusebenzayo busebenzisa amathuluzi afana nama-regingstings, ama-astpication, nokuhlolwa kwangaphambi kwe-lective. i-Australian Palamentery Practice[ inikeza isiqondiso esiningiliziwe ngalemisebenzi.

Ukwengamela okuphumelelayo kwemithetho kuxhomeke ekuzimeleni kwamakomiti, ekutholeni izisebenzi ezinele, nasekutholeni ukwaziswa. Nokho, ukuhlukaniswa kunganciphisa ithonya layo. Uma iningi lilawula isishaya - mthetho nomphathi, ukuqondisa kungase kube buthaka. Kodwa ngisho nakohulumeni abanobunye, amasiko amakomiti aqinile nokucindezela komphakathi kungaqhubeka kuhlolwa.

Ukuphatha Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana nezindinganiso zomthetho-mthetho nomthetho. Ukuhlola ukwahlulela — amandla okuqeda umthetho noma iziyalezo eziphethe eziphula umthetho oyisisekelo — kuyisici esiphawula idemokrasi yanamuhla. INkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu yase-U.S. yamisa lombuso kuyi-Marbury v. Madison [1803]). Izizwe eziningi, kuhlanganise neJalimane, iNdiya, neCanada, ziye zamisa izinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Ngaphandle kokubukezwa komthetho-sisekelo, izinkantolo zokuphatha ziqondisa futhi ukwenza izinqumo zezikhulu, ukuvikela izakhamuzi ezenzweni zikahulumeni ezizimele. Ngokwesibonelo, i-French i-Conseil d’État isebenza kokubili njengomsizi ongokomthetho kuhulumeni nasenkantolo ephakeme yezimpikiswano zokuphatha.

Ikomiti yokwahlulela ibhekene nezinselele: izimangalo zezenzo zokwahlulela, ukuhlasela kwezombangazwe ekuzimeleni kwenkantolo, kanye nemingcele yemithombo ebangela iziphakamiso. Brennan Center yeJaji [ njalo izivumelwano ezisongela ukukhululeka kokwahlulela emhlabeni wonke.

Izinhlangano Ezizimele Nezinhloli Ezizimele

Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi iye yasungula izinhlangano ezisebenza ngaphandle kokulawulwa ngokuqondile kwenkonzo. Lezi zihlanganisa izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu, amakhomishane amelene nokonakala, amahhovisi okuhlola izimali, neziphathimandla zezokuvikela ukwaziswa. Ukuzimela kwazo — ekuhleleni nasekuxhaseni imali — kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthembekeni kwazo.

Umkhangisi we-ombudsman uyisibonelo salolu hlobo. Ombudsman uphenya izikhalo zezakhamuzi ngokumelene nezindikimba zomphakathi, batusa amakhambi, kanye nemibiko yomphakathi. I-Palamende yaseSweden i-Ombudsman ihlala iyindawo yokubhekisa phambili emhlabeni wonke, futhi amahhovisi afanayo manje asekhona emazweni angaphezu kuka-20. International Ombudsman Institute[ ilandela lezenzakalo.

Izinhlangano zokuhlola eziphezulu (SAIs) njenge-Ofisi yoMahlulelo kaHulumeni wase-U.S. kanye neNkantolo yaseJalimane yama-Punistics iveza ukuhlola okuzimele kwempumelelo kahulumeni nokusemthethweni. Inhlangano yezizwe zonke ye-SPrefective Institutions ( [[FLT]]]) imisa izindinganiso ezikhokhelwayo zokuncintisana komphakathi.

Lezi zinkampani ngokuvamile zinamandla alinganiselwe okuqinisekisa ukuthi kuyenzeka izinto ezizogcinwa abantu — ngokuvamile azikwazi ukujezisa noma ukuphonsa izintela — kodwa lokho ezikutholayo kunegunya lokuziphatha futhi kungabangela ukumiswa kwemithetho noma ukwahlulela.

Umphakathi Wasebuthweni Nabezindaba

Ukugada akugcini ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. Izinhlangano zomphakathi (CSOs) kanye nezindaba ezikhululekile zenza imisebenzi ebalulekile yokulandisa. Ukuhlola iphephandaba kuveza ukonakala nokwehluleka kwezimiso; abameleli bokubona balwela ukwaziswa okusobala nenkululeko yemithetho yokwaziswa; izinhlangano zomphakathi zikhuthaza ukucindezela komphakathi kwenguquko.

Izibonelo zihlanganisa incwadi ye-Transparency International, ekhipha i-Reference Perceptions Index kanye nabasekeli be-Reference Reformations. Imizamo enjenge-International Consortium of Investigative Maphephandaba (I-ICIJ) iye yaveza ukukhishwa kwentela kwembulunga yonke ngePanama Papers kanye nePandora Papers. Lemizamo ixhomeke ekufuleni impempe, ekuvikeleni okungokomthetho, nasekusekeleni umphakathi.

Izinhlangano ezizimele zithembele emaphuzwini avela emphakathini; imibiko yezindaba ingashukumisa uphenyo olungokomthetho.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ekulawuleni

Amathuluzi emishini abuye ashintsha ukuqondisa kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule. Ubuchwepheshe busiza ukuba izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuveza ukukhanya okukhulu, zinike amandla futhi zithuthukise ikhono lezinhlangano zobungameli. Nokho, budala nezingozi ezintsha — kusukela ekuqapheni ukuqapha kuya ekukhipheni ulwazi olusha — ezidinga ukulawulwa.

Izinhlelo eziyinhloko zobuchwepheshe zihlanganisa:

  • uvula amaqophane okwaziswa [ — Ohulumeni basakaza uhlelo lwemali, izivumelwano, nomsebenzi we-mcrom ku-inthanethi, uvumela izintatheli nezakhamuzi ukuba zicubungule imali esetshenziswayo. Izinyathelo ezifana ne-Open Government Previneship zikhuthaza le mikhuba.
  • Izimiso zokuphindaphinda kanye nohlelo lokuhlela ukuhlukanisa — amathuluzi ezibalo enza izakhamuzi zihlongoze futhi zivote ngokuqondile ngezimiso eziza kuqala, zidala izindlela ezintsha zokwengamela.
  • [[QUTY: 0] Izinga lokuhlola [ — izinhlangano zokulandelana zisebenzisa amanani okuhlola ukuzwana kwezindawo noma izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Brazil’s i-Controladria-Geral da União [CGU] isebenzisa izikhombi ezibikezela izingozi zokonakala.
  • I-wistlecupruer portas — Izimiso ezilondekile zombiko kulayini (umzk., uMnyango wokwahlulela ka-U.S. ka-Precial Paration Language) uvumela ukungaziwa kwalabo abadalula ukuziphatha okubi.

Nokho, ubuchwepheshe buletha izinselele. Ukwenza izinqumo okuzenzekelayo kohulumeni kungantula ukubonakala ngokukhululekile, kubangele “umphumela omnyama”. Izokuxhumana zingasakaza amanga alulaza ukuthemba ezinhlanganweni zobuphathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathuluzi okuhlola amanani angasetshenziselwa ukwesabisa abafuyi bekhwelo nezintatheli. Ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kungaqashelwa nje ukuba kuqashelwe izenzo zabantu kodwa futhi kuqashe nezimiso zemithetho.

Amazwe anjenge-Estonia aye aqala ukubusa ngokwezinombolo nge-e-e-icece, kuyilapho amanye ewa ngenxa yefa lezimiso ze-IT noma ukumelana kwezombangazwe. [i-OECD Digital Government Policy [[[FLT: 1] inikeza isiqondiso sokulinganisela ukusungulwa kwezimiso nokuziphendulela.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezinhlangano Ezinakekelayo

Naphezu kwendima yazo ebucayi, izinhlangano zababonisi zibhekene nezinsongo eziphikelelayo ezingase zenze buthaka ukuphumelela nokufaneleka kwazo.

Ukungenela Kwezombangazwe

Ukungenela kwesikhulu sobuphathi kuyindaba ekhulayo emhlabeni wonke. Ohulumeni bangamisa abaxhasi abaqotho emahhovisi aphambili okuhlola noma amanxusa amelene nokonakala, abawahlukumeza, noma bamane bangazinaki iziphakamiso zabo. EHungary, uhulumeni ubeke imingcele yokuzimela kwejaji ne-mediadiog. EPoland, izinguquko zomthetho ziye zanciphisa ukuzimela kwenkantolo okungokomthetho. Lemiqondo yokuphambuka ifakazelwa yizinhlangano ezinjenge International IDEA.

Ngisho nasebushikweni bentando yeningi obumisiwe, ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kungabonakala ngokukhohlisa: ukusongela kokunqamuka kwemali, izikhala ezingagcwalisiwe, noma ukuvikelwa kwemithetho okuqinile kwezinqumo ezizimele. Izivikelo ezingokomthetho zokuzimela kwenhlangano — kuhlanganise nemibandela emisiwe, izimali ezivikelwe, nezinqubo zokumisa ezisobala — ziyizivikelo ezibalulekile.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Isikhungo esiphakeme sokuhlola izimali ezweni elisathuthuka singaba nenani elincane lababali bemali abahlanganisa izigidi zezokuthengiselana. Amahhovisi omphakathi ngokuvamile awakwazi ukusingatha izikhalo eziningi azitholayo, okuholela ekuncishisweni nasekulahlekelweni kwethemba lomphakathi.

Imingcele yemithombo yemali ngezinye izikhathi isuke ihlotshaniswa ngamabomu — uhlobo oluthile lokucekela phansi okulula. Kodwa ngisho nalapho kukhona ukuncintisana ngohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali kungashiya ukuphatha kuphansi. Izisebenzi ezisekela imali, mhlawumbe eziboshelwe engxenyeni emisiwe yemali yezwe noma ezixhaswe yizisebenzi zomhlaba wonke ezizimele, zingasiza.

Ukunganaki Komphakathi Nokungakhulunyelwa

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo zithembele ekuthembiseni umphakathi ukuze ziphumelele. Uma izakhamuzi zingawuqapheli umsebenzi wazo noma zingakunaki ukulandisa, abadlali bezombangazwe ababhekene nokucindezela okuncane ukuze bavumelane nakho. Umvoti ophansi ubheka okhethweni abahlobene nobubonisi, ukudluliswa okulinganiselwe kwemibiko yokuhlola izibalo, nokukhathala komphakathi ngamahlazo konke kubangela ukunganaki.

Ukungavumelani ne-information kuveza le nkinga. Abaphathi-mthetho bangagxeka okutholakele okungokomthetho ngokuwabiza ngokuthi “ukuhlasela kwezombangazwe” noma“izindaba ezikha phezulu.” Ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni kuyakhukhuleka, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba izinhlangano zilawule ukuthobela. Ukulwa nalokhu kudinga amasu asebenzayo okuxhumana, izinhlelo zobungane zobulungu, kanye nokubambisana nomphakathi othembekile.

Ukudla Kobuchwepheshe Nokungavikeleki

Nakuba ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuluzi okuqondisa, izinhlangano ngokwazo zingase zibe mbalwa amandla okuhlola ama-radio, izimiso zezemfuyo zivimbela ukuhlaziywa kokwaziswa; ukungalondeki kwe-inthanethi okunganele kuveza ukwaziswa okuthathelwanayo ekugawuleni. Ngo-2020, iNkantolo yaseYurophu yabaphathi bezincwadi yabika ukuthi izimiso zayo siqu zokulawula i - IT ayivikelekile. Izindikimba ezincane emazweni asathuthuka ngokuvamile azinamali yokulondoloza izinto zemishini.

Izinhlelo zosizo zamazwe ngamazwe zingasiza ekuvaleni umehluko ophakathi kwemishini esetshenziswayo, ukwamukela ubuchwepheshe obufanele, nokuhlanganyela imikhuba emihle ngemicikilisho enjenge - INTAI.

Iziyalezo Nezinguquko Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo kumelwe ziqhubeke zizivumelanisa nokuhlala ziphumelela.

  • Ukubambisana okukhulu ezindikimbeni zobubonisi — ukwehlukana kunciphisa imiphumela. Ukwenza izimiso ezingokomthetho phakathi kwamahhovisi okuhlola, amanxusa amelene nokonakala, i-ombudsmen, kanye nokuthunywa kwamalungelo abantu kungasiza ukuba kuhlangane ukuhlakanipha nezenzo. Ukuhlola okuhlangene, izinhlelo ezivamile, nokuqaphelana kokwaziswa kungandisa ukusebenza.
  • Ukuhlanganisa isakhamuzi [ — Ngalé kwezindlela zokukhononda ezingokwesiko, izinhlangano zobungameli zizama ukuvalelana, ukubheka amabhodi esizwe, nokuzwa obala kugcwele kuyi-intanethi. I-parral da Transparência [[FL:3] yezakhamuzi ziyayibika ngokuqondile inkohlakalo. Izindlela ezinjalo zokuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezinezintambo zotshani ezihlanganyela.
  • Ukwakha izimiso zomthetho — iMithetho-mthetho nemithetho kufanele ivikele ngokuqondile ukuzimela nokugunyaza kwendikimba yongamele. Amalungiselelo okuzimela ngokwezimali, ukuvikela abaholi, kanye namandla acacile okuthola ukwaziswa anzima. Izilinganiso zomhlaba wonke njenge Isivumelwano esimelene nokonakala [ sinikeza amabhantshi.
  • Izinhlelo ezintsha zokubusa — Ohulumeni basungula izinkonzo zomphakathi ngokuqhubekayo futhi basebenzise izibopho zomphakathi zomuntu siqu. Ukulawula kumelwe kudlulele kulezinhlangano ezizimele. Ngokufanayo, ukunyuka kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa ekwenzeni izinqumo zikahulumeni kudinga amakhono amasha okwengamela — lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yezimiso kanye namabhodi ezimiso zokwaziswa.
  • Ukumelana nokuphambuka kwentando yeningi — Njengoba izinhlangano ezilawulayo zibekela imingcele ekhululekile, izinhlangano zobubonisi zidinga amasu okusinda. Lokhu kungahilela ukwakha izinhlangano zobumbano lomhlaba wonke, ukuhlakulela ukusekela umphakathi obanzi, nokuklama izindonga zomthetho-sisekelo ezenza ukulahla ukuphatha kwezombangazwe kube okubizayo.

Inguquko kumelwe izwezwe. Okusebenza embusweni wentando yeningi ohlangeneyo kungase kuhluleke kwentekenteke. Nokho izimiso ezivamile — ukuzimela, ukuba sobala, imithombo, nokuthembana komphakathi — zisebenza emhlabeni wonke.

Isiphetho

Ukuziphendukela kwezinhlangano zobubonisi bentando yeningi zanamuhla kuyindaba yentuthuko eqhubekayo nokuchayeka okuqhubekayo. Kusukela emasosheni angokomthetho wenkathi ephakathi kuya kumapulatifomu, lezi zinqubo ziye zakhula futhi zajula, ziveza izicelo zemiphakathi zokulandisa. Kodwa umlando uxwayisa nangokuthi izinhlangano zingabola. ukuphazamisa kwezombangazwe, indlala, ukunganaki komphakathi, nokuphazamisa kobuchwepheshe konke kusongela ukuphumelela kwazo.

Ukuvikela nokuqinisa ukuqondisa kudinga ukuqapha njalo. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zifune ukuba ohulumeni bazo bahloniphe ukuzibusa kwamahhovisi okuhlola izibalo, izinkantolo. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke kumelwe zisekele ukwakhiwa kwesikhundla nezinguquko ezingokomthetho. Abaphathi abaphethe kumelwe bazenze bagcine ukusebenza. Uma lezi zimo zivumelana, izinhlangano eziqondisayo zingagcwalisa isithembiso sazo: ukugcina amandla elandisa kubantu ezikhonza kubo.