Ohulumeni bendawo bayizisekeli eziyinhloko zezinkonzo zomphakathi ezibalulekile e-United States. Kusukela ekuqapheni kwamaphoyisa nasekulungiseni imigwaqo ezikoleni zomphakathi naseqoqweni kwemfucumfucu, lezinhlangano zikamasipala nezifunda zibumba ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi zonke. Nokho, ikhono lohulumeni bendawo lokuxhasa nokunikeza lezi zinkonzo lixhomeke ekulinganiseni okubucayi kwegunya elingokomthetho, isikhundla sobuphostoli, nentando yezombangazwe. Lesihloko sinikeza ukuhlola ngokujule indlela ohulumeni bendawo abaqoqa ngayo izinkonzo zomphakathi, amandla abanawo ukwenza kanjalo, futhi ukulinganiselwa okukhulu okulawula izenzo zabo. Ukuqonda lezi zicingosi ezicini ezibucayi kubafundi bobucukubusa, abaphethe umphakathi, nanoma yisiphi isiphi isibopho sezindaba zomphakathi.

Indima Yohulumeni Bendawo Ekudluliseleni Inkonzo Yomphakathi

Ohulumeni bendawo − kuhlanganise nomasipala, izinombolo, amalokishi, izifunda, nezifunda ezikhethekile — baphatha izinkonzo eziningi ezithinta inhlalakahle yomphakathi ngokuqondile. Nakuba imithwalo yemfanelo ethile ihlukahluka ngokwezwe nangamandla, izinkonzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuphepha kwe-Public:[ amaphoyisa neminyango yomlilo, izinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo, nokusabela enhlekeleleni.
  • Imfundo:[ izikole zomphakathi ze K-12, amakholeji omphakathi, nezinhlelo zomsebenzi womsebenzi zixhaswe futhi ziqondiswe ngamabhodi esikole endawo noma amanxusa kamasipala.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Itrakethi:[ imigwaqo, amabhuloho, ukuthutha komphakathi, nokuphatha izimoto.
  • Ukuhlalisa kanye nezinkonzo zendawo ezungezile:[ iqoqo eliqinile lemfucumfucu, ukubuyisela, ukwelapha amanzi angcolileyo, kanye nokuphatha amanzi esiphepho.
  • Izindawo zokuzilibazisa nokuzijabulisa: amapaki omphakathi, imidlalo, izikhungo zomphakathi, kanye nezindawo zomphakathi.
  • ukuqapha nokuthuthukisa umphakathi: ukuphoqelela ukubekwa kwezindawo, imvume yokwakha, izinhlelo zezindlu ezibizayo, kanye nokulalela imithetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkonzo yempilo nezezenhlalo:[ iminyango yezempilo yendawo, imitholampilo yokugoma, izinkonzo zakudala, nosizo lokungabi namakhaya.

Ububanzi balemithwalo yemfanelo busho ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe babe nekhono ekuthuthukiseni imali, ekusebenziseni imali nasekunakekeleni izidingo zezinhlangano.

Indlela Ohulumeni Bendawo Abaxhasa Ngayo Izinkonzo Zomphakathi

Ohulumeni bendawo bathembele engxubevangeni yemithombo yemali ukuze bakhokhele izinkonzo. Ingxube ekhethekile iyahlukahluka ngokwezwe nendawo, kodwa izigaba eziyinhloko zihlanganisa intela, izindleko zomsebenzi, ukuthunyelwa kukahulumeni, kanye nezikweletu.

Intela Yempahla

Intela yempahla iwumthombo omkhulu kunayo yonke wentela yendawo eUnited States. Zikhokhwa ngenani elinqunyiweyo lezindawo, kuhlanganise nendawo yokuhlala, ezentengiselwano, nempahla yezezimboni. Ngenxa yokuthi amanani empahla asesilinganisweni futhi ayabonakala, intela yempahla inikeza umsinga wemali olindelekile ohulumeni bendawo abangathembela kuyo unyaka nonyaka. Nokho, bazwela futhi ngokwezombangazwe: ukwanda kwentengo yempahla noma ukuhlaziywa kwemitapo evame ukubangela ukuphikiswa okukhulu kubaphathi bezindlu. Amazwe amaningi abeka imingcele ezilinganisweni zempahla noma isilinganiso sezenyuko yemininingwane, njengendawo ye-California Coliniachniastry procestion 13 noma i-processs 2221.

Ukuthengiswa Nokusetshenziswa Kwentela

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo bafaka intela yokuthenga ezitolo, ngokuvamile ngaphezu kwentela yombuso. Izintela zentela zendawo zisukela ku 0,5% kuya ku-4% futhi zingaba umthombo wenzuzo enkulu komasipala nakulezo zikhungo eziqinile. Nokho, intela yokuthengisa iphinde incishiswe.

Iholo Nokukhokha Intela

Inani elincane lohulumeni bendawo, ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni ezinjenge-Ohio, iPennsylvania, i-New York, ne-Maryland, liphoqelela intela yeholo lendawo noma intela yokukhokha. Lokhu kuthengwa ngeholo eliyinzuzo ewumbuso, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuhlalaphi. Izintela zeholo lendawo zinganikeza umthombo oqhubekekayo wenzuzo futhi azinandaba kakhulu nemithetho yezezomnotho kunentela yokuthengisa, kodwa zifuna ukubambisana kwezombuso neziphathimandla zentela futhi zingadala izikweletu zezentengo ezikhokhelwayo emabhizinisini.

Umsebenzisi Uyazikhokha

Inkokhelo yomsebenzi yintela yezinkonzo ezithile ezizuzisa umkhokheli ngokuqondile. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa izindleko zamanzi nemfucumfucu, ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu, izindleko zokwakha imvume, izindleko zokungena epaki, nenkokhelo yokukhokha ngokungemthetho. Inkokhelo yomsebenzisi iyakhanga ngoba ihlobanisa izindleko ngokuqondile ekusetshenzisweni kwemishini futhi ingalungiswa ukuze kuboniswe izindleko zenkonzo. Nokho, zingaba nezingafanelekile ezisiza umphakathi ongaphezulu, njengamaphoyisa noma impilo yomphakathi.

Ukudluliswa Kwamandla Kahulumeni

Ohulumeni bendawo bathola izimali ezinkulu kuhulumeni bezwe nabezwe abasebenzisa intela, abaphana ngezintela, nabezimali zokubophana. Ngokwesibonelo, izifundazwe eziningi zisakaza ingxenye yenzuzo yentela kahulumeni kohulumeni bendawo, futhi uhulumeni unikeza izinhlelo ezithile ezinjengeziphakamiso zentuthuko yomphakathi, imisebenzi yezokuthutha, nemfundo. Lokhu kudluliswa kungasiza ekuhlukaniseni izakhiwo ezicebile nezimpofu, kodwa ngokuvamile zifika ngemifantu ehlangene ne-("odding) ingaba nemibandela ethile ekwakheni izindinganiso ezithile noma ekusebenziseni izimiso ezithile.

AmaBond KaMasipala

Uma ohulumeni bendawo bedinga ukuxhasa imisebenzi emikhulu engokomsebenzi wenhloko ngokwezimali njengezikole ezintsha, imigwaqo, noma amanzi, bavame ukunikeza izibopho zikamasipala. Izibopho ezivamile zisekelwa ukholo olugcwele kanye nokubongwa kukahulumeni okhipha intela futhi zikhokhelwa ngemali ekhokhwayo; badinga imvume yabavoti ezikhundleni eziningi. Izibopho zemali zikhokhelwa inzuzo yesakhiwo esithile, njengomgwaqo wezindleko noma isisebenzi. Ukuboleka isibopho kuvumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bandise izindleko zempahla ezihlala isikhathi eside, kodwa futhi kwakha nezibophopho zenkonzo ezikhokhwayo ezinganciphisa izindleko zesikhathi esizayo.

Amandla Ohulumeni Bendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa uhide lwemibuso ebenza bakwazi ukuxhasa nokunikeza izinkonzo. Izinga lalamandla lixhomeke ohlelweni olungokomthetho olumiswe yizwe, olungalandela i-Dillon’s Rule noma izimiso zokubusa ekhaya.

Ngaphansi Umthetho we-Dillon [, ohulumeni bendawo banalawomandla anikezwa ngokucacile yisishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni noma baqondiswe emandleni avunyelwe. Lena imfundiso ekhona ezizweni eziningi nasemingceleni ecacile yokuzimela. Ngokungafaniyo, ukubusa kwekhaya [ amagunya anikwe igunya ebanzi lokusebenza ezindabeni zokukhathazeka kwendawo, ngaphandle kokuba avinjelwe ngokuqondile umthetho kahulumeni. Izifunda zezindawo ezingu-40 zinomthetho-mgaqo-siseko noma umthetho wasekhaya wemithetho yemithetho yezimiso ezithile ze-Masaster.

Igunya Lomthetho

Ohulumeni bendawo bangamisa imithetho, izinqumo, nezimiso ezihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezindaba zendawo, kuhlanganise nemithetho yokwakha, indawo, ukulawula umsindo, ukulawula izilwane, nokufaka ibhizinisi. Legunya lomthetho libavumela ukuvumelanisa imithetho nezimo zendawo. Nokho, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zingayiqeda imithetho yendawo ezindaweni ezinesithakazelo sombuso, futhi izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho yendawo ephikisana nomthetho wezwe noma nombuso.

Ukukhokha Intela Namandla Okukhokha Intela

Ohulumeni bendawo banamandla okukhokha izintela ze-levy,--ayin imingcele ebekwe ngumbuso. Bangamisa intela, bamise izisekelo zentela, futhi baqoqe intela. Futhi banalo igunya lokwamukela izimali, izimali ezifanele, nezikweleti. Lamandla abalulekile ezinkonzweni zezimali, kodwa ngokuvamile acindezelwa imingcele yentela egunyazwe umbuso (i-Treels) ukuze inzuzo ikhule noma idinge ukuvota okuphezulu ukuze kukhuliswe intela.

Amandla Kamaphoyisa Nokuzivuselela

Amandla amaphoyisa yigunya elingokwemvelo lohulumeni bendawo lokulawula impilo, ukulondeka, ukuziphatha, nenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa leli gunya ukumisa imithetho yempilo, izindinganiso zokuvikela umlilo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nezimfuneko zebhizinisi. Basebenzisa amandla amaphoyisa ngokuhlela indawo ethile nangokulawula indawo, okulawula ukuthi ingakhiwa futhi isetshenziswe kanjani.

Ukuqamba Okuncane Nokusetshenziswa Kwezwe

Ohulumeni bendawo banamandla okuthatha impahla yomphakathi ukuze isetshenziswe emphakathini ophakeme, uma nje bekhokha imbuyiselo. Lamandla abalulekile ekwakheni izakhiwo ezinjengemigwaqo, izikole, neziteshi, nemishini esebenza kuzo. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuyaphikisana, ikakhulukazi uma impahla ithathwa ngenjongo yokuthuthukisa izomnotho. Inkantolo ePhakeme e Kelo v. City of New London (200]) (2005) iqinisekisa ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo bangasebenzisa indawo ephakeme ekuthuthukiseni kwezomnotho, kodwa abaningi bawavimbela lamandla.

Ukubeletha Nokubeletha Ngenkonzo

Ohulumeni bendawo bangangena ezivumelwaneni ezihlangene namafemu azimele, izinhlangano ezingatholi nzuzo, nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze zinikeze izinkonzo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izivumelwano zokuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu, ukunakekelwa kwemigwaqo, izinkonzo ze-IT, ngisho nokuphathwa kwejele. Ukuhlanganisa kungaletha ukuphumelela nokusungulwa kwemisebenzi, kodwa futhi kukhulisa ukukhathazeka ngezokulandisa ngemisebenzi, izimo zezisebenzi, nokulawula izinga. Ohulumeni bendawo balondoloza imithwalo yemfanelo ngisho nalapho izinkonzo zingekho.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwamandla Kahulumeni Wendawo

Naphezu kwemibuso yabo emikhulu, ohulumeni bendawo babhekana nokulinganiselwa okuningi okuphoqelela ikhono labo lokuxhasa nokunikeza izinkonzo ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuhlenga koMbuso nokubusa kuka-Dillon

Ukulinganiselwa okuyisisekelo kakhulu kungokokuhlehliswa kwezwe. Ngenxa yokuthi ohulumeni bendawo bayizidalwa zikahulumeni, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zingalinganisela noma zithathe imingcele yezenzo zendawo. Eminyakeni yamuva, ukuhlengwa kukahulumeni kuye kwasetshenziswa kakhulu ekuvimbeleni imithetho yendawo ezindabeni ezinjengomholo omncane, ukukhokha ikhefu elikhokhwayo, ukuqasha, nokulawula izibhamu. Ngisho nasezizweni zasekhaya, imithetho yombuso ingalisusa igunya lendawo ezindaweni ezithile zesimiso esithile. Le mizamo yamuva ingazivimbela imizamo yendawo yokubhekana nezidingo zomphakathi ezikhethekile.

Intela Nemingcele (Izigwegwe)

Izifunda eziningi zimisa imingcele engokomthetho-mthetho noma engokomthetho ngentela kahulumeni wendawo kanye nemali echithwayo. Lemingcele ingase ifake intela yempahla, incishiswe ukulinganisela, idinge ukuvota ngentela entsha, noma ilinganise ukunyuka kwemali ekhokhwa ngonyaka. Nakuba ama-TEL ahloselwe ukuvikela abakhokhi bentela, angavala amandla ohulumeni bendawo okusabela ekuthatheni izindleko ezikhuphukayo, ukwanda kwenani labantu, noma izimfuno ezintsha zenkonzo. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha elibhekene nokwanda kokungabi namakhaya lingasenakho ukukhokha imali eyanele yokukhokha izikhungozelela izikhungo nokuthatha izinhlelo zentela ezibekwe uhulumeni.

Ukudamba Okungaphendulwanga

Uhulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni banikeza iziqondiso kuhulumeni bendawo ngaphandle kokunikeza izimali ezidingekile. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izimfuneko zokuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zamanzi ahlanzekile, ukusebenzisa izinguquko zikahulumeni zemfundo, noma ukunikeza izinkonzo ezithile zempilo. Imithetho yokuphoqelela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba baqondise izimali kwezinye izinto eziza kuqala noma baphakamise izintela, bacindezele izimali ezisetshenziswayo kakade eziqinile. Izifunda eziningi zinohlobo oluthile lomthetho wokusiza noma ukukhokhela imbuyiselo, kodwa ukuphoqelelwa kuvame ukuba buthakathaka.

Izinhlangano Zezombangazwe Nezobuhlanga

Izikhulu zendawo ezikhethiwe zibhekene nezingcindezi zokhetho ezingazilinganisela ekuzimiseleni kwazo ukwenza izinqumo ezinzima. Ukunyusa izintela, ukusika izinkonzo ezithandwayo, noma ukuvuma izinguquko eziphikisanayo zezwe kungamcasula umvoti. Imijikelezo emifushane yokuvota (ngokuvamile iminyaka emibili noma emine) inganqanda ukuhlela isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umvoti okhethayo okhethweni bendawo uphansi kakhulu, okusho ukuthi amaqembu ahlela isithakazelo (ezinye nezinkampani zasekhaya), amabhizinisi, noma izinyunyana zomphakathi (ngokunye) asebenzisa ithonya elingenakuphikiswa.

Izingcindezi Zezomnotho Nezezinga Lokuphila Kwabantu

Ohulumeni bendawo basengozini yokuntengantenga kwezomnotho. Phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho. Izinguquko zenani labantu, ukuqoqwa kwentela yempahla, ukuncishiswa kwentela, ukuncishiswa kwentela, nokufunwa kwemisebenzi yezenhlalakahle kwanda. Abanye ohulumeni bendawo babhekene nokuswelakala kwezakhiwo, lapho izindleko eziphindaphindiwe zidlula khona izindleko eziphindaphindiwe esikhathini eside. Izinguquko zenani labantu (jengendlela yokulahlekelwa, ukuwohloka kwezakhiwo zokuguga, noma ukushintsha kwemisebenzi yemisebenzi) imithombo enzima. Ngokwesibonelo, amadolobheni e Rutt Belt, aye alwa nokuncipha kwentela kanye nezibopho zempesheni.

Imingcele Engokomthetho Engamathuluzi Emali

Imithetho yoMbuso ivimbela imiphi imishini yenzuzo ohulumeni bendawo abangayisebenzisa. Izindawo eziningi ziyenqatshelwa ukukhokha izintela zeholo noma zibekwe ezingeni lentela yokuthengwa. Ezinye izifundazwe zifuna imvume yabavoti yezintela ezintsha noma izibopho. Lemithetho ilinganisela ukuvumelana nezimo futhi ingaphoqelela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bathembele kakhulu ezintelani zempahla, okunzima ukukhushulwa ngokwezombangazwe. Kwezinye izindawo, ohulumeni bendawo abanakukwazi ukunyusa izintela zempahla ngaphezu kwesilinganiso esithile ngaphandle kokukhokha intela.

Ukuhlola Izifo: Ukusekela Izinselele

Ukuxhasa Isikole Somphakathi

Imfundo kahulumeni ingenye yezinto ezinkulu kakhulu ezikhona emalini yendawo, kodwa ukuhlukana kwezimali phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu kuseyinkinga eqhubekayo. Ngenxa yokuthi intela yempahla iwumthombo wemali oyinhloko wezesikole, izifunda zasezindaweni ezicebile zingaphakamisa imali eningi kumfundi ngamunye kunalezo ezisemiphakathini empofu. Izifunda eziningi ziye zazama ukuxhasa ngemali elinganayo ngezindlela zokusakaza usizo lukahulumeni ezifundeni eziswele kakhulu, kodwa intengo nezimpi zezombangazwe. Icala lezentengosi yemali i-Antoniopendent [index] Fility School v. Rodriguez[FLT:] [17] [77])) zisekela umthetho wezentengosi yentela yendawo, zishiya izimali ezinkantolo zezwe nakwezindlulo. Njengoba umphumela umphumela wezesikole ukwanda inselele isikole

Ukulungiswa Kwezakhiwo

Ohulumeni bendawo banomthwalo wemfanelo wokulondoloza imigwaqo, amabhuloho, izimiso zamanzi nezinye izakhiwo, eziningi zazo ezigugayo futhi zidinga ukulungiswa. I-American Society of Civil Enginegers inikeza isisekelo esiphansi njalo, futhi ohulumeni bendawo banikeza ingxenye enkulu yokutshala imali. Nokho, ukukhushulelwa kwemali yezenhlala-khaya kunzima ngokwezombangazwe ngoba izinzuzo zesikhathi eside nezindleko zisheshayo. Amadolobha amaningi aphendukela ezindinganisweni zomphakathi, izibopho ezandisiwe zomphakathi, nezindleko ezandisiwe, kodwa la makhambi angaziphikisa futhi angeneli ngokwanele ekuvaleni igebe.

Izinkonzo Zokuphepha Komphakathi

Amaphoyisa nezinkonzo zokucima umlilo afaka izimali eziningi zendawo, futhi izindleko ziye zanyuka ngenxa yezibopho zempesheni, imishini, nezimfuneko zokuqeqesha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukufunwa komphakathi ukuba ulandise icala nenguquko kuye kwaholela ekufuneni izimali ezingokoqobo ezisuka kumaphoyisa zingene ezinkonzweni zezenhlalo. Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe balinganisele ukulinganiselwa okulinganiselwe kwemali nokwethengwa umphakathi. Kwamanye amadolobha, ukuhlelwa kwemali kuye kwaholela ekunciphiseni amaphoyisa noma ukuhlehlisela imishini, kuyilapho abanye beye bazama ukusabela kwezinye izindlela ezingezinye izinhlekelele, njengalokhu kuthumela ochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo ezindaweni ezithile.

Ukulinganisela Phakathi Kwezimo Ezizihambelayo Nokulandisa

Ukungezwani phakathi kwemithetho elawulayo nesibopho sokuzimela kwendawo kusemqoka empikiswaneni ekhona ngemibuso kahulumeni wendawo. Abasekeli begunya elinamandla lendawo baphikisa ngokuthi omasipala basondelene kakhulu nabantu futhi bayakwazi ukusabela ezidingweni zendawo. Bakhomba ekuhloleni okuhlukahlukene kwezimiso . Njengenkambiso kamasipala, imithetho elinganiselwe yendawo, nezindawo ezikhokhwayo, kanye nobufakazi benani lezinto ezisunguliwe zendawo. Nokho, abagxeki bakhathazekile ngokuthi ukuzimela ngokweqile kungaholela ekungalinganiseni, i-NIMBYYism, nelungiselelo lenkonzo elingayimpumelelo. Bathi ukuqondisa kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa izindinganiso ezihambelanayo, ukuvikela amalungelo amancane, nokuphatha amalungelo angaphandle awendawo.

Ukulinganisela kahle akulula. Ukuvimbela kakhulu kombuso kungavimbela ukuxazulula inkinga yendawo, kuyilapho ukuzibusa okukhulu kungaholela ekuhlukanisweni nasekuncipheni emncintiswaneni ophansi ezinkonzweni nasezinkokhelweni. Izifunda eziningi ziye zasebenzisa izindlela eziphakathi nendawo, njengokunikeza umthetho wasekhaya kodwa zigcine igunya likahulumeni ezindaweni eziyinhloko njengemfundo, imingcele yentela, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendawo ekuhleleni indawo. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kobuhlobo bombuso nendawo kusikisela ukuthi impikiswano ngemibuso kahulumeni wendawo ihlala iyisici esiyinhloko se-Melika ebusayo.

Isiphetho

Ohulumeni bendawo babalulekile kakhulu ekunikezeni izinkonzo zomphakathi, kodwa amandla abo nokulinganiselwa kwenza kube nesimo esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuxhasa nokunikeza izinhlelo. Banegunya elikhulu lokukhokha intela, ukulawula nokusebenzisa imali, kodwa lawo mandla acindezelwa umthetho kahulumeni, izingcindezi zezombangazwe, nezingcindezi zezomnotho. Ukuqonda lezi misebenzi kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohlola noma ohlanganyela ekubuseni kwendawo. Njengoba imiphakathi ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha zokushintsha isimo sezulu nokuwohloka kwendlela yokuphila nokwesayensi yezobuchwepheshe kuxhomeke ekuzivumelaniseni komphakathi, kuxhomeke ekulinganiseni nasekulinganiseni kwamandla ayo abekwe kuwo. Ngokuhlola indlela izinkonzo zohulumeni bendawo ezikhona kanye nezindawo ezikhona ezikhona, futhi izazi ezifanayo zingazisa ngayo ukushintsha kwezimiso zemvelo nokushintsha komphakathi.

Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, bheka i- U.S. ukuhlolwa kwe-Cunivation Bureau of State and Local Government Imari ; iNhlangano yesizwe yamadolobha[[FLT]] izimali zenkambiso kamasipala; ne[FLT:] Brank istion information on shorts of shortments shorts [.[FLT]]