Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ibe ngamagatsha amathathu alinganayo − ahlukanisayo, awezigodlo, nawamajaji, qha, yitshe eliyinhloko lomthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Nakuba ihlaziywa kaningi emongweni weWashington, D.C., lesi sakhiwo asiwona nje umqondo kahulumeni. Iyalinganiswa, ngokuhlukahlukahluka kwendawo, kuwo wonke ahulumeni bamazwe angamashumi amahlanu, nakuhulumeni besifunda-sifunda nohulumeni bamasimende abaso sonke isizwe. Ukuqonda ukuthi lesi sakhiwo sisebenza kanjani ezweni nasemazingeni endawo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ngokugcwele kwesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika nasekuqapheleni amaphuzu lapho izakhamuzi zingahileleka ngokuphumelelayo khona nohulumeni bazo.

Isimiso Esiyisisekelo Samandla Ahlukene

Abakhi boMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., bedweba ifilosofi yezombangazwe kaMontesquieu, baklama isimiso sokuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwamandla. Imfundiso ewumphumela yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ihlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ahlukene, ngalinye elinemisebenzi ehlukile nekhono lokuhlola amanye. Ngokwezinga lesizwe, uMkhandlu wenza imithetho, uMongameli uyawabulala, futhi iJadiciary uyawachaza.

Lesi simiso sasibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba sadluliselwa ezifundazweni, nakuba iSichibiyelo seshumi sinikeza inkululeko enkulu ekuhloleni ohulumeni babo. Ngenxa yalokho, umthetho-mthetho wonke uveza isilinganiso sikahulumeni, umisa umbusi (ohluliwe), isishayamthetho sikahulumeni (owesigebengu), nesimiso senkantolo (izehlulelo), nesimiso sezwe (izezwe). Ohulumeni bendawo, njengezidalwa zikahulumeni, banikwe inkululeko yokusebenza ngaphansi kwezakhiwo ezifanayo zohambo olufanayo, ngokuvamile bamiswe ngomameya nombango abakhethiwe, nezinkantolo zendawo. Le-DNA iqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisa isilinganiso se-mali nemali kuyatholakala futhi kuyabonakala. Ukuhlola isimo esibuningi, ukuhambela isikhulu [FLD:0]. [FU]

Igatsha Eliphethe Esikhungweni Sasendaweni

Igatsha eliphethe uhulumeni wendawo linomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqondisa izinkonzo zomphakathi nsuku zonke nokugcinwa kwemithetho yendawo. Nokho, isakhiwo salo singahluka kakhulu kuye ngomthetho-mthetho kamasipala.

Izimiso zeMayor-Council

Esimisweni sesiko esivamile , umphathi-meya usebenza njengomphathi omkhulu, njengombusi noma umongameli. Umphathi-dolobha ukhethwa kakhulu futhi uphethe amandla phezu komthetho womkhandlu. Imithwalo yemeya ihlanganisa ukulungiselela uhlelo lwemali yedolobha, ukumisa amakhanda omnyango (isikhulu samaphoyisa, isikhulu somlilo, umqondisi womphakathi, futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yedolobha iyasetshenziswa. Amandla emeya angahlukahlukahluka ngokuthi ingabe isebenzisa yini noma ukuthi idolobha lisebenzisa i-macate-[FLD:3] noma [FLD:3] noma [FLD] [FOLD]] i-oct:3] noma [FFFD] umqondisi wemisebenzi yomphakathi [FFF:5]]

Izimiso zomphathi woMkhandlu

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, isimiso se-council-manager sihlukanisa ukuhola kwezombangazwe kubaphathi bezokuphathwa. Kulesisibonelo, umkhandlu wedolobha okhethiwe usebenza njengendikimba yemithetho futhi ubeke imithetho. Lo mkhandlu uqasha umphathi womsebenzi wezezombuso ukuba aphathe imisebenzi yesikhulu. Umphathi wedolobha wengamela izimali, uqasha futhi usebenzise iziqondiso zemikhandlu yemikhakha. Lo mkha ukla ukla ukla usebenzela ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nobuchwepheshe bezempasi bezindawo zendawo.

Abaqondisi Besifunda

Esifundazweni, igunya eliphethe livame ukunikezwa umphathi okhethwe ophethe i- noma umphathi wamanani [. Ezindaweni eziningi zasemaphandleni, lendima igcwaliswa yibhodi yamakhomishane asebenza njengendikimba yemithetho nesikhulu, ukuqhekeka okuphawulekayo ekuhlukanisweni okuqinile kwemibuso.

Igatsha Eliphethe Esikhungweni Sikahulumeni

Amagatsha aphethe ezwe ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi anamandla kunawo wonke. umbusi uyinhloko yezikhulu, kodwa imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni ivame ukusakaza amandla okubusa phakathi kwezikhulu eziningi ezikhethwe ngokuzimele.

Indima Yombusi

Umbusi unomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho kazwelonke ngokwethembeka, elungiselela uhlelo lwemali yombuso, futhi ayale i-National Guard. Amandla omphathi wemithetho abalulekile, kuhlanganise nekhono lokusayina noma ukukhokha izikweletu ezidluliswe yisishayamthetho sikahulumeni. Ithuluzi eliyingqayizivele elikhona kumajaji amaningi yi- i-line-line-foto[, elibavumela ukwenqaba izingxenye ezithile zomthengiso ngaphandle kokudlulisa wonke umsebenzi. Lokhu kunikeza ukuhlolwa okunamandla kwemithetho ye-projekthi.

Izimiso zokulawula iPlalcural

Ngokungafani negatsha eliphethe isifundazwe, izikhulu zikahulumeni ezivamile ziba ziningi. Abaqondisi besifundazwe ezifundazweni eziningi bakhetha ngokuqondile i-Attorney General (isikhulu esingokomthetho), iSiphathi seSifunda sezwe [[[FLT]] [[FLT]] isikhulu samandla] [[FLT]] [isikhulu sesikhulu sokhetho] [isikhulu sesifundazwe] [[FLT]], [iSimemo sokudlulisela imfundo yemfundo [[FLT] [FLT] [[FLT]] [inani eliphethe amandla] lisho ukuxoxa nokubambisana nezikhulu ezikhethwe, ukwenza isimiso sokulinganisa isilinganiso ngaphakathi kwezehlaka. Lezi ziphathi zegatsha zezena zeze zezengamele ukuphatha yonke indawo.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho Esikhungweni Sasendaweni

Inkonzo yomthetho kahulumeni wendawo yenziwa ngamaqumrhu akhethwe njengemikhandlu ye-, , [[FLT]] u-odboard [, noma [ izikhomishane zezibalo[. Lemikhandlu iyizwi eliqondile lomphakathi ekuhleleni isimiso sendawo.

Amandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Izishaya-mthetho zendawo zinomthwalo wemfanelo wemithetho edlulayo [ ebusa umphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imithetho ehlela ukusetshenziswa kwendawo, imithetho yokuphepha yomphakathi, amazinga entela yendawo (impahla, ukuthengiselwa), kanye nemali esetshenziswa ngonyaka yezinkonzo zasedolobheni. Indikimba yemithetho ngokuvamile iphethe "amandla esikhwama semali," okusho ukuthi kumelwe ivumele noma imuphi umnikelo osetshenziswa igatsha eliphethe.

Inqubo Yokwenza Imithetho Yasendaweni

Inqubo yokudlulisa umthetho wendawo iveza inqubo kahulumeni nohulumeni. Ilungu lomkhandlu liletha umthetho ohlongozwayo. Libe selibhekiselwa ekomitini yezifundo nokuzwa komphakathi, lapho izakhamuzi zingasho khona ukusekela noma ukuphikisa kwazo. Ngemva kokubukeza kwekomiti, ibuyela emkhandlwini ophelele ukuze ivote. Uma idluliselwe, ithunyelwa kumphathi wesifunda noma umphathi wedolobha ukuze ithole imvume ephethe noma iveto. Uma i-veto, umkhandlu ungadlula ngevoti enkulu (ngokuvamile isithathu samalungu). Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yendawo ihlolwa ngokucupheka okukhulu phambi kokutholwa.

Izindikimba eziningi zomthetho zendawo zisebenza nangesimiso sekomiti yekomiti [[FLT:]. Amakomiti amile agxila ezindaweni ezinjenge-Public Safety, Izakhono, noma iMisebenzi yomphakathi uvumela amalungu omkhandlu ukuba athuthukise ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile nokuziphatha ngokuningiliziwe kweminyango ephethe.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho Esikhungweni SikaHulumeni

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziyizinhlangano zemithetho ezinamandla kakhulu ngaphandle kweSishaya-mthetho. Ziyinkundla eyinhloko yokuphikisana nokuqamba imithetho ethinta impilo, ukuphepha, nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi zikahulumeni.

Izakhiwo ZaseBiadral

Ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska, enesishaya-mthetho esine-uncameral (indlu eyodwa), zonke izifundamo zinezishayamthetho ezinendawo yomthetho ezihlanganisa iNdlu yabameleli (noma uMhlangano) neSigeqe. Zombili lezi zindlwana kumelwe zidlulise isigebezo esifanayo ngaphambi kokuba sithunyelwe kumbusi. Inqubo yomthetho ihilela ukudweba, ikomiti ikhomba izimemezelo, izimpikiswano zomphakathi, izimpikiswano zasesitezini, kanye nezivoti eziningi. Lenqubo yamabomu iklanyelwe ukuhlisa ukwenziwa komthetho kanye nokuvumelana kwemithetho.

Amandla Okuqondisa Nokwengamela Imithetho

Amakomiti ombuso anomthwalo wokumisa inqubo yemfundo kahulumeni, umthetho wobugebengu, amazinga entela, kanye nemisebenzi yezakhiwo zikahulumeni. Umsebenzi obucayi wegatsha lemithetho uwukulawula [. Amakomiti alawulayo aphethe ukuqulwa kwemithetho ukuze ahlole izenzo zezinhlangano zezikhulu zezomthetho, aqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ihlelwe ngendlela ehloselwe ngayo. Angase abaphathi besizwe nezincwadi. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ibambe amandla abaphathi be-Plactive ukususa izikhulu zezomthetho nezikhulu zezomthetho zokuphatha ukuziphatha okubi. Ukwaziswa okuningi ngendlela imithetho esebenza ngayo, [[FLT] i-Octalm yezwelot [FFUT] [FFLAT]

Igatsha Lokwahlulela Esikhundleni Sendawo

Igatsha lokwahlulela livame ukuba igatsha likahulumeni elifinyeleleka kakhulu ezakhamuzini ezivamile, njengoba ukuxhumana okuningi okungokomthetho kwenzeka endaweni.

Izinhlobo Zezinkantolo Zendawo

Izimiso zokwahlulela zendawo zihlanganisa izinkantolo zezephulamthetho zedolobha , izinkantolo ezidlulayo, nezincane] nezikhongozelo zezinkantolo ezikhombisayo[. Izinkantolo zikamasipala zisingatha ukuphulwa kwemithetho yedolobha, njengokukhononda komsindo, ukuphulwa kwemithetho yemithetho yekhodi, nokungakhokhwa. Izinkantolo zezimoto ezithiya emotweni zinikeza imvume yokuxazulula izimpikiswano ezincane zombano zombangokwamakhaya (umk.g., umnini wendawo-mshadolo-mstela) ngaphandle kokuswela izigebengu ezibizayo. Lezinkantolo zivame ukubuswa izigeqeqeshelwa ngezigebengu noma amajaji ezikhothayo.

Ukwahlulela Komphakathi

Amajaji endawo enza indima ebucayi ekwahluleleni komphakathi. Azenza izinqumo zokuqala zembangela okungenzeka, ibheyili, futhi enza izijeziso zobugebengu obungathi sína obuzoqulwa ezinkantolo eziphakeme. Ngokuxazulula izimpikiswano ezincane nokuphulwa komthetho ngokushesha nasendaweni, lezinkantolo zinciphisa umthwalo esimisweni senkantolo futhi zinikeza umuzwa oqondile wokulandisa nokuhleleka emphakathini. Imisebenzi yezinsuku zonke yalezinkantolo yakha okuhlangenwe nakho komphakathi okuyinhloko negatsha lokwahlulela.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela Esikhungweni SikaHulumeni

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala amaningi angokomthetho amangalisayo e - United States. Isimo sezimiso zenkantolo yesifundazwe cishe sakha isigaba sabefundisi esiklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uchazwa ngokungaguquki.

Ukuqashwa Kwenkantolo KaHulumeni

Izimiso eziningi zezinkantolo zikahulumeni zihlelwe ngezinhlalo ezintathu:

  • [[QUTY: 0] Izinkantolo ezikhethekile:[ Lezi izinkantolo zokuqala lapho kuqulwa khona amacala. Zihlanganisa izinkantolo ezilawula izigebengu ezinkulu nezomphakathi, kanye nezinkantolo ezikhethekile njengezinkantolo zomkhaya noma izinkantolo zezezezimali.
  • [ Izinkantolo ezithatha icala:[ Imikhosi elahleke enkantolo ethatha icala ingakhanga enkantolo ephakathi nendawo. Lezinkantolo aziwaphikisi amaqiniso kodwa zibukeza umlando wokuqulwa kwamaphutha angokomthetho owenziwa umahluleli.
  • Inkantolo yeSimo esiPhakeme: Lena inkantolo yokugcina efuna ukuthathwa umthetho wezwe. Izinqumo zayo ezindabeni zomthetho-mthetho wezwe nomthetho-mthetho wombuso ziwukugcina nokubopha. Inkantolo ephakeme iyisihlolo esinamandla kwamanye amagatsha, njengoba ingashaya imithetho edluliswa umthetho-mthetho noma izenzo ezithathwa umbusi uma ephula umthetho-mthetho wezwe.

Ukukhethwa Kokwahlulela Nokulandisa

Ngokungafani nejaji likahulumeni, elimiswe ukuze liphile, abahluleli bakahulumeni ngokuvamile banomthwalo wemfanelo ovamile. Izizwe eziningi zikhetha amajaji azo, kuyilapho ezinye zisebenzisa isimiso sokukhetha inzuzo (iMissouri Plan) lapho abahluleli bemiswa khona ngumbusi ovela ohlwini lwezimpompompo ezifanelekayo futhi bese bebhekana nokhetho lwesikhathi ngasinye. Lokhu kuhlobana okuqondile ne-votatential Center iqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha lokwahlulela lihlala lisabela ezindinganisweni zikahulumeni, kuyilapho isimiso sokuzimela ngokwahlulelwa sivikelwa ngemibandela emide yesikhundla. Isimiso nesimiso senkantolo yezwe singahlolwa phambili nge- iSikhungo se-State. [FLT]

Amahlola Nokulinganisela Embusweni Nasebuthweni Lasendaweni

Ikhono langempela lesimiso samabhukwana amathathu alikona nje ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi kodwa amandla angenanayo avumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba lilinganise elinye. Lokhu kudlalwa nsuku zonke ezinhloko- dolobha nasemahholo edolobha.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Icala

Igunya likambusi liyi-secondal commission commission. Ngokulahla izikweletu, umbusi uphoqelela isishaya-mthetho ukuba siphinde sicabangele izenzo zaso. Kuphela amavoti amabili-ntathu noma amashumi amathathu aphezulu emagumbini womabili angakhipha i-veto, umnyango onzima wokuhlangana. Ngezinga lendawo, i-veto kamphathi wedolobha ufeza umsebenzi ofanayo.

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

Iziqulo zemithetho zihlola umphathi ngamandla esikhwama semali, ukuqulwa kwemithetho, kanye namandla okugunyaza. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni kumelwe zivumele uhlelo lwemali kambusi futhi zenqabe ukusekela izinyathelo zokuphatha. Ziqinisekisa noma zenqabe abamiswe ngumphathi ezikhundleni zobukhandlu namabhodi. Ezimweni ezinzima, isishaya-mthetho singamkhipha umbusi noma ezinye izikhulu. Imikhandlu yendawo isebenzisa ukulawula okufanayo phezu kwemeya noma umphathi wedolobha.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Isikhulu Nomthetho

Amandla okubukeza okusemthethweni adlulela kuhulumeni nasehulumenini bendawo. Inkantolo ephakeme yezwe ingamemezela isenzo sesishaya-mthetho sesizwe esingekho emthethweni. Ngokufanayo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingazehlisa izenzo ezithathwa umbusi noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezidlula igunya lazo lomthetho-mthetho. Uma umthetho wendawo wephula umthetho wezwe noma umthetho wezwe, umthetho wezwe ozowukhipha umthetho ozowubulala. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izenzo zikahulumeni zihlala zisemikhawulweni yomthetho.

Okwenza Ukuqonda Izindaba Zezwe Nezikhungo Zendawo

Imigwaqo esihamba ngayo, izinga lamanzi esiwaphuzayo, ukulondeka kwezindawo esihlala kuzo, nemfundo izingane zethu eziyitholayo konke kunqunywa ukuhlanganiswa kwala magatsha amathathu asesilinganisweni sezwe nasendaweni.

Amaphuzu Okuhlanganyela Kwezakhamuzi

Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo.

  • Ukuvota: ukhetho lwendawo nombuso ngokuvamile lunethuba eliphansi kunokhetho lukahulumeni, okusho amavoti anye anesilinganiso esikhulu. Ukuvota kwemeya, umkhandlu wedolobha, ummeleli wezwe, nokwahlulela ngokuqondile izisebenzi zalamagatsha amathathu.
  • Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela enqubweni yemithetho ngokukhuluma obala ngemithetho noma izikweleti ezihlongozwayo, zinikeza umnyango ngokuqondile egatsheni lemithetho.
  • Ukugijimela ihhovisi: amahhovisi endawo nombuso ayizikhombi ezingeneka kakhulu kubantu abafuna ukukhonza kuhulumeni.
  • Inkonzo ye-JURY: Ukukhonza kumajaji kuwukusetshenziswa okuqondile kwamandla egatsha lokwahlulela, ukunikeza isheke kuhulumeni ophambaniswe ekushushisweni.
  • Izikhulu ezixhumanayo:[ Izakhamuzi zingabheka igatsha eliphetheyo linesibopho sokuthintana nehhovisi lomphathi-maya noma ihhovisi lombusi ngokuphathelene nezinkonzo ezisezingeni eliphezulu.

Imithombo Yezemfundo Neyomphakathi

Kunemithombo eminingi ewusizo ekusizeni izakhamuzi futhi abafundi baqonde lezi zakhiwo. Izinhlangano ezingangeni nzuzo ezifana ne zinikeza izinto zokufundisa ezibanzi ezikhiweni zikahulumeni wendawo, uhulumeni, nohulumeni. Ukuya emihlanganweni yemikhandlu yendawo, ukubukeza ingosi yemithetho kahulumeni, nokufunda imibono yenkantolo ephakeme yesifundazwe kuyindlela eziwusizo zokuguqula ulwazi olucatshangelwayo lube ukuhlakanipha kwezesizwe.

Ukuphinda-phinda ngamabomu kwesimiso sombuso wesithathu sebhukwana esisezingeni lezwe nelomphakathi kuyisivumelwano sokuhlakanipha okuhlala njalo kwabasunguli nohlobo oluvumelanayo lombuso waseMelika. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu onamandla anganqandwayo, lesi simiso sivikela inkululeko futhi sithuthukise ukubusa okuphumelelayo, okunesibopho sokuziphendulela emazingeni aseduze nabantu. Isakhamuzi esiqonda futhi sisebenzise lesi sakhiwo siyisivikelo esiqinile kakhulu somuntu siqu.