Ohulumeni boMbuso bawumgogodla wombuso waseMelika, benegunya eliqinile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu - 330. Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni eWashington, D.C., uphatha isivikelo sesizwe, isimiso sangaphandle, nezentengiselwano zamazwe, ohulumeni balawula izinkonzo nezimiso eziqondisa umphakathi wakho ngokuqondile, umsebenzi wakho, nekhaya lakho. Kusukela ezingeni lemigwaqo ohamba ngayo ukuya ezifundweni ezifundiswa ezikoleni zabantwana bakho, ohulumeni bayizimo eziyinhloko zokuxhumana phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni bazo. Ukuqonda ohulumeni — indlela abahlelwe ngayo, ukuthi baphethe amagunya anjani, nokuthi ungawathonya kanjani — kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqondisa ukuphila komphakathi ngokuphumelelayo.

Uyini Uhulumeni Kahulumeni?

Uhulumeni wezwe uyinhlangano yezombangazwe ebusa elinye lamahlelo ezombangazwe angu-50 ahlukene e-United States. Izwe ngalinye lisebenza ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo walo obhaliwe — incwadi emisa uhlelo lokubusa, ibala imibuso yamagatsha amathathu, futhi ivikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi zayo. Lemithetho-sisekelo yombuso ngokuvamile iba mide futhi inemininingwane eminingi kune-U.S., ibonisa izinga elikhulu lemithwalo yemfanelo yombuso.

Isisekelo esingokomthetho segunya likahulumeni yiSichibiyelo seshumi soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., esigcinela izifundazwe (noma abantu) yonke imibuso engaphathiswa uhulumeni kahulumeni. Lesi simiso, esaziwa ngokuthi i-constantism, sinikeza imvume ebanzi nevumelanayo yokumisa izindaba ezinjengezempilo yomphakathi, imfundo, ezokuthutha, ezobulungisa, nokusetshenziswa kwezwe. Ngenxa yalokho, amazwe asebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrati, ukuthatha imithetho engase ithathwe njengesizwe kamuva — kusukela ekulungiseni inhlalakahle yemvelo kuya ezimisweni zendawo ezungezile.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni bamazwe bahlukile kohulumeni bendawo (amazwe, amadolobha, namadolobhana akhethekile). Ohulumeni bendawo badalwa futhi bathola igunya labo kuhulumeni, ongabenza bashintshe noma baqede. Izwe futhi linobuhlobo obuyingqayizivele nohulumeni besizwe, abasebenzisa ubukhosi ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni.

Ukwakhiwa Kohulumeni Bombuso

Uhulumeni ngamunye uveza isibonakaliso sikahulumeni ngamagatsha amathathu alinganayo: abaphathi, ama-progin, nokwahlulela. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elinamandla kakhulu, futhi igatsha ngalinye linikeza isheke kwezinye. Nokho, uhambo oluqondile lwalamagatsha luyahluka ngokwesifundazwe ngasinye.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Umbusi uyinhloko wesikhulu sikahulumeni futhi umbusi ovelele okhethwe kakhulu. Ngokungafani nomongameli wase-U.S., ababusi bezwe ngokuvamile bayakwazi ukulawula imali kakhulu, kuhlanganise namandla engxenyeni yento engaphakathi (ikhono lokukhipha izinto ezithile ezisetshenziswayo ngaphandle kokukhipha yonke izindleko). Ohulumeni futhi bamisa iziphathi zezinhlangano zikahulumeni, ukukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu, futhi bayala i-National Guard (ngaphandle kokuba i-gadouth ihlelwe).

Izifunda eziningi futhi zikhetha ngokwazo umbusi ophethe, ummeli jikelele, unobhala wezwe, umgcini-mali, ne-comproller — isakhiwo esingaholela ekuholeni okuhlukene uma izikhulu zivela emaqenjini ahlukene. Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa iminyango eminingi nezinhlangano, kuhlanganise nalabo abanomthwalo wemfanelo wemfundo, impilo, ezokuhamba, indawo ezungezile, nezisebenzi. Inhlangano eqondile ihlukile, kodwa yonke imibuso inesimiso semisebenzi yomphakathi esithatha usuku lonke.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Amandlu yombuso anomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho, ukuvuma ukuhlelwa kwemali kahulumeni, nokwengamela igatsha eliphethe. Izifunda ezingamashumi amane nane zinezindlu zomthetho eziphethe i-bimeral (amagumbi amabili: Indlu yabameleli noma i-Assembly, neSigeqe). Okuhlukile okuwukuphela kwayo yi-Nebraska, ene-undamal, engeyoyarpartistan. Abameli bakhethwa ngokwesiko ezifundeni ezivunwayo njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi ngemva kwe-U.S.Cencation.

Izimemezelo zemithetho zihluka kakhulu ngokobukhulu nangesimiso. INew Hampshire House of Desiderations, enamalungu angu-400, ingenye yezindikimba ezinkulu kakhulu eziyekelelayo emhlabeni, kuyilapho i-Alaska House inezintambo ezingu-40 kuphela. Ezinye izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zihlangana isikhathi esigcwele (umz., iCalifornia, iNew York), kanti ezinye, njengoTexas kanye neMontana, zigcina izikhawu zesikhathi esiphelele ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Iqembu elilawula i-palmapy inquma izihlalo zamakomiti nokugeleza kwemithetho, yenza amavoti kahulumeni aphumelele.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wesishaya-mthetho amandla esikhwama semali: kumelwe sigunyaze yonke imali nentela. Lenqubo ihlanganisa ukuzwa, ukuvota kwamakomiti, izimpikiswano zesitezi, futhi ekugcineni ukuvota. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zinamandla okungagunyazi izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nombusi.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichaza imithetho kahulumeni nomthetho - sisekelo, ziqambe amacala omphakathi nawobugebengu, futhi zinikeza izimemezelo zokuxazulula izingxabano. Le nqubo ihlanganisa:

  • izinkantolo zezeTrial [ — ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo eziphezulu, ezijikelezayo, noma zezigodi — lapho kuqala khona amacala futhi kunikezwa khona ubufakazi.
  • Izinkantolo ze-intermetate exazululiwe — zikhona ezizweni eziningi ukubukeza izinqumo zenkantolo zokwahlulela (isibonelo sikahulumeni siyafana).
  • Isimo senkantolo ephakeme — inkantolo yokugcina yamacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni. Izinqumo zayo ziwukuphela ngaphandle kokuba ifake umthetho kahulumeni, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ingangenela khona.

Abahluleli bakhethwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene: abanye bakhethwa abavoti (ngokuvamile okhethweni olungelona isigaba noma oluwukuvota), abanye bamiswa umbusi ngesiqinisekiso somthetho, kanti abanye bakhethwa ngesimiso sokukhetha esifanelekile (iMissouri Plan). Izinkantolo zoMbuso zisingatha amacala amaningi angokomthetho eU.S., kusukela emathikithini ezimoto kuya emthethweni womkhaya kuya ezimpikiswaneni zomkhaya.

Imisebenzi yohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni

Imibuso yohulumeni bamazwe ithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila. Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni ugxila ezindabeni zesizwe nezezizwe zonke, izifundazwe ziyizilawuli eziyinhloko zezindaba zasekhaya. Ngezansi kuyizindawo ezinkulu lapho isenzo sikahulumeni sinethonya elikhulu khona.

Imfundo

Imfundo iwumthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni obiza kakhulu nobekwe icala ngokwezombangazwe. Izwe lixhasa izikole zomphakathi zeK-12 (ngokuvamile ngezindlela ezilinganisela intela yendawo), ihlela izindinganiso zezifundo, othisha abagunyazi, futhi isebenzise izivivinyo ezivamile. Amazwe futhi aqondisa amakholiji omphakathi namayunivesithi, ngokuvamile ahlelwa ehlelwe ehlelwe esimisweni saseyunivesithi elawulwa yibhodi lama-regnonts noma abathembiweyo. Izinqumo zezezimali eziphezulu zithinta amazinga entengo entengo yempahla, umsebenzi wokucwaninga, nokufinyelela abafundi abathola imali ephansi. IKhomisha yabafundi abathola imali ephansi.

Izinto Zokuhamba Nezakhiwo Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Iminyango kahulumeni yezinhlelo zokuthutha, ukwakha, nokunakekela imigwaqo emikhulu, amabhuloho, izikhumulo zezindiza, izikhumulo zemikhumbi, nezimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi. Balawula inxanxathela yemigwaqo emikhulu, basakaza izimali zomgwaqo omkhulu, futhi baqondise imigwaqo eyingozi kwezinye izimo. Imithetho futhi ilawula ukubhaliswa kwezimoto nokubekwa kwemoto nomshayeli ibeke imingcele yesivinini, ibeke imingcele yezindinganiso zokuphepha, futhi yengamele iziphathimandla zethekuhlala, izikhulu zezethuthwa, imishini yesifunda ngasinye. Isimo semigwaqo namabhuloho athinta ngokuqondile izikhathi, intuthuko yezomnotho, nokuphepha. Ngokwesibonelo, iNhlangano ye-Americanst of Populan Ingiteriers’s Insgradiactive Report Ibhodi yezemfundo ngayinye yesifunda sezwe, ukuvezela kwesidingo semali.

Izinkonzo Zempilo Nezabantu

Ohulumeni baphethe iMedicaid (uhlelo lwemishuwalense yezempilo ehlangene nohulumeni (ilungu lezwe elingu-86 elinomshuwalense wezempilo ophansi), ilawula izimakethe zempilo, ochwepheshe bezokunakekela impilo, izibhedlela zomphakathi nezindawo zezengqondo, futhi baphethe imikhankaso yomphakathi. Bengamele futhi inhlalakahle yabantwana, ukunakekelwa, nokutholwa kwabantwana. Umnyango wezempilo wezwe uhlola ukuqubuka izifo, ukuqinisekisa ukuphuzwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile, nokuhlola izindawo zokudlela. Phakathi nesifo se-CHOVAID (ib) umqedazwe, ababusi nezikhulu zempilo zenza izinqumo ezigxekayo, imikhankambiso yokugo, nokuthola isibhedlela, ukuveza indima ephakathi yezindawo zempilo zomphakathi.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Amaphoyisa oMbuso (kuhlanganise nokugada imigwaqo emikhulu) agunyaza imithetho yezempambano, kuyilapho amaphoyisa endawo ebusa ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni. Izishaya-mthetho zichaza ubugebengu obuningi futhi zibeke izijeziso, kuhlanganise nesigwebo sokufa kulezo zifunda ezibugcina. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha izigwebo eziningi zobugebengu, kusukela kwabadukisi kuya emacaleni angathi sína. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zokulungisa izigwebo zinquma ukukhululwa kwasekuqaleni, futhi iminyango yezeluleko iqondisa izigebengu emphakathini. Imithetho yezemthetho ilungisa, kuhlanganise neziqondiso zokugweba, iziqondiso zecala, nemithetho yokujeza, iqhutshelwa ezindaweni ezisezingeni likahulumeni.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nokuhlelwa Kwebhizinisi

Izwe lifuna amabhizinisi ngokuzikhandla ngezisusa zentela, izinhlelo zokuqeqesha izisebenzi, nemisebenzi yezemisebenzi. Zilawula umshuwalense, imishini, nezentengiselwano. Iminyango yezisebenzi yoMbuso imisa imithetho enciphisa iholo, imithetho yokuphepha kwezisebenzi, nembuyiselo yokungatholi misebenzi. Izifunda eziningi zinikeza amalayisense angochwepheshe emisebenzi esukela kwabagundi bezinwele ukuya kodokotela. Imali ephezulu kunemali enciphilekayo enikezwa umphakathi, iveza izindleko zendawo zokuchuma kwezomnotho. Izinhlangano zezentengiselwano zezomnotho zisebenza ekubekeni intengo yemali yendawo, zisekele amabhizinisi amancane, futhi zihehe imali yokutshala izimali kwamanye amazwe.

Imithombo Yemvelo Nendawo Ezungezile

Izwe lilawula amazwe omphakathi (amapaki asemaphandleni, amahlathi, nezindawo zasendle), lilawula izinga lomoya namanzi (ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwamanxusa avela e-U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), eqondisa izimayini nokumba uwoyela, futhi ephoqelela ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwemithetho. Izifunda-mazwe zogu lolwandle zilawula ama-magasland nezokudoba. Izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile zikhipha imvume yokulungisa izakhiwo zezezimboni nokuqondisa izinga lokungcoliswa komhlaba. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia, inezindinganiso ezidumile zokukhipha izimoto ezithonya yonke imboni yezimoto. ISiphendumiso se-Tenteth inikeza umthetho owendawo ezungezile wokuvikela kakhulu kunezindinganiso zombuso.

Ukukhetha Nokuqondisa

Ohulumeni bamisa imithetho yokhetho, kuhlanganise nemithetho yokuvota, inkathi yokuvota yasekuqaleni, izimfuneko zeposi ezi-coptain bolot, kanye nezi-ovota. Baphinde badwebe izigodi ze-comnonion nezifunda zikahulumeni ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu — inqubo engathatha indawo enkulu. Izikhohlo zikahulumeni zivame ukuba izikhulu zokuvota eziphethe ezizweni zabo. Lezi zinqumo zinemiphumela ejulile ekuvotini nasekukhetheni imiphumela. Ingqungquthela yesizwe ye-Legastislatures [ imikhondo yokhetho elandela imithetho yokhetho ezizweni ezinqamula amazwe.

Indlela Ohulumeni BoMbuso Abakuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Kulula ukukhohlwa ukuthi kungakanani isimiso sakho esilolongwa umthetho wezwe nesimiso. Cabangela usuku oluvamile: uvuka ekhaya elakhiwe ngokwemithetho yokwakha yombuso; amanzi owaphuzayo ahlangabezana nezindinganiso zikahulumeni zobumsulwa; ushayela uyokwenza imigwaqo ehleliwe usebenzisa ilayisense yomshayeli ekhishwa uhulumeni; isikole ingane yakho efunda izifundo zemfundo zikahulumeni; ibhizinisi lapho usebenza khona likhokha intela yokuswela umsebenzi futhi lilandela imithetho yezisebenzi zikahulumeni; ukhokhela intela yezwe noma intela yokuthengisa; futhi kusihlwa, ungabuka ngisho nenkonzo yomkhaya elawulwa umthetho wecala. — umshado, isehlukaniso, ukugcinwa kwezingane, ifa — libuswa ngokuyinhloko umthetho.

Izimiso zentela zikahulumeni ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengeTexas neFlorida, azikho intela yomuntu siqu kodwa zithembele ekuthengeni intela ephakeme yempahla. Ezinye, njenge California ne New York, zinentela eqhubekayo yeholo nentela yokuthengisa elinganiselwe. Lokhu kuthinta iholo lakho elilahlwayo, izindleko zezindlu, kanye nezinga lemisebenzi yomphakathi ongayithola. Ngokufanayo, imithetho yombuso ephathelene nokuba nesibhamu, ukukhipha isisu, i-cannabis, kanye nokulingana komshado kuhlukile kakhulu. Ukuya kwelinye izwe kungafana nokunqamula ezweni elihlukile ngalezi zindaba.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi KoMbuso Nohulumeni Ozimele

Ohulumeni boMbuso basebenza phakathi kwesimiso sobuzwe, esidala ubuhlobo obunamandla nobuphikisanayo ngezinye izikhathi nohulumeni wesizwe. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza uhulumeni uhulumeni obaliwe amandla (ngokwesibonelo, ufaka imali, umemezela impi, uqondisa ezentengiselwano zesifundazwe) futhi ugcine ezinye ezisele ezizweni. Uma umkhuba ungafiphaza. Umthetho we-Federal uphakeme ngaphansi kwe-Supremacy Clause — lapho umthetho kahulumeni nombuso uphikisana, umthetho kahulumeni uyanqoba, kodwa uma kuphela iSishaya - mthetho sisebenza egunyeni lomthetho - sisekelo.

Imali egunyaziwe ivame ukuhlanganiswa nezintambo. Ngokwesibonelo, ithi ukwamukela izimali zomgwaqo omkhulu kahulumeni kumelwe kwamukele iminyaka enciphileyo yobudala engu-21, inkambiso ephoqelelwa ngokuphumelelayo amazwe ukuba avumelane nanoma isiphi isibalo sotshwala esisemthethweni. Ngokufanayo, i-Affordal Care Act idinga izifundazwe zokwandisa iMedicaid (noma ukulahlekelwa yizimali zikahulumeni) — imfuneko ekugcineni iNkantolo Ephakeme ekugcineni ayinakuphoqelelwa ngokugosa zonke izimali. Lemiba yamandla ibekwa njalo, kanye nezinguquko zezombangazwe eWashington nezinhloko-nhloko zindawo.

Naphezu kokucindezeleka, ubuhlobo bamazwe bukhona futhi. i- States isebenzisa izinhlelo eziningi zikahulumeni (umz., i-National Voter Relibration Act, i-Ceac Water Act, i-Occupational Safety and Health Act) futhi ithole imvume yokuthuthukisa umphakathi, ukuphoqelela umthetho, nezinkonzo zezenhlalo. USA.gov uhulumeni wezindawo zokwaziswa [[] unikeza amathuluzi okuhamba kulezindawo ezilahlile.

Indlela Yokubambisana Nohulumeni Wakho

Uhulumeni kahulumeni utholakala kalula kunohulumeni kahulumeni, futhi isithembiso sezakhamuzi singaba nethonya elibonakalayo. Nazi izindlela eziningana eziphumelelayo zokuhlanganyela:

  • Ukuvota kwesifundazwe. Izinhlanga zikahulumeni zemithetho ne-gubernary ngokuvamile zinethuba eliphansi kunokhetho lukamongameli, okusho ukuthi ukuvota kwakho kuthwala isisindo esingaphezulu. Izimiso eziningi zikahulumeni zinqunywa ngezindlela zokhetho noma ama-apendium, lapho ungavota khona ngokuqondile emithethweni.
  • Hlanganisa izishaya-mthetho zezwe. Amalungu endlu kazwelonke amelela izigodi ezincane kunezifunda zesifunda, ezizenza kube lula ukufinyelela. I-imeyili noma ucingo olucatshangelwe kahle lungathonya isimo sabo esibhakabhakeni. Yazi abameleli bakho ngewebhusayithi yombuso wakho.
  • ihlolwa ezindlebeni zomphakathi. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zikahulumeni zilalela izikweleti ezisele. Ungasayina ukuze unikeze ubufakazi ngomlomo noma unikeze ukukhulumela okubhaliwe. Lena yindlela eqondile yokusekela izimpikiswano ozikhathalelayo, kusukela ekusekeleni kwezemfundo kuya ekuqondiseni indawo ezungezile.
  • Imihlangano yehholo lomphakathi nezindawo zomphakathi. Izishayamthetho eziningi zikahulumeni ziqhuba izenzakalo ezifundeni zazo phakathi nekhefu lekhefu. Lawa amathuba okubuza imibuzo, ukuveza ukukhathazeka, nenethiwekhi nezinye izakhamuzi ezithembisiwe.
  • [ Inhlangano enjengeNhlangano yabesifazane, Isizathu Esivamile, kanye namaqembu ahlukene kahulumeni anikeza ukuqeqesha, ukunxusa, nokuhlanganyela ukwaziswa ngentuthuko yemithetho.
  • balekela ihhovisi lendawo noma isifundazwe. Amabhodi esikole, imikhandlu yedolobha, nezihlalo zikahulumeni zemithetho zingamaphuzu okungena abantu abasha kwezombangazwe. Amakhono nobudlelwane obakhelwe kula amazinga kungaholela ehhovisi eliphezulu nasezinguqulweni ezinenjongo.

Isiphetho

Ohulumeni boMbuso bangaphezu kakhulu kwemisebenzi yokuqondisa yesimiso sikahulumeni — banamandla, bazimele abanquma ngokuqondile izinga lemfundo yakho, ukuphepha kwemigwaqo yakho, izindleko zentela yakho, kanye namalungelo akho. Ngokuqonda indlela igatsha ngalinye elisebenza ngayo, imisebenzi efezwayo, futhi indlela ongathonya ngayo lezo zinqumo, uba yilungu elinolwazi oluthe xaxa ekulawuleni ngentando yeningi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uvota ngesilinganiso sokuzimela, ufaka emalini, noma umane unqume ukuthi uhlala kuphi, izenzo zikahulumeni wakho zilungisa amathuba akho nekusasa lakho. Ukuhlanganyela nohulumeni wakho akuwona nje umsebenzi olungile kodwa kuyimfuneko yanoma ubani ofuna ukusho ngemithetho ebusa ukuphila kwakhe kwansuku zonke.