Ohulumeni boMbuso bawumgogodla wokuphila kwansuku zonke kwaseMelika, ubumba yonke into kusukela emigwaqweni esiya kuyo ukuya ezikoleni izingane zethu ezikhona. Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni waseWashington, D.C., ngokuvamile uphethe izihloko eziphambili, ohulumeni bamazwe abasebenzisa igunya eliqondile emisebenzini yansuku zonke yezakhamuzi. Ngasinye samazwe angu-50 sisebenzisa uhulumeni wawo ozimele, osekelwe eSikoleni se-U.S. iSimende seSigunya se-Tenth, esigcine wonke amandla angaphathiswanga uhulumeni wezwe. Lesi sakhiwo sidala indawo yentando yentando yeningi, lapho amazwe azama khona imithetho yezemfundo, ezokunakekela impilo, ezokwethungamela nokuphepha komphakathi. Ukuqonda ubukhulu bemithwalo yemithwalo kahulumeni kubalulekile kunoma yisiphi isakhamuzi, umqeqeqeshisi, umqeqeshi, noma umfundi ofuna ukuqonda indlela isilinganiso sokubusa kwezwe laseMelika.

Ukubukeza Kohulumeni Bombuso

I-United States iyirepublic kahulumeni, okusho amandla ahlukaniswa phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nohulumeni bezwe. Umthetho-sisekelo ngamunye umisa isakhiwo sawo siqu sikahulumeni, esibonisa isibonelo sikahulumeni kodwa esinezinto ezihlukile zendawo. Ohulumeni boMbuso banamandla angokwesivumelwano — okusho ukuthi, bangathatha isinyathelo kunoma yini enganqatshelwe ngokuqondile nguMthetho-sisekelo wezwe wase-U.S. noma umthetho wezwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa igunya elikhulu kakhulu kwezentengiselwano zezwe, umthetho womkhaya, umthetho wobugebengu, umthetho wempahla, nempilo yomphakathi.

Ohulumeni boMbuso bahlelwe emagatsheni amathathu ahlukene: izikhulu, i-progin, nokwahlulela. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso nama-search kanye nezilinganiso kusebenza ezingeni likahulumeni njengoba nje benza ngokwezwe, kodwa nezici eziyingqayizivele njengemibuso ye-gubernerator trate, i-spearences, ne-metapendium ezihlukahluka ngokwezwe nezwe. Amandla nokuzibusa kohulumeni kushintshe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi ngezinqumo zeNkantolo ephakeme nomthetho kahulumeni, kodwa i-ikhomba i-Grekhodia i-genate-gement ehlala ingumthombo oyinhloko we-athopopublics eMelika amaningi.

Amagatsha Kahulumeni

Igatsha Eliphethe

Iholwa umbusi, igatsha eliphethe limisa imithetho kahulumeni futhi liqondisa imisebenzi yezinhlangano zikahulumeni yansuku zonke. Umbusi ukhonza njengomphathi omkhulu futhi ngokuvamile unamandla ahlanganisa igunya le-will-item venvoto (ngokungafani noMongameli wase-U.S.), ukumisa izinhloko zesifundazwe, ukuqondisa kwezwe lombuso we-National Guard, nekhono lokukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu. Izifunda eziningi zikhetha izikhulu zezikhulu zezikhulu eziphethe ngokwehlukana nomphathi-jaji, njengomphathi-jaji, njengomphathi-jijaji omkhulu, unobhalanethi wezwe, nomphathi wesher, ukwenza isikhulu sezwe esidla imbubhisi.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Izwe ngalinye ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska linendlu yomthetho ye-bigameral ehlanganisa iSigeqe neNdlu yabameli (iSishaya-mthetho sikaNebraska siyisigebengu esiphawuleka kakhulu). Izishayamthetho zikahulumeni zinecala lokwenza nokumisa imithetho ezindaweni eziningi, kuhlanganise nentela, imfundo, ezokwethutho, nempilo yomphakathi. Inqubo yomthetho iyahluka kodwa ihilela ukuzwa kwamakomiti, izimpikiswano zasesiteji, ne-gubernator. Imibuso eminingi ivumela abavoti ukuba bamise imithetho ngokuqondile ngenyathelo lokuqala noma ngokubhekisa izinhlelo ze-endex, inikeza izakhamuzi ithuluzi elinamandla lokwenza inqubo yemithetho. [[FLT:] uNgqungquthelano yesizwe yeSizwe se-Stem, [FLT][FLT]

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichaza umthetho-mthetho wezwe nezimiso, futhi zisingatha amacala amaningi kakhulu enkantolo e-United States. Izwe ngalinye linesimiso salo siqu senkantolo, ikakhulukazi kuhlanganise nezinkantolo eziqulwayo, izinkantolo ze-appelte, nenkantolo ephakeme yezwe. Amajaji oMbuso akhethwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene: abashokobezi noma abangeyamalungu esizwe, ukhetho lwezigebengu, noma ukukhetha okusekelwe ekukhetheni okufanele (Icebo laseMissouri). Izinkantolo zoMbuso zisho yonke into ebangelwa ukuphamba izimoto nengxabano yomkhaya ezingathi sína ezinkantolo zobugebengu nomthetho kahulumeni ohilela umthetho wezwe.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Eyinhloko Yohulumeni Bombuso

Ohulumeni bakahulumeni banomthwalo wemfanelo wemisebenzi eminingi nehlukahlukene. Nakuba eminye imithwalo yemfanelo ihlanganyelwa nohulumeni, izifundazwe zihola ezindaweni eziningi ezithinta izakhamuzi ngokuqondile. Ngezansi kunezindawo ezinkulu zokuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni, ngasinye sihlolwa ngokujula.

Imfundo

Imfundo iwumthwalo wemfanelo obaluleke kakhulu wohulumeni bezwe. Amazwe anegunya eliyinhloko lokumisa nokuxhasa izimiso zemfundo yomphakathi kusukela enkulisa ngemfundo ephakeme. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumisa izindinganiso zemfundo, ukunikeza izinqumo zikahulumeni wonke, ukugunyaza othisha, nokusakaza izimali ezifundeni zendawo. Amazwe futhi aqondisa amayunivesithi omphakathi namakolishi omphakathi, ngokuvamile ngamabhodi amisiwe amaqembu amaqembu aphambili noma amalungu athembekile.

  • K-12 Imfundo: eUnited States yamisa uhlelo lwezifundo, izimfuneko zokuthweswa iziqu, nezinyathelo zokulandisa. Izifunda eziningi ziye zasebenzisa izindinganiso zeCommon Core State noma zathuthukisa izindinganiso zazo. i-All Students Receeds Act (ESA) inikeza ukuvumelana okuphawulekayo ekulinganiseni ukusebenza kwesikole nokungenela ezikoleni eziphansi.
  • Imfundo ephakeme kakhulu:[ Ohulumeni boMbuso bafanele imali emakholijini omphakathi namayunivesithi, bamise izinqubo zomphakathi, futhi basebenzise izinhlelo zosizo lwabafundi. Amayunivesithi aphezulu asemhlabeni, asungulwe ngaphansi kweMorrill Acts, ahlala eyizinsika zezimiso zemfundo ephakeme kahulumeni.
  • Imfundo yasekuqaleni yobuntwana : Izifunda eziningi manje ziqoqa izinhlelo zangaphambi kohlobo lwe-andergarten futhi zilawula izikhungo zokunakekela izingane, ziqaphela ukubaluleka kokufunda zisencane.

Ukukhokha imali yemfundo ngokuvamile kuvela engxubevangeni yentela yemali kahulumeni, izintela zokuthengisa, nentela yempahla yendawo, okuholela ekuhlukahlukanisweni okukhulu phakathi kwezifunda nezifunda. Ukuze kucaciswe izimiso zemfundo zikahulumeni, i- Commission of the States inikeza imithombo ebanzi.

Ukuthutha

Ohulumeni boMbuso banomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha, ukulungisa, nokusebenzisa ingxenye enkulu yesimiso somgwaqo omkhulu wezwe. I- Interstate Highway System ixhaswe uhulumeni kodwa isetshenziswa izifundazwe, futhi iminyango yezokuthutha (DOT) iphatha izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha emigwaqweni kahulumeni, amabhuloho, nemihubhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe aqondisa izimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi, izikhumulo zezindiza, namatheku.

  • Ama-Roads namaBridge: ama- States axhasa ukwakhiwa nokulungiswa ngentela kaphethiloli, izindleko zokubhalisa izimoto, kanye nezindleko. Izizwe eziningi zizama ukukhokha intela yophethiloli njengoba ukusebenza kahle kunciphisa intela yegesi.
  • IPublic Transit: Ohulumeni boMbuso banikeza ukusekela okungokwezimali nokuphathwa kabusha kwezimiso zamabhasi, izitimela ezilula, nenjali ehambayo. Ezinye izifunda ziye zasungula iziphathimandla zendawo zokuthutha ukuze ziqondise izinkonzo eziqondiswe emajikeni.
  • Ukhuseleko lwemoto: i-United States ibeka isilinganiso sesivinini, imithetho yokushayela edakiwe, nokuhlela izimfuneko zomshayeli. Balawula futhi ukuhlola imoto nokubhalisa, kanye nokungangeni kwamaphepha-mvume omshayeli.

Isimo sesisekelo sikahulumeni sithinta umkhiqizo wezomnotho kanye nezinga lokuphila. I-American Society of Civil Engineers inikeza umbiko wezezisekelo eziqokomisa izinga lezidingo zemali.

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo Nempilo Yomphakathi

Ohulumeni bamazwe bayingxenye yesimiso sokunakekela impilo yaseMelika. Ngokuqondisa iMedicaid, imithetho yezimakethe zomshuwalense, kanye nezinyathelo zempilo zomphakathi, basho ukuthi bathonya imiphumela yempilo yezigidi zabantu. I-Affordlable Care Act yandisa izindima zikahulumeni ngokuzivumela ukuba zenze umshuwalense wempilo futhi zandise i-Medicaid elig.

  • Medicaid: Lohlelo oluhlangene nombuso lunikeza isilinganiso sempilo kubantu abanele, abantwana, abesifazane abakhulelwe, nabantu abakhubazekile. Izwe linquma ukuba ngcono, izinzuzo, kanye nenkokhelo phakathi kweziqondiso zikahulumeni. Izimo ezingaphezulu kwezingu-40 ziye zandisa iMedicaid ngaphansi kwe-ACA, kodwa kusele izilinganiso eziningana.
  • Impilo ye-Public: iminyango yezempilo kaHulumeni ihlola izifo, iqhube imikhankaso yokugoma, ithuthukise ukuziphatha okunempilo, futhi ithathe izibhedlela ezibhebhethekile neziphuthumayo. Bavumela izibhedlela, amakhaya asebegugile, nezinye izikhungo zokwelapha.
  • Imvume yokusebenza: ye-Estates futhi ilawula bonke abanakekela impilo, kuhlanganise nodokotela, abahlengikazi, osokhemisi, nodokotela bamazinyo, ukuqinisekisa izinga elilinganiselwe lekhono nokuphepha.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngemisebenzi yempilo yomphakathi, vakashela CDC yesifundazwe sezwe sempilo yomphakathi [.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Ukulondoloza ukuhleleka komphakathi nokuvikela izakhamuzi kuwumsebenzi oyinhloko wezwe. Amazwe alondoloza amabutho awo (isib., amasosha kahulumeni), aqondisa izikhungo zokuqondisa izigwegwe, aqondisa izimiso zokwahlulela zobugebengu, futhi axhumanise ukuphatha isimo esiphuthumayo.

  • Isivumelwano somthetho: Amaphoyisa kahulumeni amisa imithetho yomgwaqo, ahlola ubugebengu, futhi asiza amaphoyisa endawo. Ummeli jikelele uvame ukuhola uphengululo lobugebengu nokumangalelwa okuhilela izithakazelo zikahulumeni.
  • Ukulungisa:[ Amazwe aqondisa amajele alabo ababoshelwe ukuqulwa kwamacala, kuyilapho amajele endawo ephatha iziphakamiso ezingafanele nokuvalelwa kwangaphambi komthetho. Iminyango yoMbuso yokulungisa yengamela futhi izimiso zokulinganisela nokulingwa.
  • Ukuphathwa kwe-Emperency Management:[ Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo zihlela ukusabela kwenhlekelele, kusukela eziphephweni nasemliloni wequbula kuya ezifweni nasekuhlaseleni kwamaphekula. Zisebenza eduze ne-FEMA nohulumeni bendawo.
  • Ukuvinjelwa noMnyango: [ize iminyango yomlilo eminingi ibe yeyasendaweni, ibeke izimpawu zokwakha, iphoqelele izinga lokuphepha lomlilo, futhi iqeqeshe abacimi bomlilo.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho

Ohulumeni boMbuso bancintisana ngokuzikhandla ukuze bakhange amabhizinisi, bakha imisebenzi, futhi bathuthukise izinto. Basebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezisusa zentela, intela, izinhlelo zokuqeqesha izisebenzi, nokutshala imali. Izinhlangano zezentengiselwano zezomnotho zikahulumeni zinikeza imithombo yemali kubathengisi nakumaziko amisiwe ngokufanayo.

  • Intenivers: Amazwe anikeza izikweleti zentela, imali yokukhokha impahla, kanye nemali enika imvume yokukhuthaza izinkampani ukuba zithole noma zandise phakathi kwemingcele yazo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lezizisusa zingaholela “ekugcineni,” kodwa abasekeli bazibona zidingekile ukuze zincintisane emhlabeni wonke.
  • Intuthuko yomsebenzi: yaseStates ixhasa amakholiji omphakathi, izikole zomsebenzi, kanye nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha ze-job zokwakha izisebenzi ezinekhono. Izinhlelo zezokusebenza zisekelwa kakhulu ezingeni likahulumeni.
  • I-Infrastructive Investrial:[ Ngalé kokuthutha, izifundazwe zitshala i-inthanethi engangeni manzi, izinhlelo zamanzi, kanye nezinga lokushisisa amandla, ziqaphela ukuthi isisekelo sesisekelo sanamuhla siyimfuneko ekukhuleni kwezomnotho.

I- Umlawuli wesizwe wenhlangano ukhondo wokusho izinqubo zokuthuthukisa kwezomnotho nemikhuba emihle.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile Nemithombo Yemvelo

Izwe liphambili ekuqondiseni indawo ezungezile nasekuqondiseni imithombo yemvelo. Nakuba i - Environmental Protection Agency kazwelonke imisa izindinganiso zayo, izifundazwe zinomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho eminingi yendawo ezungezile.

  • I-Air ne-Mater Sety:[ izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile zikahulumeni zikhipha imvume yokukhipha igesi nokukhipha amanzi angcolile, ukuqondisa izinga lomoya, nokuphoqelela izindinganiso zamanzi ahlanzekile. Ezinye izifundazwe zithatha imithetho eqinile kunezimfuneko zikahulumeni.
  • Izwe Usetshenziswa no Zoning: I-United States imisa imithetho eqondisa izwe lakini esebenzisa izinqumo, ivikele izifunda zogu, futhi ilawule ukukhula kwamazwe anezikhukhula. Ukuhlasela kwendawo ezungezile okusesilinganisweni sikahulumeni kuvamile.
  • I-Conservation:[ amapaki ezwe nezinhlanzi nezinhlangano zezilwane zasendle ziphatha izigidi zamahektare ukuze zikwazi ukuzilibazisa nokuvikela indawo yokuhlala. Ukulondoloza uhulumeni kunciphisa kanye nezindawo zokukhosela izindawo zemvelo.
  • Ukuphathwa kwe-Squadte:[ ama- States alawula ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu okuyingozi, izinhlelo zokubuyisela izinhlelo, kanye nemisebenzi yokugcwalisa indawo.

Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe, EPA] ubudlelwane bezwe ikhasi bubonisa indlela ukubambisana okusebenza ngayo kuhulumeni nombuso.

Eminye Imithwalo Yemfanelo Ebalulekile

Ukukhetha Nokubhalisa Izincwadi

Izwe liqondisa zonke izinqumo zikahulumeni, zikahulumeni, zikahulumeni, nezendawo. Zimisa izinqubo zokuvota, kuhlanganise nezimiso zokubhalisa, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, nokuphutha. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zidweba izigodi ze-contional nezindawo zemithetho ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu ngakunye, inqubo evame ukubangela impikiswano ngokubhalisa i-gerrymander.

Ukulungisa Umfutho Nokuzivuselela

Ngaphandle kokwelashwa, kusho ukuthi amakhulu emisebenzi, kusukela konogesi nabezogunda izinwele kuya kubameli bezindawo nababali bezimali.

Izinkonzo Zomkhaya Nezomphakathi

Ohulumeni boMbuso baphethe izinkonzo zokuvikela izingane, izimiso zokunakekela izingane, nezinhlelo zasebekhulile nabakhubazekile.

Ukugada Kukahulumeni Wendawo

Ohulumeni bombuso bakha futhi banikeze amandla ohulumeni bendawo − amazwe, amadolobha, amadolobha, nezigodi ezikhethekile. Izwe linquma izinga legunya lendawo, intela, nemithwalo yemfanelo yenkonzo. Lobu buhlobo buyahlukahluka, njengoba eminye imibuso inikeza ukubusa kwasekhaya okubanzi kanti eminye inikeza imingcele eqinile yokubusa kukaDillon.

Imithetho kahulumeni: Umthetho Wokulinganisela

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza ukulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nohulumeni. Nakuba uhulumeni unamandla akhethekile kwezohwebo zezwe, ukuhlangana kwezizwe, kanye nesivikelo sesizwe, imibuso ilondoloza amandla amaphoyisa ukuze avikele impilo, ukulondeka, nesimilo sezakhamuzi zayo. Izindawo eziningi, njengomthetho wendawo ezungezile kanye nezinto zokuhamba, zihlanganisa imibuso ehlangeneyo ehlanganyelwayo yomibili imikhakha. I-Supremacy Claus isho ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni udedela imithetho ephikisanayo kahulumeni, kodwa uhulumeni kahulumeni ophethe ngokuvamile uhlela ezindaweni ezithile zeMedicaid kanye nezinhlelo zendawo ezungezile.

Lesi sakhiwo sikahulumeni sivumela amazwe ukuba asebenze njengezindawo zokucwaninga zentando yeningi, ukuhlola izimiso ezingase zenziwe kamuva ngokwesizwe. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izinguquko zempilo ye-carbon, izinhlelo ze-cap-parse-trade, kanye nokuguqula izinyathelo zomthetho.

Isiphetho

Ohulumeni bamazwe bangaphezulu kakhulu kunamaqembu angaphansi kokubusa kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Bayizinhlangano ezinamandla, ezizimele ezinemithwalo yemfanelo egcwele yonke ethinta zonke izici zokuphila: kusukela ekufundiseni abantwana nasekulondekeni kwemigwaqo ukuya ekuhlanzekeni kwamanzi nasekulinganiseni kokhetho. Indima yabo ekubuseni kweMelika ayinakumiswa. Othisha, abafundi, nezakhamuzi zansuku zonke, ukuqonda ububanzi nobubanzi bemisebenzi kahulumeni ethintanayo. Ngokufunda indlela imibuso esebenza ngayo nokulawula kwayo, abantu ngabanye bangagcina izikhulu zabo ezikhethiwe zinecala futhi zisekele izinguquko zezindawo zabo. Ukuhlola okwengeziwe ngohulumeni wakho, ukuqala [[FLT:] USUS. Isimo sikahulumeni sibalulekile ukuze uhulumeni uthathe izikhungo. [FOFOLD]