Isingeniso: Idwala Lobulungisa

Isimiso sokuvikela okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho siyisisekelo sobulungisa emiphakathini yentando yeningi. Siyala ukuba ohulumeni baphathe abantu ngokulinganayo, ngaphandle kobandlululo olungokomthetho olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubulili, inkolo, umsuka wesizwe, noma ezinye izici ezingenakuguqulwa. Kubafundi bomlando nomthetho, ukuqonda lesi simiso kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi izimiso zomthetho ziye zaqala kanjani ukulwa nokucindezela nokulungisa amalungelo omphakathi akhona. Lesi sihloko sinikeza umbono ocacile wesivikelo esilinganayo somlando, imvelaphi yeNkanto engokomlando, izinhlelo zanamuhla, iziqondiso zemithetho esetshenziswa ukuhlaziya izibalo, futhi izinselele eziqhubekayo ezikhona. Ngokuhlola lezi zinqunywe, abafundi bayozuza ukwazisa okujulileyo ngokulwela amalungelo anamuhla ukuze baphile ukulingana.

Imisuka Engokomlando Yesivikelo Esilinganayo

Umqondo wokuthi bonke abantu bafanelwe ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ungabi khona. Izisekelo zabo zokuhlakanipha zibuyela emuva kumafilosofi asendulo, izimfundiso zenkolo, nasemabhukwini angaphambili omthetho. IMagna Carta (1215) yaqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu okhululekile ongajeziswa ngaphandle komthetho wezwe, ozandulela inqubo efanele. I-Ngishi Bill of Rights (1689) yawalinganisela kakhulu amandla enkosi, kodwa ayizange yakha isimiso esivamile. Izihlakaniphisi ezikhanyiselayo njengoJohn Lockelele zaveza ukuthi bonke abantu banamalungelo emvelo, kuhlanganise nenkululeko, nempahla, nokuthi uhulumeni kumelwe uvikele lamalungelo ngokungakhethi.

EMelika, iSimemezelo se-Fommentation samemezela ukuthi “wonke amadoda adalwe elingana,” kodwa lesi sithembiso saphikiswa yilungiselelo lobugqila nokuzithoba kwabesifazane ngokomthetho. UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wabala abantu abagqilaziwe njengezinga-3 zomuntu ngenxa yezinjongo zokumelelwa futhi wavikela ngokuqondile ukuhweba ngezigqila. Ukulingana kwahlala kungumthetho osemthethweni kunokuba kube yigunyaze iMpi Yombango.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nokwakhiwa Kwaso

ISichibiyelo sokwakha kabusha (iziNkamputho (ezithi, 14, kunye ne-15) sadluliselwa ukuze kuqedwe ubugqila futhi kusungulwe uhlelo lokulingana kwezinhlanga. ISichibiyelo seMinyaka Engamashumi Ane nenye, esagunyazwa ngo-1868, siqukethe i-Lingane Lingletvice Claus: “Ayikho iZwe... elizophika noma imuphi umuntu onegunya lakhe lokuvikela okulinganayo kwemithetho.” Lesi sigqebhene sasiyimpendulo eqondile kumaBlabhulack Codentins / imiyalo evimbela inkululeko yabantu ababegqilaziwe futhi benqaba amalungelo ayisisekelo.

Abalungisi be-flamement babehlose ukuba basebenzise ngokuyinhloko ku-Afrikans, kodwa umbhalo usebenzise inkulumo ebanzi ethi “noma yimuphi umuntu,” ebeka isisekelo sokunwetshwa kwesikhathi esizayo. Phakathi nokuvuselelwa kwe-Freedmen’s Bureau futhi udlulise amalungelo omphakathi adala futhi i-Freedmen's Bureaup nemisebenzi yokuqinisa isivikelo esifanayo. Nokho, ukuchaza okuncane kweNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT:]] [indlu] [iCasesmeter] [indlu] [1873] [i-FLT] [i Folm:1] kwabangela ukuba kunciphe i-Case Cases (183)[FLT] kulinganiselwe ukufinyelela kwe-RGOT], ivumela ukuba ishologogo ngokuthi iqheke njengoba ukucwa kwezinhlanga. [indelk] imithetho elinganayo]

Izincazelo ZeNkantolo Eziyinhloko

Ukuphakama Nokuwa “Kwezinga Elilinganayo”

Isinqumo seNkantolo Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) yasekela ukuhlukaniswa kwesizwe okubekelwe umbuso ngaphansi kwemfundiso ethi “ukungalingani kodwa kulingana.” Homer Pleby, indoda yohlanga oluxubeneyo, yabekela inselele umthetho weLouisiana ofuna izimoto zesitimela ezihamba ngezinyawo. Inkantolo yanquma ukuthi i-FLT ayizange iphazamise isivikelo sika-Clausleeste uma nje izakhiwo zikhona. Lesinqumo saqinisekisa isimiso sobandlululo sohlanga esaqhubeka iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu.

Inkantolo yaguqula izifundo [FLT] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954), eyamemezela ukuthi izindawo ezihlukene zemfundo “azilingani neze.” ISikhulu seJaji u-Fol Warren sabhala ukuthi i-Creator iveza umuzwa wokuziphakamisa “owenjongo yengane yokufunda.” Brown wagumbula uPelsky emongweni wemfundo yomphakathi futhi waba isisekelo esingokomthetho se-Povil Rights Movement. Kamuva izinqumo zasebenzisa ukucabanga okufanayo kwezinye izakhiwo zomphakathi, ekugcineni zasusa i-gemdlanganiso.

Ukulingana Okukhulayo: Ukuhlangana Kwezihlobo, Ubulili, Nangalé Kwalokho

Nakuba i-Unicime Protection Claus yayigxile ekuqaleni kuhlanga, iNkantolo iye yandisa isivikelo sayo kwamanye amaqembu. [FLT] , iNkantolo yabulala umthetho weIdaho owanika amadoda isithunzi njengabalawuli bezindawo, eveza isikhathi sokuqala sobufana benziwa baphelelwa amandla ngaphansi kweSivikeli sika Clauslee. [FLT:][5]].[FLT] V.[FLT][FLT] [FLT]] [5][5][56] [5] [5]

Muva nje, Obergefell v. Hodges (]] wakholelwa ukuthi imibhangqwana efanayo ehlangene nomthetho-wedekisi inelungelo lokushada, ukuthola ukuthi imithetho evimbela umshado ofanayo we-sex iyaphula kokubili i-Sect Programme neSivikeli sika-Claus. INkantolo icabanga ukuthi umshado uyilungelo eliyisisekelo futhi ususa imibhangqwana efanayo ehlangeneyo ehlonisweni elinganayo. ][5] i-Boscket yomshado ofanayo. County [FLT][FL:20][FLD:][FLM][5]][FLT]][5]

Isenzo Esiqinisayo Nezikhulu Zobuhlanga

Izinhlelo eziqinisayo eziklanyelwe ukuxazulula ubandlululo lwesikhathi esidlule ziye zadala impikiswano enkulu. I-Regents zeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia v. Bakke (197), iNkantolo yathatha imingcele yezinhlanga kodwa yavumela ukuba isetshenziswe njengengxenye eyodwa ekwamukeleni. [[FLT:] [2] Grainter v. Bollinger [2003] yasekela i-UMbali yeSikole somthetho seMichigan, ithola ukuthi inqubo yezehlukaniso yemizimba yabafundi iyisithakazelo esishukumisayo. Nokho, [FLT:] [FLD] intuthuko ye-actives v.[200FFF][FT] [FT] [FFFT] ngaphezu kwe-GOUMT] i-GOLET] i-oglone, i-eqekelele i-uni eqinile ekuvumeni ukuthi iSivumeni iNkathi ye-ognome.[uni engcono i-

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zanamuhla Nempikiswano Eqhubekayo

Isivikelo esifanayo siseyindaba eyinhloko ezingxenyeni eziningi zokuphila kwaseMelika. Emalungeloni okuvota, i-Shelby County v. Holer (2013) isinqumo sathatha ilungiselelo eliyinhloko le-Voting Rights Act, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwemithetho kahulumeni ethinta i-vocation ngokungenakuqhathaniswa. Izinselele ngaphansi kwe-Oligic Protection Clause ziye zalethwa ngokumelene nezimfuneko ze-ID yevoti, i-gerrymanning, ne felony difranchiationment.

Ebugebengwini, ukwahlukana ngokobuhlanga embuthweni wamaphoyisa, ukugwetshwa, nokuboshwa kuye kwaholela ekutheni isimiso siphika isivikelo esifanayo. Impi yezidakamizwa [ nemithetho elinganiselwe ebophekile iye yaba nethonya elingalingani emiphakathini yabamnyama nababhishobhi. Ukusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa ngempoqo, ikakhulukazi kubantu abamnyama abangahlomile, iye yabangela ukubizelwa kwenguquko nokuvinjelwa okulinganayo kwemithetho esemthethweni.

Imfundo yokuthengwa kwemigoqo idlulela ngalé kokuhlangane. Izimpikiswano mayelana nokuxhaswa kwemali yesikole, ukwabiwa kwezimpahla, nezimiso zokuyala ngokuvamile zicela isivikelo esifanayo. Ngokufanayo, ukutholakala kwezempilo (ngokuhlukene) kubantu abadlulisa izakhi zomzimba, abantu abakhulelwe, nalabo abakhubazekile (ilokhu kukhubazeka) kuya ngokuqhubekayo ngaphansi komsho wesihloko. Act yokunakekela okungaguquguquki kwemiyalo kanye nezinselele zamuva ze-Medicaid zokukhombisa ubulili obuqinile be-finight - fiber - aftive show show sho isivikelo esiqhubekayo empilweni.

Izindinganiso Zokubukeza: Indlela Izinkantolo Eziwakhetha Ngayo Amazwi Okuvikelwa Okulingana

Ukuqonda lezi zinhlu kubalulekile kunoma imuphi umfundi wesivikelo esifanayo.

  • Scrutiny Scrity: Isebenzisa ukuhlelwa okusekelwe ngokohlanga, umsuka wesizwe, noma ukuphambuka, kanye nasemithethweni ethwesa umthwalo wamalungelo ayisisekelo (ukuhlanganisa, umshado, ukuhamba kwesifunda). Uhulumeni kumelwe abonise isithakazelo esishukumisayo nokuthi umthetho uhloselwe ukufinyelela. Imithetho eminingi yehluleka ukucubungula ngokuqinile.
  • I-Scrutiny : isetshenziselwa ukuhlela ubulili. Uhulumeni kumelwe abonise umgomo obalulekile nokuthi umthetho uhlobene kakhulu nalowomgomo. Lokhu kwenza izinkantolo zikwazi ukubulala imithetho eqinisa izibalo.
  • Rational Basiss Review: Indinganiso elungile yomthetho wezezomnotho nomphakathi. Umthetho kumele uhlobane ngokomthetho nesithakazelo sikahulumeni esingokomthetho. Cishe yonke imithetho idlulisela isisekelo esinengqondo, nakuba ezinye izimo ezifana [ Rompmer v.Evans (1996)[FL:3] iye yasebenzisa inguquko eqinile kakhulu ekubhekeni imithetho ebhekeni isigaba esithile.

Ukukhetha indinganiso ngokuvamile kunquma umphumela. Ukusuka esisekelweni esinengqondo kuya ekuhloleni okuphakathi noma okuqinile kubonisa ukuqaphela kweNkantolo ukuthi amaqembu athile aye acwaswa ngokomlando futhi antula amandla ezombangazwe.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngesivikelo Esilinganayo

Amazwe amaningi afaka izimiso ezifanayo ezimisweni zawo ezingokomthetho nasezicini zamalungelo abantu.

  • .Manada : Ingxenye 15 yeCanadian Charter of Rights and Frees (19982) iqinisekisa ukulingana phambi nangaphansi komthetho, nelungelo lokuvikela nokuzuza ngokulinganayo ngaphandle kokucwaswa igebe elisekelwe kwebala, imvelaphi yobuzwe noma ubuzwe, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, ubudala, noma ukukhubazeka ngokwengqondo. Izinkantolo zaseCanada zitolike lengcaphuno zihlanganise izikhuselo zemibhangqwana efanayo ehlangene neyabantu abakhubazekile.
  • I-Afrika yaseNingizimu: I-past-apartheid Constitution ka-1996 ihlanganisa isisho esinamandla esilinganayo (I-Expection 9) esivimbela ukucwaswa okungafanelekile ngezizathu eziningi, kuhlanganise nohlanga, ubulili, ukukhulelwa, isimo somshado, imizwelo yobulili, nokukhubazeka. Ivumela futhi ukuba kuvunyelwe ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuthatha. INkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo ikhiphe izinqumo zemingcele ezingokomhlaba ezindlu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nokulingana komshado.
  • [[[FLT: 0] I-Eupan Convention on Human Rights : ISiphakamiso 14 senqabela ubandlululo ekujabuleleni amalungelo avikelwe yi-Convention. INkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu iye yakhuluma ngezindaba ezinjengobandlululo kumaRom, abantu abambalwa, nenkolo encane.

Lezi zibonelo zomhlaba wonke zibonisa ukuthi nakuba ulimi oluqondile luhlukile, isibopho esiyinhloko sokwelapha ngendlela efanayo siwumkhuba wentando yeningi wembulunga yonke.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Naphezu kwesisekelo sawo somthetho-sisekelo, isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho sibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu. Ubuhlanga obusesilinganisweni nobandlululo olucacile luyaqhubeka lugcwele ezinhlanganweni, kusukela kumaphoyisa kuya ekuqashweni kwezindawo zokuhlala kuya ekuqashweni. Ifa lobugqila nokuhlukaniswa lisezindaweni zengcebo, ukuhlukahluka kwempilo, nokungalingani kwemfundo. Ngisho nalapho imithetho ingathathi hlangothi, ukugcinwa kwayo kanye nethonya kungasusa ubandlululo.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezombangazwe kuphakamisa enye inselele. Amashumi eminyaka amuva nje kuye kwaba nokuphikisana nentuthuko yamalungelo omphakathi, njengoba ezinye izifundazwe zimisa imithetho evimbela ukuvota, isilinganiso samalungelo, nokuvimbela inkolelo-mbono yohlanga egxekayo ezikoleni. Lezi zinyathelo zivame ukubhekana nezinselele zomthetho-sisekelo, kodwa imiphumela ayiqiniseki ekwahluleleni okushintshashintshayo. Ukumiswa kwamajaji asekela incazelo yokuqala yoMthetho-sisekelo kungase kunciphise izinga le-Olivilectal Protection Claine, njengoba kubonakala [[FL:0] izimgano ze-faial Adgistssions[

Abagxeki baphikisa futhi ngokuthi ukuhlolwa okuqinile kuqinile futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo ziyahluleka ukusingatha izindlela ezicashile zobandlululo. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ayikasebenzisi ukucubungula ngokuqinile imithetho elimaza ngokungenakuqhathaniswa izinhlanga ezincane kodwa ayiyona ngokuqondile izinhlanga (umz., imithetho yokugweba izidakamizwa). Ukubiza indlela yokubhekana nomongo oqondene ngokwengeziwe, njenge- [i-antidentistism [[ isimiso, igcizelela ukuthi isilinganiso sidinga ukuhlukaniswa kohlanga olufanayo, hhayi nje ukuphatha abantu ngabanye.

Imithombo Yemfundo Yokutadisha Ngokujule

Kulabo abafisa ukuthola isivikelo esifanayo, kunezinto ezihlukahlukene.

Isiphetho: Ukuthunywa Okuqhubekayo

Isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho asisona isithembiso somthetho esiqinile kodwa isithembiso esivumelanayo. Kusukela ekuvuselweni kweSichibiyelo kuya ekunqobeni kwamalungelo omphakathi ekhulwini lama-20, nakulwisana nobulili kanye ne-LGBTQ + ukulingana kwezindaba ezicindezelayo zamalungelo okuvota kanye nokushintshwa komthetho wobugebengu, isimiso siseyithuluzi elinamandla lokuthuthukisa ubulungisa. Ngaso sinye isikhathi esifanayo, ukumelana nale ntuthuko kusikhumbuza ukuthi ukulingana kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, imfundo, nokuthatha isikole, nothisha. Abafundi nothisha, ukuhileleka nomlando ocebile nobunzima obukhona manje besivikelo kudinga ukulungiselela ukuba nesizwe esifundile. Amazwi alula omthetho. “Izwe ngeke... liphikelele noma isivikelo esilinganayo... kunoma yimuphi umthetho."[5]