Ukufuna Namalungelo: Isiqondiso Esiwubufakazi

Isehlo namalungelo okuthatheka akha isisekelo senkululeko yomuntu siqu nenkululeko eUnited States. Lezisivikelo ezingokomthetho zilawula indlela futhi lapho izikhulu zikahulumeni zingangena ngayo kuwe, ekhaya, impahla, nakukwaziswa okuphathelene nemishini. Kubafundi, othisha, nezakhamuzi zansuku zonke, ukuqonda lamalungelo kubalulekile ekubhekaneni nokugcinwa komthetho, ukuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi, nokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yomphakathi. Lesiqondiso sihlola isisekelo somthetho, izindinganiso eziyinhloko, izinqumo ezinkulu ezihlukile, izinqumo zenkantolo ezingokomthetho, kanye neseluleko esisebenzayo ukuze uvikele amalungelo akho.

Ukuqonda Isichibiyelo Sesine

ISichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States sinikeza isivikelo esiyinhloko ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nasekuqulekeni.

“Ilungelo labantu lokuphepha kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka, ngeke liphuzwe, futhi akukho maWarrant azakuphuma, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, asekelwe u-Oath noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okumelwe ihlolwe, nabantu noma izinto ezithinjwe.”

Lokhu kulungisa kwakuyimpendulo eqondile emkhubeni wamakoloni waseBrithani wokusebenzisa amafakela avamile kanye nama-scheme okusiza, avumela izikhulu ukuba zihlole amakhaya namabhizinisi ngaphandle kwesizathu esiqondile noma ukulinganiselwa. Abahleli bafuna ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa okunjalo ngokufuna ukuba kubekwe imvume esekelwe entweni elindelekile, ekhishwa yimantshisi engathathi hlangothi, futhi elinganiselwe kakhulu. [ngemfundiso yokuhlanganisa ye-Grandmentation, i-Constemplement, i-Drectionment yesine isebenza kumthetho wezwe ne-operaterne, hhayi nje kuphela i-mthetho.

Akuyona yonke i-sesho noma ukuphazanyiswa okungekho emthethweni qha leyo enengqondo ephula umthetho-sisekelo. Okungakha ukucabangela kuxhomeke emongweni, ekungeneni, kanye nesithakazelo sikahulumeni. Izinkantolo ziye zasungula indikimba eyinkimbinkimbi yecala elibekelwe imvume emelene nezidingo zomthetho osemthethweni.

Imibono Eyisihluthulelo: Imbangela Enengqondo, Abavukeli, Nombuso Wokuqeda

Imbangela Enengqondo

Imbangela efanelekile indinganiso engokomthetho edingekayo ekuphenyeni nasekuboshweni okuningi. Ikhona lapho ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kunamaqiniso anele nezimo eziholela umuntu onengqondo ekukholelweni ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa noma ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu bukhona endaweni ethile. Imbangela eyenzekayo ayiyona indlela eqinile; izinkantolo zisebenzisa izilinganiso zezimo, njengoba zikhona ekuhloleni [[FLT]], njengoba kusungulwe izilinganiso ezivamile. [1] [1] [1] [1983]. Lokhu kucabangela izihloko, ukuphawula, nobufakazi obunye obuhlangeneyo.

Ukufuna Izindlela Zokufuna

Imvume yokuhlola iwumyalo wenkantolo ogunyaza ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba uqhube umsebenzi wokuhlola. Ukuze izikhulu zithole imvume, kumelwe zithumele ifomu lokuhlola elibonisa imbangela engenzeka futhi zichaze nge ngokwengxenye [ indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi izinto ezizothathwa. Imvume kumelwe ikhishwe imantshi engathathi-hlangothi, futhi ukuseshwa kumelwe kukhishwe phakathi nesikhathi esifanelekile. Ama-aractive ayindings zegolide yokusesha ngenxa yokuthi anikeza ukuqondisa kokwahlulela kwangaphambi kokuba kufuneke. Nokho, ukuphesha okuningi kwenzeka ngaphandle kwemvume eqaliwe.

Umthetho Oyinqaba

Umthetho wokuhlukanisa uyikhambi lokwenziwa lomahluleli elivimbela ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola okungekho emthethweni ukuba busetshenziswe enkantolo. Okokuqala wasetshenziswa emacaleni kahulumeni Weeks v. United States (1914) futhi wanwetshwa ezindaweni ezise-] Mapp v. Ohio[ [1961]), umthetho uvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa ngokususa isisusa sokwenza uphendlo olungekho emthethweni.

  • [[QUT:0] Kulungile ukuvalelwa okholweni:[ Uma izikhulu zincika ngokunengqondo ophawuni olutholakele kamuva lungasebenzi, ubufakazi bungase bube bukho noma ikhona ( United States v. Leon, 1984]).
  • Ukutholakala okungakholeki:[ Ubufakazi obungatholakala ngokomthetho bungavunywa (Nix v. Williams, 1984]).
  • Actuation:[ Uma ukuxhumeka phakathi kokusesha okungekho emthethweni nobufakazi kubuthakathaka kakhulu, ubufakazi bungavunyelwa (Hudson v. Michigan, 2006]).
  • Umthombo ozimele: Ubufakazi obutholakele emthonjeni ongaphandle kokuseshwa okungemthetho bungakholeki (Murray v. United States[, 1988]).

Ukuqonda lokhu kushiyana kubalulekile ngoba ngisho noma ukuphenya kwephule amalungelo akho, ubufakazi busengasetshenziswa namanje.

Izinhlobo Zokucwaninga Ngaphandle Komgunyathi

Izinkantolo ziye zavuma ukuthi kunezingaphezu kweshumi nambili kunezimfuneko ezingokomthetho.

Ukuhlola Okuvunyelwe

Uma umuntu evuma ngokuzithandela ukuseshwa, izikhulu zingaqhubeka ngaphandle kwemvume. Imvume kumele inikezwe ngokukhululekile nangokuhlakanipha, hhayi ngokuphoqelelwa ngezinsongo noma ukucindezela. Amaphoyisa awadingeki ukuba akwazise ukuthi unelungelo lokunqaba imvume, nakuba ukuthula kungasikiseli ukuthi imvume. Imvume yesithathu iyasebenza uma umuntu enegunya elifanayo phezu kwempahla (umz., ohlala nayo ezindaweni ezivamile) noma uma isikhulu sikholelwa ukuthi umuntu unegunya elinjalo ([[FLT:] United States v. Matlock[FLT[FLD:3], 1974) ungavumelana nezindawo ezithile noma ngasiphi isikhathi.

Funa Ithuba Lokuboshwa

Uma umthetho uqinisekisa ukuboshwa ngokomthetho, bangase bafune umuntu nendawo eseduze abazofika kuyo − baziwa ngokuthi ibanga elibanzi ukuze kutholakale izikhali noma ubufakazi obungabhujiswa. Lokhu, kusungulwe California[[[FLT]] [[1969]], kuvikelwe ukuphepha nokuvikela ubufakazi. Nokho, [[FLT:] ku-Arizona v. [[FLT:][5] [2009]], iNkanto ephakeme yeNkantolo yemoto ecuphindiwe ukuze iboshwe: ngemva kokuboshwa nokuboshelwa, izikhulu zingahlola igumbi uma imoto ikhona ikhona imvume yokukhonzwa noma imoto engcono.

Izimo Ezibi

Izimo eziphuthumayo ezidinga isinyathelo esisheshayo zingathethelela ukuphenywa okungenasiqinisekiso. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuphishekela ngokuphuthumayo ukusolwa okungabaleki, ingozi yokubhujiswa okuseduze kobufakazi, ingozi ekuphileni komuntu, kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo ezinjengomlilo. Abaphathi-mikhosi kumelwe babe nesizathu futhi babonise ukuthi isimo asishiyeki yisikhathi sokuthola isiqinisekiso. Izinkantolo zihlola ngokucophelela lokhu kumangalela ukuthi zivimbela ukuxhashazwa.

Umbono Ongamanga

Uma isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho endaweni futhi sibona ubugebengu noma ubufakazi obungavunyelwe, akukho gunya elidingekayo lokuyibamba. Izimfuneko yilezi: (1) isikhulu kumelwe sibe nelungelo elingokomthetho lokuba kulendawo; (2) isimo sokucalula into kumelwe sibonakale ngokushesha; futhi (3) isikhulu kumelwe sibe nesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi into iwubufakazi bobugebengu (hton v. California, 1990]). Lokhu okungavumelani nalokho okufunwayo akugunyazi ukuthatheka kwalokho osekuyabonakala kakade.

Ukukhishwa kwemoto

I-Vhicles inokulindela okuphansi kobumfihlo ngoba ihamba futhi inikwa imvume. Ngaphansi izimoto ezizihambelayo , izikhulu zingase zifune imoto ngaphandle kwemvume uma zikhona ngokunokwenzeka ezikholelwa ukuthi inesizathu sobugebengu. Leligunya lidlulela kuso sonke imoto, kuhlanganise nezitsha ezivaliweyo ezingabamba ubufakazi ( Carrow v. United States, 1925; [[FLT:]] Californiav. Acedo , 1991], ngokungafani nesehlolo olufuna ukuboshwa, lokhu kudinga ukuba kuthathwe noma ukuboshwa.

UTerry Stop NamaFrisks

Ngaphansi Terry v.O. (1968), amaphoyisa angabamba umuntu okwesikhashana esekelwe ukusola okungenangqondo [ kobugebengu, indinganiso ephansi kunesizathu esingalindelekile. Phakathi nokumiswa okunjalo, uma isikhulu sinomqondo wokukholelwa ukuthi umuntu uhlomile futhi uyingozi, isikhala esilinganiselwe sezikhali (afractk) sivunyelwe. Isilinganiso seflisk silinganiselwe ekugqokeni izingubo zangaphandle nasekuhlolweni kwezikhali, hhayi ubufakazi. Uma isiphi isiphi isiqinisekiso esitholayo noma ubufakazi obutholakala ngomqondo wokuthintana singabanjwa ngaphansi kwe [FLT:] [FT] [FT]]

Ukuhlola Imingcele

Emingceleni yomhlaba wonke kanye nezici zezindiza ezisebenzayo (njengezikhumulo zezindiza), uhulumeni unegunya elikhulu lokuhlola abantu kanye nezinto ngaphandle kwemvume noma ngokunokwenzeka. Ukuhlola umngcele kubhekwa njengokunengqondo ngemvelo yabo futhi akudingi ukusola okungokomuntu. Nokho, uphengululo olungenalusizo [] olufanayo, luyi-mfantu wokuhlola noma ukuphenya komzimba ngaphandle kwesizathu. Eminyakeni yamuva, izinkantolo ziye zaphikisana nokuthi ukuphenywa okungasoleki kwemishini yobuchwepheshe emngceleni kumelene nomthetho wesine. INkanto Ephakeme ayikahluleki, kodwa izinkantolo eziphansi ngokuvamile zidinga ukunyuswa okunengqondo kokuphenyaza kocingo nocingo.

Ukuhlola Uhlu

Uma amaphoyisa efaka imoto, angase ahlole uhlu lokuyibhala ngezizathu zokuyilimaza nokuphepha. Ukuhlola okunjalo kumelwe kulandele izinqubo ezivamile futhi akunakusetshenziswa njengebhaxa lokufuna ubufakazi ngaphandle kwesizathu esilindelekile (] South Dakota v. Opperman, 1976]).

Ukuhlola Abafundi Ezikoleni

Izikhulu zesikole somphakathi aziboshiwe ngemfuneko yemvume kodwa kumelwe zihlangabezane nendinganiso ye ukusola okunengqondo [ ukusesha ubuso noma impahla yomfundi. Lendinganiso, ebekwe ku-New Jersey v. T.L. [[FLT]] [1985], ifuna ukuba ukuphenya kuthetheleleke ekuqaleni kwayo futhi kubekezele. Ukuhlola kwemikhono kubekwa kuqinisekisiwe ([[FLTLT:]] SAFFDford Agidetic School District v.[FLT]], 2009]), kodwa lawomalungelo alinganiswe ngokuvikela isithakazelo nesiyalo.

Izinqubo Zobuchwepheshe Nezindaba Eziyimfihlo

Izinqumo eziyinhloko zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziyaqaphela ukuthi ubuchwepheshe besimanje bungaveza okungaphezu kakhulu kokuhlola okuvamile okuphathelene nokuphila kwethu kwangasese.

  • Carpleenter v. United States (2017]): Uhulumeni ngokuvamile udinga isiqinisekiso sokuthola amarekhodi angokomlando endawo yengqamuzana, ngoba ukufinyelela emasontweni noma izinyanga zokwaziswa kwendawo kuhlanganisa ukuseshwa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine. Lesinqumo silahla imfundiso yengxenye yesithathu ngokomongo wokulandelela izibalo ezinde.
  • .Riley v. California (2014: Amaphoyisa angase angaphenyi ukwaziswa ngomakhalekhukhwini oboshwayo ngaphandle kwemvume, ngisho nesenzakalo sokuboshwa. INkantolo yacabanga ukuthi omakhalekhukhwini banemininingwane eminingi yangasese futhi abakwazi ukuvala izitsha ezingokoqobo.
  • United States v. Jones (202): Ukuhlanganisa i-GPS umthumeli emotweni nokuhlola ukuhamba kwayo izinsuku ezingu-28 kwakuwukusesha ngoba yayiphazanyiswa ngokomzimba entweni yangasese. Icala futhi lacabangela ukuthi ukuqapha okuthatha isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuphamba ukulahlekelwa okungalindelekile.

Izimiso ze-Federal njenge- Ukuxhumana okungaqondakaliyo kumthetho we-accomptions Act (ECPA) kanye ne-[FLT] Izimiso zokuxhumana ezivunyiweyo] futhi zilawula ukufinyelela kukahulumeni ekuxhumaneni kwezokuxhumana namarekhodi e-electronic. Izizwe eziningi ziye zadlulisa imithetho yazo yemfihlo efuna imvume yokubekwa kwemininingwane yendawo ne-imeyili. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka ukuveza izimpikiswano, izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka ziphikisana ngokufinyelela kwe-IndayPrimende yesine kwi-inthaneti.

Icala Elibi Elibi Liyawohloka Ekufuneni Nomthetho Ongawutholi

Ukwazi lezizindaba eziyinhloko kukusiza ukuba uqonde indlela umthetho oye wavela ngayo nokuthi uphokophelephi.

  • Katz v. United States (1967): yamisa “ukulindela okunengqondo mayelana yimfihlo”. INkantolo yakholelwa ukuthi umuntu unesivikelo seSine Amendment Esine endawo noma kunoma yisiphi isimo lapho elindele ukuba wedwa nomphakathi uqaphele ukuthi ulindele lokho kunengqondo. Lokhu kwashukumisela ukugxila ekuphathweni kwecala elingokomzimba ukuya ekusithekeni.
  • Illinois v. Amasango (1983): Ithathe ukuhlolwa kokuhlanganisa kwemikhawulo yezinsuku ngandlela thile, yenqabe ukuhlolwa okuqinile kweminye imiba emibili kokwaziwa kokwethembeka.
  • Mapp v.Oo (1961): Wasebenzisa umthetho wokuhlukanisa ezweni, wafuna izinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuba zingabufaki ubufakazi obutholakele bokwephulwa kweSichibiyelo Sesine.
  • Terry v.Oo (1968): i-stop- kunye-frisk ebhalwe ngokunyundela okunengqondo, yenza uhlu oluphansi lweSichibiyelo Sesine.
  • .Chimel v. California [1969] kanye Arizona v. Gant (2009): Kuchazwa futhi kulinganiselwa izinga lokuhlola ukuze uboshwe.
  • Caroll v. United States (1925): kwamiswa ukukhipha imoto.
  • United States v. Leon (19984): Yadala ukuhluka kokholo oluhle kumthetho ohlukanisayo.

Lamacala atholakala emitholalwazi engokomthetho enegunya njenge Cornell Law Law School’s Legal Information kanye no-[FLT]Oyez[, okunikeza ukufushaniswa okuningiliziwe nokuqoshwa kwemizwa kwempikiswano yomlomo.

Izindlela Zokunqanda ISichibiyelo Sesine

Uma ukugcinwa komthetho kuphula ukufunwa kwakho namalungelo okuthatheka, kungase kutholakale amakhambi amaningana:

  • Ukufuna ukucindezelela: Ecaleni lobugebengu, ummeli wakho angacela inkantolo ukuba ikhiphe ubufakazi obungavunyelwe. Uma ukuhamba kwemoto kuphumelela, umshushisi angalahlekelwa ikhono lakhe lokufakazela icala.
  • I-Civil Lawsuit (Umthetho ka-1934): Ungamangalela izikhulu noma uhulumeni ngenxa yomonakalo owenziwe ngaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. . .1998 ngenxa yokwephulwa komthetho-sisekelo. Kumelwe ubonise isikhulu sephulwe umthetho omisiwe ngokucacile, lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi [ isivikelo esiqinile [, esingaba yisithiyo esiyisithiyo.
  • [ Izikhalo ze-internal: Ungafaka isikhalo nenhlangano yokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ngokuhlukana kwezindaba zangaphakathi noma ibhodi eliphethe umphakathi.
  • Ukuqulwa ngecala: Ezimweni ezingavamile lapho isikhulu senza ngamabomu futhi sihlose ukuthatha, abashushisi bamazwe noma bakahulumeni bangaletha amacala obugebengu.

Phawula ukuthi umthetho wokuzihlukanisa awusebenzi ekuqulweni kwezindaba zomphakathi njengokuqulwa kwecala lokufuduka, ukukhishwa kwecala okungadingeki, noma ukuqulwa kwejaji okukhulu, nakuba kukhona okuhlukile.

Iseluleko Esiwusizo Ezakhamuzini

Nansi iziqondiso ezisebenzayo zokuxhumana nokugcinwa komthetho:

  1. Buza uma ukhululekile ukuhamba. Uma ungaboshiwe, unelungelo lokuhamba. Uma isikhulu sithi uyaboshwa, kumelwe uvume kodwa uqhubeke uqinisa amalungelo akho.
  2. Ungavumi ukusesha. usho ngokucacile, “Angivumi ukusesha.” Uma ungavumi, isikhulu kumelwe sibe nesiqinisekiso noma isikhala esithatha isikhathi ukuqhubeka. Ngisho noma unqaba, isikhulu singase sifune noma kunjalo, kodwa amazwi akho alondoloze amalungelo akho ngezinselele zamuva ezingokomthetho.
  3. thula. Unelungelo lokungasho lutho ngaphandle kwegama lakho. Ungaphenduli imibuzo ngezenzo zakho noma ulwazi.
  4. Cela ummeli. Uma uboshiwe, cela ummeli ngokushesha futhi ungaphenduli imibuzo kuze kube yilapho ummeli wakho ekhona.
  5. Ungalwi ngokomzimba[ ngisho noma ukholelwa ukuthi ukusesha akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho. Ukumelana kungaholela ekumangalelweni okwengeziwe.
  6. Iqophe ukuhlangana [ uma kungenzeka. Izifunda eziningi zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibhale amaphoyisa emphakathini. Bheka imithetho yendawo, kodwa ukuqopha kungaba ubufakazi obubalulekile.
  7. Yazi ukuthi imithetho yezwe inganikeza isivikelo esengeziwe kuneSichibiyelo sikahulumeni sesine. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga izivumelwano zokuhlola, ukuhlanganisa imiyalezo, noma ukusesha kwesikole. Zijwayeze ngomthetho-sisekelo nezimiso zombuso wakho.

I-ACLU’s Sazi Amalungelo Akho iphepha le webhu linikeza ukwaziswa okufingqiwe okufingqiwe kwezwe namakhadi aphrintekayo ongawaphatha.

Isiphetho

Ukufuna namalungelo okuthatheka akuwona amalungelo obuchwepheshe asemthethweni, kodwa ayizokuphepha okuyisisekelo ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Kusukela ekulweni namakoloni okulwa nezimpikiswano zanamuhla ngocingo lwezingcingo neGPS, iSichibiyelo sesine siyaqhubeka sijwayela izinsongo ezintsha zomuntu siqu. Othisha nabafundi ngokufanayo bayazuza ngokuqonda lezisivikelo, kokubili njengendaba yemfundo yomphakathi nendaba yokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ngokuhlala waziwe futhi uqinisa amalungelo akho ngenhlonipho, unezela ekutholeni amandla aqhubekayo embusweni komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

[[QURT:0] Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola ukucubungula koMnyango wobulungisa ukuseshwa nokuthatheka komthetho kanye ne-Cornell LII-IP [.