Imbulunga Yonke Yamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo: Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo akha itshe eliqinile lokubusa kwanamuhla, elichaza ubuhlobo phakathi kwezwe nezakhamuzi zalo. Nakuba umqondo wamalungelo ayisisekelo ucishe ube jikelele, okuqukethwe kuwo, ukuchazwa, nokugcinwa kwawo kunyuke kakhulu ezimisweni zomthetho. Lokhu kungafani akuwona nje amajikijolo angokwemfundo kuphela. Kuthinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwabantu abayizigidi zezigidi zansuku zonke. Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani amalungelo omthetho ehlukahluka phakathi kwemingcele edingekayo, abenzi bemithetho, nezakhamuzi zomhlaba ezifuna ukudlula ezweni elihlangene kakhulu.

Lesi sihloko sihlola izici eziyinhloko ezimisa amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, zihlola izibonelo eziphawulekayo ezivela ezikhundleni ezihlukahlukene, futhi ziqokomisa imiphumela engokoqobo yalokhu kungafani kwamalungelo abantu nokuqhathaniswa komthetho.

Ayini Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo?

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo agunyaziwe futhi avikelwe ephepheni eliphakeme lomthetho wesizwe. Avame ukuhlanganisa inkululeko yomphakathi njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, neyokuhlangana; amalungelo ezombangazwe njengokuvota nokusebenzela isikhundla; futhi amalungelo ezenhlalo ahlanganisa ukufinyelela imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nezindawo zokuhlala. Nokho, ikota eqondile yamalungelo, izinga abaphoqelelwa kulo, kanye nezimiso zesivikelo sabo ziyahluka kakhulu.

Ezikhundleni eziningi, amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo afanelwe ukulinganiselwa ngenxa yezithakazelo eziphoqelelayo zezwe, ukuhleleka komphakathi, noma amalungelo abanye. Ukuhlolwa okulinganisela phakathi kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nenzuzo ehlangene kungenye yezindawo eziphikiswa kakhulu emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo. Ukuze uthole isethulo esikhulu, bheka ukucaciswa kweZizwe Ezihlangene kwamalungelo abantu [.

Izici Eziyinhloko Ezibangela Ukungezwani

Umlando Nezinkathi Eziyisisekelo

Isikhathi esingokomlando lapho umthetho-sisekelo uqanjwa sishiya uphawu olungacimeki emalungelweni awo. Umthetho-sisekelo we-Post-rraticism .* njengalawo e-United States (1787) ne-France (ngo-1889).(-emphace) inkululeko ephambene nokungena kwezwe. Ngokuphambene, imithetho-sisekelo eyazalwa ngemva kwenkathi yobuphostoli noma yamakoloni ) cishe njengoMthetho-Mthendeleko waseNingizimu Afrika ka-1999 noma uMthetho-sisekelo wase-1950 waseNdiya (ngo-87) ukuze ihlanganise amalungelo aqinile, ukuvala imisebenzi eqinile kuhulumeni, kanye nesiqinisekiso esinamandla.

Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho - sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika uhlanganisa ngokuqondile ilungelo lokuhlala, lokunakekela impilo, lokudla, amanzi, nokulondeka kwezenhlalo, okubonisa umzabalazo ngokumelene nokuncishwa kwesimiso sobandlululo.

Amasiko Angokomthetho Nefilosofi Yokwahlulela

Umkhaya ongokomthetho olawula i-(common mthetho, umthetho we-Islam, noma izimiso ze-productal) uthonya ngokuyisisekelo indlela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo achazwa ngayo. Emazweni avamile (umz., i-United States, i-India), izimpawu zokwahlulela zinesisindo esikhulu, okwenza izinkantolo zandise noma zithathe amalungelo ngesikhathi esithile. Imithetho yomphakathi (umz., iFrance) ithambekele ekuthembeleni kakhulu ezimithethweni eziqinile nasebusweni obungaqondakaliyo, ngokuvamile ngezinkantolo ezikhethekile zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

ESaudi Arabia, iSici esiyisisekelo soMthetho simemezela ukuthi iQuran neSunnah ziwumthetho ophakeme, okusho amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo aqondwa ngaphakathi kwesimiso sobuSulumane.

Ubumbano Nokungezwani Kwezizwe Zonke

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni − njenge-United States, Canada, iJalimane, ne-Indiya − amalungelo e-unitutitunia angasebenza ngokufanayo ezingeni lesizwe kodwa asetshenziswe ngokwehlukile yizifundazwe noma izifundazwe. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi e-United States, lapho izifunda zinezazo izikweleti zazo zamalungelo futhi zinganikeza isivikelo esibanzi kunese-guant. Ngokwesibonelo, nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ingaliqaphelanga ilungelo lombuso lemfundo, imithetho eminingi yombuso iqinisekisa ngokuqondile.

Ngokufanayo, eNdiya, imibuso ingamisa imithetho ezindabeni ezinjengokuhleleka komphakathi nokuhlaziywa kwendawo engase ilinganisele amalungelo ayisisekelo ngokungaqondile, ahlolwe ukwahlulela.

Umthetho Wezizwe Zonke Nezibopho Zesivumelwano

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo athonywa kakhulu amathuluzi alwela amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Amanye amazwe, njenge-Netherlands ne-South Africa, anezimiso ze-monists lapho izivumelwano ezigunyaziwe zivele zibe yingxenye yomthetho wasekhaya. Amanye, njenge-United States, anezici ezimbili ezihlukene, afuna ukusebenzisa umthetho ngaphambi kokuba izibopho zesivumelwano ziqikelelwe. Isivumelwano semithetho yomhlaba wonke siyachaza, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi kungani amazwe amaningi aseYurophu enamalungelo aqinile okwaziswa okuyimfihlo athathwe kumthetho we-

I-European Union I-Confromatic Rights ibopha izinhlangano ze-EU kanye nezifundazwe zamalungu lapho zisebenzisa umthetho we-EU, zidala umbuso wamalungelo esizwe onezela imithetho-mithetho yesizwe.

Ukuhlola Icala Okuqhathaniswayo

E - United States: Inkululeko Engafanele Nomthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ngeSipho sawo samaLungelo kanye nokulungisa okulandelana, ngokuyinhloko kuvikela inkululeko ephambene − inkululeko ekuphazanyisweni nguhulumeni. ISichibiyelo sokuqala senkululeko yokukhuluma sidume kakhulu, sinwebela ekuzondeni iminikelo yokuzondeni izingxoxo nemikhankaso, engabe ingekho emthethweni emazweni amaningi aseYurophu. Nokho, i-U.S. ayinawo umthetho ocacile welungelo lokuzifihla; ilungelo elinjalo liye lathathwa yiNkadengu ezindaweni ezingaphezulu i-Griswold v. i-Connecticut ne-irte] ne-[FLT]. [i.Wade, likhipha impikiswano eqhubekayo yezombangazwe. Dobbsss amuva ahd winds ukukhipha i-tractivedrogn yomthetho wokwahlulela.

Indlela yaseMelika yokuzibusa komuntu ngamunye nokungathembani kukahulumeni, okubunjwe umlando wokuvukela nowomngcele.

IJalimane: Isithunzi Somuntu Nesikhundla Esisitholayo

ISici esiyisisekelo somthetho waseJalimane (1949) ibeka isithunzi somuntu ( Manschewürde ) esisemqoka, ebizwa ukuthi ayithandeki eSigabeni 1. INkantolo ye-Federal Constitutional isungule ukuhlolwa okuqinile okusetshenziswa ekuhloleni wonke amalungelo, ifuna ukuba noma isiphi isithiyo sifeze injongo engokomthetho, sifanele, futhi sibe nesilinganiso ngomqondo oqinile.

IJalimane futhi ivikela amalungelo aqondile, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokukhosela nelungelo lempahla, nezibopho zomphakathi. Inkantolo iye yawaqaphela amalungelo okusiza uhulumeni ezimweni eziphuthumayo, kuhlanganise naphakathi kobhadane lwe-COVID-19. Isibonelo saseJalimane silinganisela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nomthwalo wemfanelo wezenhlalo, sibonakalisa ukuzimisela kwezwe kwangemva kwempi ukuvimbela ubuphoqelelo bemithetho.

ENdiya: Amalungelo Ayisisekelo Nezimiso Eziqondisayo

Umthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya uhlanganisa amalungelo ayisisekelo asemthethweni (Indawo III) kanye nezimiso ezingakhethiyo ze-Policy of State (Ingxenye ye-IV). Amalungelo ayisisekelo ahlanganisa ukulingana, inkululeko yokukhuluma, isivikelo ekuzikhetheleni, nenkululeko engokwenkolo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yawandisa ngesithakazelo somphakathi nangokufunda elungeni elibanzi lokuphila (i-Aticle 21), manje ehlanganisa ilungelo lokuziphilisa, impilo, imfundo, nendawo ezungezile ehlanzekile.

Izimiso eziqondiswe ngqo, nakuba zingaphoqelelwanga ngokuqondile, ziqondisa umbuso ukuba uvikele izindlela ezifanele zokuziphilisa, iholo elilinganayo ngomsebenzi olinganayo, nosizo olukhululekile olungokomthetho. Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zisebenzisa i-Draidive Principless ukuchaza amalungelo ayisisekelo ngokubanzi. Lesi sakhiwo sibili siveza indlela yokuzihlela ngokuxubile, sihlanganisa ukuzikhethela nezindinganiso zobusoshiyali nezobuGan. Kusho futhi ukuthi ilungelo elifanayo lomthetho-gekhonkolo lokukhuluma, kungacushwa eNdiya kunase-U.S., libalelwa “imingcele enengqondo” yokuhleleka umphakathi, isimilo, noma ukuziphatha okuhle.

ENingizimu Afrika: Imfundiso eshintshayo yomthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika olandela i-apartheid uvame ukunconywa njengenye yezindawo ezithuthuka kakhulu emhlabeni. Uhlanganisa iBhili yamalungelo elibanzi elivikela kokubili amalungelo omphakathi nawombuso (isithunzi, ukulingana, ukuphila, ukuzimela) namalungelo ezenhlalo (izindawo, impilo, amanzi, ukulondeka kwezenhlalo). INkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo iwaqhube ngokunamandla lamalungelo, iyala ukuba umbuso unikeze izidakamizwa ezilwa nevolomuko ukuze uvimbele ukudluliselwa kukamama wesandulela-HIV nengane nokuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwezindawo zokuhlala ezifanele abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezinemisuka.

Ukulingana kuchazwa kabanzi njengezizathu zohlanga, ubulili, ukukhulelwa, isimo somshado, imvelaphi yobuzwe noma yezenhlalo, ibala, ukukhula, ubudala, ukukhubazeka, inkolo, unembeza, inkolelo, isiko, ulimi, nokuzalwa. Izinyathelo zokuqinisa zivunyelwe ngokuqondile ukuxazulula ukungalungi komlando futhi zakhe umphakathi osekelwe empucukweni yomuntu. Ukuze ubone incazelo ejulile, bheka indawo yeNkantolo yomthetho womthetho-mthetho waseNingizimu Afrika [[FLT:].

EChina: Umbuso WezobuSoshiyalini Olawula Iqembu

Umthetho-sisekelo weChina ubala ngokomthetho amalungelo anjengokuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana, nenkolo. Nokho, lamalungelo angaphansi kwezithakazelo zikahulumeni negunya leQembu lamaKhomanisi. Umthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa nemisebenzi, futhi umbuso ungawabekela imingcele amalungelo ngenxa yokulondeka kwesizwe, ukuhleleka komphakathi, noma ukuziphatha komphakathi. Ngokwenqubo, ukuphoqelelwa kwamalungelo omthetho-mthetho okuzimele kubuthakathaka; akukho nkantolo engokomthetho egunyazwelwe ukubulala umthetho.

Umlando wamalungelo abantu waseChina uye waveza ukugxekwa kwezizwe zonke, nokho uhulumeni ugomela ngokuthi ukufinyelela kwawo ukuhleleka kweqembu kanye nokuthuthuka kwezomnotho mayelana nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye (nendlela engokwesiko) kuyafaneleka. Isibonelo sesiShayina sibonisa indlela imibhalo engokomthetho-sisekelo ekwazi ngayo ukuhlala ngokubusa ngempoqo, lapho umthetho-sisekelo usebenza njengencwadi eqondisayo kunokuba ubophe amandla.

Izingxoxo Zangesikhathi Esizayo Nezinkinga Eziqhubekayo

Amalungelo Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Inkathi yezibalo iye yadalula izikhala ezibekwe kumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo phambi kwe-nternet. I-Jurisdicts isabela ngendlela ehlukile. I-European Union iye yaqala ukuphayona nge-GDPR, iqaphela ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokuvikela ukwaziswa okuhlukile ekuzinzeni. Amazwe ase-Latin America anjengeBrazil neChile aye asungula futhi ama-almetric anamandla amalungelo e-amanani. Ngokungafani, i-United States ayinawo umthetho wemfihlo kahulumeni, incikekile imithetho yezomthetho yezomkhakha nesivikelo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho kuphela uhulumeni [i] uphakalkthiwe izinkampani ezizimele. Inkantolo ephakeme yaseNdiya ku- [[FLT]] [12:3] [207])) isho imfihlo ukuba ivikelekile kuphela ngaphansi kweSiphaka-Aka 21, kodwa umthetho olandelayo umthetho.

Ukuthola Ilungelo Lendawo Enempilo

Amazwe angaphezu kuka-140 manje aqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo endaweni enempilo, ngokuvamile ngokuchazwa kabusha komthetho wamalungelo akhona (umz., ilungelo lokuphila). iUnited Nations Environment Programme ilandela lezi zenzakalo[. INkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo waseColombia iye yasebenzisa ilungelo lokuvikela imvula yase-Amazon, kuyilapho iSibhedlela saseFrance seMthethweni sinezibopho kuzwe. E-U.S., akukho lungelo elinjalo elikhona ngomthetho, nakuba eminye imithetho ye-Constitution ihlanganisa yona.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Umthetho we-inthanethi ye-International Regional System uqokomisa ukuhleba okuqinile. I-network Enforcement Act yaseJalimane idinga iziteji zokususa inkulumo yenzondo ngokushesha, isekelwa yimali ehlawulisiwe. I-Information Technology Program inikeza izibopho ezifanayo kodwa iye yagxekwa ngokuvumela ukuhlolwa kukahulumeni. i-U.S. iyaqhubeka incike eSigabeni sama- 230 se-Communications Decture Act, ukuvikela izitejiyo ekubekeni imingcele yabasebenzisi, kuyilapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ikwenqaba njalo imingcele yenkulumo esekelwe kuyo. Lokhu kuncintisana okusemthethweni eNew York kungenza ukuba kube ngubugebengu eBerlin noma eNew Deljin.

Ukuhlolwa Kwabantu Abafuna Ukuzwa Nokusekela

Ukuhluka kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kudala kokubili amathuba nezinselele. Abameli bamalungelo abantu abasebenza emingceleni, ukuqonda imingcele yezwe ngalinye kubucayi. Icebo eliphumelela eNingizimu Afrika(-) ukugwenywa kwezibopho zikahulumeni eziqondile ("orgugar") kuhlulekile e-United States, lapho izinkantolo zingathandi ukugunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwemali. Ngokuphambene, ukuzivikela okunamandla kwenkululeko yokukhuluma e-U.S. kungase kungavezi ezinkantolo zaseYurophu ezithuthukisa isithunzi nokuhleleka komphakathi esikhundleni sokuhlasela.

Kuzo zonke izinhlangano zamazwe, ukuvumelana nemithetho eminingi yomthetho - sisekelo kuya kuba nzima, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nemininingwane eyimfihlo nenkululeko yokuveza. Ukuphakama kwamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke okumelwe kubekwe imithetho yenkuthalo engokomthetho engokomthetho enjengeFrance neJalimane kwenezela omunye ungwengwengwezi lwesibopho.

Kubafundisi, umthetho - sisekelo oqhathanisayo unikeza ithuluzi elinamandla lokufundisa ukucabanga okugxekayo ngezindinganiso, ukubusa, nomthetho. Ngokuhlola indlela imiphakathi ehlukene elinganisela ngayo inkululeko nokulingana, ukulondeka nelungelo lokuthola izinto zomuntu siqu, abafundi bazuza ukwazisa okujulile ngesimo esixhomeke kumalungelo.

Isiphetho

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo awami ndawonye noma awakho kuyo yonke indawo; angamathuluzi aphilayo alolongwe umlando, isiko, amasiko angokomthetho, kanye nezimpi zezombangazwe. Umehluko phakathi kwenkululeko ephambene ne-U.S. ukugcizelela isithunzi esiphakamile, isithunzi se-Leta, amalungelo ayisisekelo nezimiso ze-othonsian, umbono we-South Africa oshintshayo, nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo weqembu le-China olawulwayo wezenhlalakahle wembula ukuthi akukho “isibonelo esisodwa esilungile”. Ngamunye ubonisa i-soisetal compact.

Kulenkathi yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ukufunda nokubhala okuqhathaniswa nomthetho - sisekelo kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukusekela amalungelo abantu, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, noma ukuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi, ukuqaphela ukuthi amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo ahluka kanjani ezindaweni ezithile kubalulekile ekuqondiseni izwe lapho umthetho uyisivikelo nesikhali. Ukuhlolwa kwalezi zindlela zokushintshashintsha akukhanyisi nje kuphela izimiso zethu kodwa kuvula nomnyango wokufunda emikhubeni emihle kakhulu yabanye, futhi kubeke inselele nomaphi lapho kwenzeka khona ukungalungisi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i- Constitute Project, enikeza imithetho-mthetho ehlolwayo evela emhlabeni wonke, kanye ne-Oficial ye-UN High Commissioner for Human Rights yezindinganiso zesivumelwano sezizwe zonke.