Ukuqonda amalungelo akho phakathi nenqubo engokomthetho kubalulekile kunoma ubani ongenela enkantolo noma ohileleke esimisweni sobulungisa (ngoba ungummangalelwa, ummangalelwa, ufakazi, noma isisulu). Umthetho unikeza iqoqo lesivikelo esiyisisekelo esiklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ulungile, uvimbela ukuxhashazwa, futhi unika wonke umuntu ithuba elinengqondo lokuzwakala. Ngaphandle kolwazi lwalamalungelo, abantu basengozini yokuwachaya ngokungazi, okungaba nemiphumela enzima emphumeleni wecala. Lesiqondiso sinikeza isombono obheke emalungelweni anzima kakhulu abheke kuwo wonke amalungelo akho phakathi nomthetho awenziwayo, sichaza indlela abasebenza ngayo ekusebenzeni, futhi sinikeze iseluleko ngendlela yokuwaveza ngokuphumelela.

Ukubukeza Amalungelo Angokomthetho

Amalungelo angokomthetho ayilungelo elilinganiselwe, kodwa akhona ukuze avimbele ukuthathwa komthetho-sisekelo, imithetho, imithetho, nomthetho wecala. Akha isisekelo sesimiso sokwahlulela, aqiniseke ukuthi wonke umuntu uphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Lamalungelo awalinganiselwe; angalawulwa yimithetho elinganiselwe, kodwa akhona ukuze avimbele ukuthathwa kukahulumeni okungenamthetho, avikele isithunzi somuntu siqu, futhi alondoloze ukuthenjwa komphakathi ezinkantolo. E-United States, lamalungelo amaningi asuka kuBill of Rights nasemuva kwemithetho elandelanayo, kuyilapho amanye amazwe enophahla olufanayo. Ukuqonda ukuthi lamalungelo ayasebenza kuzo zonke izigaba abanjwa kanye nokuvinjelwa ngokuqulwa kwecala nokudluliswa kwecala kanye nokudluliswa kwecala.

Ilungelo Lokumelela Ngokomthetho

Elinye lamalungelo ayisisekelo kakhulu phakathi nokuqhubekelwa phambili okungokomthetho yilungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho. Lelilungelo liqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bangafuna usizo lommeli ukuba baqondise inkimbinkimbi yesimiso somthetho. Ezicabeni zobugebengu, iSichibiyelo seSisithupha se-U.S. siqinisekisa ilungelo lokululeka, futhi icala lengqopha - mlando Gideon v. Wainright [[FLT]] [1963]) lelilungelo linwetshwe ezinkantolo zikahulumeni zabamangalelwa abamangalelwa. Kulabo abangakwazi ukunikeza ummeli, inkantolo kumelwe imise umlweli womphakathi. Nokho, abavikeli bomphakathi, abanamthetho wokukhipha iseluleko ngokukhululekile, nakuba ezinye izinkantolo zingahlela ngezikhathi ezikhethekile ezinjengalezo eziboshweni eziboshweni ezihilela isibopho selungelo lokugcina umntwana.

  • [[[I-FLT:0] Abameli banelungelo kummeli kuzo zonke izigaba ezibucayi zezemthetho , kuhlanganise nokuphenywa kwesigwebo, ukuquliswa kwelungelo, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokugwetshwa. Lelilungelo lisebenza nasengxoxweni yokunxusa.
  • Abantu bangakhetha ukuzimelela ngokwabo (ipro se), kodwa lokhu ngokuvamile kukhinyabezwa ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi bemithetho yobufakazi, inqubo, necebo. Abahluleli bangadinga i-lithing engaphezulu ukuze babonise ukuthi bayakwazi ukuqhubeka ngaphandle kweseluleko.
  • Abavikeli bamaPublic bakhona kulabo abafanelekela ngokwezimali. Incazelo ye "i-indigig" iyahluka-hluka ngokwesimiso sombuso, kodwa ivame ukuhlanganisa iholo nezindawo zokukhokha.

Uma uke uphenywe umthetho, kufanele ucele ummeli ngokushesha futhi uthule kuze kube yilapho kukhona. Ilungelo lokululeka liphumelela kuphela uma ulibiza ngokucacile nangokucacile. Ukuze uthole isiqondiso esengeziwe, American Bar Association inikeza ukucaciswa okubanzi kwelungelo leseluleko.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungenagwegwesi

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngokulunga liyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho futhi lihlanganiswe eSichibiyelweni Sesithupha. Siqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu bathola ukuqulwa ngokungakhethi phambi kwamajaji noma amajaji angenacala, angenalo ubandlululo noma ithonya langaphandle. Leli lungelo lihlanganisa iziqinisekiso eziningana eziqondile ezisebenza ndawonye ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho.

  • [[I-FLT:0] Izenzo kumelwe zenziwe ngendlela efike ngesikhathi. Icala elifanele livimbela ukuvalelwa okunganqunywanga futhi liqinisekise ubufakazi obungaqedi. Izikhawu ezicelwe ngummangalelwa, nokho, zingakha isikhala.
  • Abantu banelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi futhi babize ofakazi . Ummangalelwa angaphoqelela inani elikhombayo elinofakazi abahle ngophansana futhi linelungelo lokuphambana nofakazi abaphikisayo.
  • Icala kumelwe libe obala, ngaphandle kwezimo ezilinganiselwe ezinjengokuvikela ufakazi omncane noma ukuvikela kwesizwe. Ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi kunqanda ukuziphatha okubi futhi kukhuthaze ukuba sobala.

Amalungelo amahle okuqulwa kwecala nawo adlulela nakukhetho lwejaji. Zombili izinhlangothi zingangabaza abahluleli abangathola ubandlululo, futhi abameli bangasebenzisa izinselele (ngokuzithoba kwimingcele yomthetho-sisekelo) nezinselele zesizathu. Uma ummangalelwa ekholelwa ukuthi icala lalingenabulungisa, ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa yokungalungi komthetho noma amaphutha asobala. ] i-Cornell Information ye-algial chaza kahle futhi ixoxa ngemibandela elungile.

Ukufanelekela Ukuthula

Ilungelo lokuthula liyisivikelo esibucayi, ikakhulukazi embusweni wobugebengu, njengoba livikela abantu ekuphoqelelweni ukuba bafakazele ngokumelene nabo. Lelilungelo, elithathwe eSichibiyelweni sesihlanu, lisebenza noma kuliphi iqophelo lapho umuntu ephonswa isigwebo noma eyisigebengu. Nokho, akusona isivikela sokuvinjelwa ekuphenyweni kwazo zonke imibuzo: ezimisweni ezingagunyaziwe, akudingeki ukuba uphendule imibuzo yokuphoqelelwa komthetho, kodwa ukusebenzisa ilungelo lakho kungavimbela ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuba baqhubeke nengxoxo.

  • [ Abantu abadingeki ukuba baphendule imibuzo engase ibangele ukuqubuka . Ukushushisa kungase kungasebenzisi ukuthula phakathi nokuphenywa kwelungelo njengobufakazi becala.
  • Lelilungelo livame ukudluliselwa nge “izixwayiso zeMiranda” e-United States, okumelwe amaphoyisa afunde ngemva kokuboshwa nangaphambi kokuphenywa kwelungelo lokuthola imvume. Izixwayiso zitshela abasolwayo ukuthi banelungelo lokuthula kanye nelungelo lommeli.
  • [ Ukuthula kumele kubhekwe ngokucacile[. Ukuthi "Ngifuna ukuthula" noma "Ngifuna ummeli" ngiyeke ukubuza. Ukuthula nje noma ukungacaci nje kungakwanele ukubiza ngakwesokudla.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ilungelo lokuthula alisebenzi ekwazisweni okuyisisekelo njengegama nekheli ezifundeni eziningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kuqulwa icala, ummangalelwa okhetha ukunikeza ubufakazi belungelo lokulahla izindaba ezihlanganisiwe phakathi nobufakazi babo. ACLU] inikeza isiqondiso esisebenzayo sokumisa ilungelo lakho lokuthula lapho uxhumana nomthetho [.

Ilungelo Lenqubo Efanele

Inqubo elindelekile imfuneko engokomthetho eqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokufanele ngesimiso sokwahlulela esivamile. Isebenza kokubili emacaleni omphakathi nawamacala futhi iqinisekiswa yiziNguqulo zesihlanu nezeshumi nane. Inqubo elindelekile inezingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: inqubo edinga ukwenziwa kwemithetho kanye nenqubo efanelekile.

  • Abantu kumelwe baziswe ngezenzo zomthetho ezimelene nabo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwamukela amazwi acacile amacala noma izikhangiso, nesikhathi esanele sokulungiselela isivikelo.
  • Banelungelo lokuzivikela enkantolo, okuhlanganisa ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi, ofakazi be-examine, futhi baphikisane phambi kwamajaji noma amajaji.
  • Inqubo efanele [ ivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo anjengemfihlo, umshado, kanye nobuqotho bomzimba ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni, ngisho noma kukhona izikhuseli zemvelo.

Inqubo elindelekile ayiwona umthetho owodwa omisiwe; ivumelana nezimo, idinga ukucabangela isithakazelo somuntu siqu esisengozini yokuncishwa iphutha, nesithakazelo sikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, umfundi obhekene nokuxoshwa esikoleni somphakathi unelungelo lokuqaphela nokuzwa ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe isijeziso. I-Cornell Legal Information Institute inikeza ukuwohloka okuningiliziwe kwezimiso zenqubo efanele[.

Ilungelo Lokukhanga

Ilungelo lokudlulisa icala livumela abantu ukuba baphikise isinqumo senkantolo. Lelilungelo libalulekile ekulungiseni amaphutha angokomthetho nasekuqinisekiseni ubulungisa. Izikhalo azizona izaba zokuqulwa futhi; kunalokho, inkantolo edlulisa icala ibukeza umlando wamaphutha omthetho noma inqubo okungenzeka ukuthi yawuthinta umphumela.

  • [ Abantu bangadlulisela icala kumacala obugebengu nawabantu, nakuba izisekelo zingafani. Emacalani obugebengu, ummangalelwa angadlulisa isiqinisekiso, kodwa umshushisi akakwazi ukudlulisa icala ngenxa yesivikelo esiphindwe kabili.
  • Izimpawu kumele zifakwe phakathi kwesakhi sonyaka esithile ngemva kwesinqumo sokuqala − cishe izinsuku ezingu-30 emikhakheni eminingi. Ukungahlangani isikhathi kuphazamisa ilungelo lokudlulisa.
  • Ayibona yonke impikiswano engaphakanyiswa ekudluliseni . Ngokuvamile, i-apulant kumelwe ukuba yenqabe iphutha ekuzameni ukulondoloza umagazini ukuze ubukeze.

Uma ucabangela ukudlulisa icala, kubaluleke kakhulu ukusebenza nommeli onolwazi, njengoba lenqubo ihilela imithetho eqinile nemibhalo emifushane. Ukuqondisa okusebenzayo, uNolo ukucaciswa kwenqubo yokudlulisa kuyikhokha eliwusizo[.

Amalungelo Ezisulu

Izisulu zobugebengu nazo ziye zawaqaphela amalungelo phakathi nokuqulwa kwamacala okungokomthetho, okuhloselwe ukubanika isithunzi, inhlonipho, nezwi.

  • I-Victim inelungelo lokutshelwa ngecala labo elihlangene nomthetho , kuhlanganise nesimo sokuphenya, izinsuku zenkantolo, nezivumelwano zokunxusa.
  • Banganikeza umfakela phakathi nezinga lokugweba [, ngokuvamile ngezinkulumo ezithinta isisulu, ezibavumela ukuba bachaze ukulimala okuthintekile futhi basikisele umusho ofanele.
  • [[Izinqumo] zingaba nelungelo lokubuyisela [ (isinxephezelo esivela kulowo owenze iphutha) nokuze abe khona lapho kuqulwa icala, nakuba zingakhishwa enkantolo uma zingofakazi ukuze zivimbele ubufakazi bazo ekuthonyeni.

Amalungelo okuhlukunyezwa ayaphoqelelwa: uma ilungelo liphulwa, izisulu zinganxusa inkantolo ukuba ithole usizo. ISivumelwano soMahluleli sinikeza amalungelo ezisulu zobugebengu obuhlangene [ futhi zinikeza ukwaziswa kokuxhumana kwabameleli abayizisulu.

Amalungelo Engeziwe Esigebengu Esiqhubekayo

Ngaphandle kwamalungelo ayinhloko osekuxoxwe ngawo kakade, abamangalelwa becala banelungelo lokuthola isivikelo esiqondile esisetshenziswa ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene zalenqubo.

Ukubhekana Nokuqulwa Kwecala Okusheshayo

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuboshwa okunganqunywa futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuvikela okungagwegwesi. Izinkantolo zilinganisela izici ezine lapho zihlola icala elisheshayo: ubude becala eliqulwayo: isizathu sokulibala, ukugodla kommangalelwa ilungelo, nokucwasa ummangalelwa. Ukungaqiniseki kommangalelwa kungaphumela ekuxoshweni kwamacala.

Ilungelo Lokubhekana NoFakazi

I-Breadement Claus inikeza abamangalelwa ilungelo lokubhekana nabamangaleli babo enkantolo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ithuba lokuhlanganisa ofakazi abanama-examine nokukhona phakathi nobufakazi babo. Izinkulumo ezizwayo zokuthi ukuntula ithuba lokuhlola isiphambano ngokuvamile akunakwenzeka, nakuba kuhlukile.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Kwamajaji

Kumacala amakhulu (ngokuvamile lawo ajeziswa ngokuboshwa izinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha), ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuqulwa icala ngabahluleli. Ijaji kumelwe lingakhethi, likhethwe eqenjini elimelela ukunqamule umphakathi, futhi isinqumo salo kumelwe sihlangane emacala kahulumeni (amazwe amaningi futhi adinga ukungalingani). Ummangalelwa angase alibale lelilungelo futhi akhethe icala ebhentshini phambi komahluleli yedwa.

Amalungelo Ezehlakalo Zomphakathi

Nakuba amaningi amalungelo adumile esebenza ezicabeni zobugebengu, ama - latimen ajabulela nesivikelo esiphawulekayo, nakuba engaphakeme kakhulu.

Ilungelo Lokuthola Lokho

Bobabili abantu abasemacaleni omphakathi banelungelo lokuthola ubufakazi komunye nomunye ngamathuluzi okuthola izinto ezinjengokuphenya, ukucela izincwadi, nokufaka iposi. Ukuhlolwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphumela yokuqulwa kwecala inqunywa ngenzuzo, hhayi ngokumangala noma ngokucasha.

Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Esonto Ezono Zezakhamuzi

ISichibiyelo seSember silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji emacaleni omphakathi kahulumeni ahilela umthetho ovamile othi lapho imali ephikisanayo idlula khona amaR2 (umnyango omude ophelelwe isikhathi, kodwa ilungelo elisele). Imithetho-sisekelo yombuso eminingi inikeza isivikelo esifanayo. Akuzona zonke iziphakamiso zomphakathi ezifanelekayo: amacala nge-equity (isib., imiyalo) azanywa kumajaji.

Ilungelo Lokuhlala

Imicimbi ikhululeke ukuxazulula izingxabano zayo noma nini ngaphambi kwesahlulelo sokugcina. Nakuba kungelona ilungelo lomthetho-mthetho, ikhono lokuxoxa nokuxazulula icala ngaphandle kwecala liyisici esiyinhloko sobulungisa bezwe. Izinkantolo zikhuthaza ukuxazululwa kwemihlangano yangaphambi kwenkantolo nokuqulwa kwezindaba.

Indlela Yokunakekela Nokuvikela Amalungelo Akho

Nazi izinyathelo eziwusizo zokuvikela izithakazelo zakho ezingokomthetho:

  • Umemeli usheshe ngangokunokwenzeka. Ungazami ukusebenzisa isimiso somthetho sodwa uma ungasigwema. Ngisho nokuhlola kungacacisa ukukhetha kwakho.
  • Ungalihluphi amalungelo ungaqondi imiphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvuma ukukhuluma namaphoyisa ngaphandle kommeli, noma ukusayina isikhokhelo ngaphandle kokusifunda, kungaba nemiphumela engenakulungiseka.
  • Uxwebhu yonke into [. Gcina amakhophi ezinhlu zenkantolo, iposi, nobufakazi. Amarekhodi alotshiwe asiza ummeli wakho futhi alondoloze izindaba ukuze adluliselwe esikhankasweni.
  • imicikilisho yamafayela ukuze uqinise amalungelo enkantolo. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi ilungelo liyaphulwa, cela ummeli wakho ukuba afake indlela yokucindezela ubufakazi (obese-Imposiso yesine noma yesihlanu) noma ukunyakazisa kokuqhubekeka uma udinga isikhathi esengeziwe sokulungiselela.
  • [ Yazi izikhathi ezimisiwe. Imithetho yokulinganiselwa nezikhathi ezifinyelelwe iqinile. Ukungawatholi amandla okuletha ukulanda noma ukubekela umthetho inselele.

Ukungaqondani Okuvamile Ngamalungelo Angokomthetho

Nazi izinganekwane eziningana kanye nezinto ezingokoqobo ezizenzayo:

  • Kumelwe ngiphendule imibuzo yamaphoyisa.” Awuphenduli, ngaphandle uma uvalelwe ngokomthetho ukuze uthole ingxenyana noma lapho ungofakazi wobugebengu futhi ungabangenwa.
  • Ngingasho noma yini engiyifunayo enkantolo.” inkulumo yasenkantolo ilawulwa ngokuqinile yimithetho yobufakazi nenqubo. Ama-openst, izinkulumo ezingadibeneki, noma izinkulumo eziphikisayo zingashaqeka noma ziphumele ekudeleleni.
  • “Uma ngizimelela mina, umahluleli uzongisiza. Abahluleli abathathi hlangothi futhi abanakho ukunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho. I-proligigist igcinwa ezindinganisweni ezifanayo nezimeli, ukuzenza uzitholele ukukhetha okuphezulu.
  • "Amalungelo ami aphela uma ngiboshelwe.” Ngisho nangemva kokuboshwa, abamangalelwa balondoloza amalungelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokudlulisa icala, ilungelo lokumelana nesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile, nelungelo lokucela usizo lwangemva kwesigwebo.

Isiphetho

Ukuqaphela amalungelo akho phakathi nenqubo engokomthetho kubaluleke kakhulu. Lamalungelo akha uhlelo oluvikelayo olusiza ekuqinisekiseni inqubo engokomthetho elungile futhi kuwona wonke amalungu ahilelekile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungummangalelwa, ummangalelwa, noma isisulu, ukuqonda lamalungelo kukunika amandla okulawula indawo engokomthetho ngokuphumelela ngokwengeziwe futhi ubone ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uphulwa uma kwenzeka. Inkambo engcono kakhulu kunoma iyiphi indaba engokomthetho iwukubuza ummeli ofanelekayo ongachaza ukuthi lamalungelo asebenza kanjani esimweni sakho esiqondile. Ubulungisa abudingenzeki ngekhono lokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo, ulwazi, nesibindi sokukhuluma lapho amalungelo akho esengozini.