Table of Contents

ISigele sase-United States singenye yezinhlangano ezinamandla kakhulu ekuvikeleni amalungelo entando yeningi yaseMelika, sisebenza njengomlondolozi ogxekayo wamalungelo abantu nenkululeko yomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuphakama kwabantu ngabameleli babo abakhethiwe kuqashelwa eSigabeni I, esidala iSishaya-Mkhandlu esihlanganisa iSigeqe neNdlu yabameleli. Ukuqonda indima yeSigebengu ekuvikeleni amalungelo akho kudinga ukuhlola amandla aso omthetho ngokomthetho, imisebenzi yomthetho wemithetho, kanye nokuhlola esikunika amanye amagatsha kahulumeni. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola isizathu sokuba iNxazulu ibaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni inkululeko echaza ilungelo laseMelika.

Isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sendima yeSigele yokuvikela

Abakhi boMthetho-sisekelo baklama ngamabomu iSigele ukuba sikhonze njengebutho elizinzisayo kuhulumeni waseMelika. Phakathi nehlobo lika 1787, izihambeli ze-Constitution eFiladelphia zamisa ukumelelwa okulinganayo eNdlwini yeSigeqe kanye nokumelelwa ngokulinganayo eMfuleni wabameleli, zibizwa ngokuthi "Isimemezelo Esikhulu" noma "Isimemezelo Sokuhlehla," lelicebo eliyingqayizivele lokumelelwa kwesivumelwano lanquma isici esiphikisana kakhulu nokuhlelwa komthetho-mthetho. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amazwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isilinganiso somphakathi, sinezwi elilinganayo ekuvikeleni amalungelo ezakhamuzi zaso.

ISigele sase-United States sizoba nezigebengu ezimbili ezivela eMbusweni ngamunye, ezikhethwe abantu bakhona, iminyaka eyisithupha; futhi i-Senator ngayinye iyovota kanye. Leligama leminyaka eyisithupha linikeza abameli abazimeleyo abakhulu kakhulu ekucindezelekeni okusheshayo kwezombangazwe, elibavumela ukuba benze izinqumo ezisekelwe ekucabangeleni amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo isikhathi eside kunokuhlwithwa kwesikhashana kwezombangazwe.

ISigele Njengengxenye Yesimiso Samasheke Nokulinganisela

Abasekeli bamaFrame bamisa ngamabomu isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela ukuze bavimbele ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla. Baklama isikhulu esiphethe lapho benikeza izishaya - mthetho amandla omthetho kuKhomishane futhi beqinisekisa ikomiti ezimele. ISigele sifeza indima eyingqayizivele kulesi simiso, siphethe amandla okungekhona eNdlwaneni yabameleli noma uMongameli okungawasebenzisa kuphela.

UMthetho-sisekelo owabelwe iSishaya - mthetho sokuhlela amagatsha aphethe nawahluleli, ukutshala inzuzo, ukumisa impi, nokwenza yonke imithetho edingekayo ukuze kufezwe lemibuso.Phakathi kweSishayamthetho, iSigele sinemithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile ethinta ngokuqondile isivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye, kuhlanganise nokuqinisekiswa kwamanxusa okwahlulela nokumiswa kwezinhlangano, ukugunyazwa kwezivumelwano, namandla okuzama ukuvimbela ukumiswa.

Imithetho yeSigele Namalungelo

Indima yeSigele enqubweni yomthetho inikeza amathuba amaningi okuvikela nokwandisa inkululeko yomphakathi. Umthetho ngamunye kumelwe udlule kuwo womabili amagumbi oMkhandlu, unike iSigele amandla okubukeza, ukubuyisana, noma ukulahla izikweletu ezingase zisongele amalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Ukubukeza I - badamal Kuqinisekisa Ukukhathalela Okucophelelayo

Imfuneko yokudlulisa umthetho kokubili iNdlu neSigele idala inqubo evimbela ukushesha okungaphazamisa amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Amalungu amancane kakhulu (100) alesi Sigele uma eqhathaniswa namalungu endlu 435() evumela ukudingidwa okwengeziwe nokuhlolwa kwemithetho ehlongozwayo. Lesi sakhiwo sisho ukuthi umthetho othinta inkululeko eyisisekelo uhlolwa ngezindlela eziningi ngaphambi kokuba ube umthetho.

Abahlaziyi bangahlongoza ukumiswa kwemithetho eqinisa isivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi, inezela isivikelo ekuphathweni uhulumeni, noma isuse amalungiselelo angase aphule amalungelo omthetho. Lenqubo yokulungisa ngokomlando iye yaba ibalulekile ekulolongeni imithetho ephathelene nelungelo lomuntu siqu, ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, amalungelo okuvota, nesivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Amandla Okuvimbela Amalungelo Okuvikela Imithetho

ISigele asithathi nje kuphela isinyathelo ekwakhiweni kwemithetho evela eNdlu; singaqala izindleko zaso ukuvikela nokwandisa amalungelo abantu. Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, abameli baye bamisa umthetho wengqopha - mlando okhuluma ngamalungelo omphakathi, ukuvota, amalungelo okuvikela, kanye nenkululeko eyisisekelo. Ikhono leSigele sokubamba ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqoqa ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, nokuhlola kunikeza isisekelo somthetho osunguliwe owembulwa kahle owembula izinsolo zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Ngokwesibonelo, izinyunyana ziye zamisa umthetho obanzi ophathelene namalungelo okuvota, umkhankaso wokulungisa izimali, kanye nesivikelo kuhulumeni oqaphile. Inkululeko kuVote Act .Quedatehenser project àtudemocracy à formation wittel wittes (izinyathelo ezibucayi zokuqinisekisa ukuthi amaMelika azwakala ebhokisini le-colot futhi awaphuzwanga ngemali emnyama nezithakazelo zenkampani.

Isiqinisekiso sokwahlulela: Umphumela Ohlala Njalo WeSigele Ngamalungelo

Mhlawumbe akukho mandla eNyakatho enomphumela onamandla nohlala njalo ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu kunokuqinisekiswa kwamajaji angokomthetho. Amandla eSigele eseluleko nemvume mhlawumbe abangela ukumiswa komongameli ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, lapho abahluleli benikezwa khona ukuphila ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo futhi bangaqedwa ngenqubo yokungagunyazi yenhlangano.

Okwenza Ukumisa Ukwahlulela Kube Nendaba Ngamalungelo Akho

Ukuzimela kwamajaji eSiphakamiso III kuyisivikelo esiqondile senkululeko yakho yomphakathi; banikwe amandla okubulala imithetho engekho emthethweni nesenzo sikahulumeni esingekho emthethweni, kungakhathaliseki ukucindezela kwezombangazwe okuvela kumongameli noma eSishaya - mthetho.

Bonke abahluleli banquma amacala athinta amalungelo ethu nekhono lokuphila ngentando yeningi echumayo, ehlanganisa izinhlanga ezihlukahlukene.

Inqubo Yokuqinisekisa Njengesivikelo Samalungelo

ISigele sinamandla eseluleko nemvume. Isinqumo sokuqala siya eKomitini yesigele yeSigele ye-Judicia, lapho ummeli engatshazwa obala ngefilosofi yabo, okuhlangenwe nakho, nemithetho yangaphambili. Uma ikomiti ivuma, ukumiswa kwemithetho kubhekiselwe eSigqeni esigcwele ukuze kuvotelwe. Lenqubo ivumela abaquli ukuba bahlole ukuthi abameleli bazovikela yini amalungelo omthetho futhi basekele umthetho.

Iseluleko seSigele nendima yokuvuma kunikeza isheke emandleni egatsha eliphethe, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi omama bayahlolwa futhi babekwe icala ngefilosofi yabo yokwahlulela nangezimfanelo. Ngokubuza phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, abameli bangahlola imibono yabaqondisi ngamalungelo ayisisekelo, ukuzimisela kwabo ukuthatha isiqalo, nokuqonda kwabo izivikelo zomthetho-mthetho.

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zibonisa ukuzimisela kweSigele ukwenqaba onyazi abangasongela inkululeko yomphakathi. ISigele salahla ababili boMongameli uRichard Nixon's − appes bhractice F. Haynsworth, Jr., noG. Harrold Carssell. Bobabili babhekana nokugxekwa kobandlululo ngemisebenzi nangezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi iSigele sithatha umthwalo waso ngokungathi sína ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji angokomthetho avikela amalungelo abo bonke abantu baseMelika.

Umphumela Wesikhathi Eside Wokumiswa Kokwahlulela

Imibono yamajaji ingayithonya ngokuphawulekayo inqubo yabo yokwenza izinqumo, iguqula ukuchazwa kwemithetho nokusetshenziswa kwesibonelo sokwahlulela. Ukumiswa kwamajaji anombono othile kungaba nethonya elihlala njalo ezinkantolo, kuthonye ukusungulwa kwemithetho yomthetho kanye nesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ngenxa yokuthi amajaji agunyaza ukuphila, izinqumo zeSigele ziveza ifa lokwahlulela elidlulela ngalé kwanoma isiphi isikhulu somongameli.

Ukubaluleka kwaleligunya akunakushiwo ngokungaphezulu. Lezi ziqinisekiso zibaluleke kakhulu ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomphakathi yabo bonke abantu baseMelika. Abahluleli abaqinisekisiwe yiSigele bayonquma amacala athinta amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, isivikelo esilinganayo, inqubo efanelekile, nezinye izivumelwano ezingenakubalwa zomthetho-sisekelo ezizayo.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kokumiswa Kwamalungelo Nesivikelo Samalungelo Abantu

Ngaphandle kokumiswa kokwahlulela, iSigele kumelwe siqinisekise izikhulu eziningi zamagatsha ezinezinqumo ezithinta ngokuqondile amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Lokhu kuhlanganisa onobhala, izinhloko zezinhlangano, amanxusa, nezinye izikhulu eziphakamisayo ezisebenzisa imithetho ethinta inkululeko yomphakathi futhi ziphoqelele ukuba isetshenziswe.

Amalungu Ekhathene Namalungelo Omphakathi

I-Attorney General, ephethe uMnyango wobulungisa, inendima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni imithetho yamalungelo abantu nasekuvikeleni inkululeko yomthetho-sisekelo. Inqubo yemvume yesigele ivumela abameleli ukuba babuze ukuthi bazimisele ukumisa imithetho yokuvota, ukuvikela ekukhetheni, nokuqinisekisa ubulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Ngokufanayo, unobhala we Homeland Security, unobhala wezempilo nezoMnyango Wobuntu, namanye amalungu e-kaputeni enza izinqumo ezithinta amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokuqondile.

Ngenqubo yokuqinisekisa, izinyunyana zingakhipha izibopho ku-minees ngokuphathelene nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Isikhulu samalungelo u-Hassan sathola isifungo kuNobhala uNoem ukuthi wayezolandela iziyalo zenkantolo uma uMongameli ezama ukumisa i-habeas corpus nenkantolo kahulumeni wawuhoxisa lowo myalo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi inqubo yokuqinisekisa ingasebenza kanjani njengendlela yokuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo.

Izikhulu Zamazwe Nesivikelo Sokuqondisa

Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni zinikeza imithetho ethinta amalungelo abantu ngabanye, kusukela ekuvikeleni amalungelo abo siqu kuya ezindinganisweni zokuphepha emsebenzini. Amandla eSigele ukuqinisekisa izinkampani anikeza ithuba lokuqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zikhulu ziyohlonipha ukulinganiselwa komthetho-mthetho ongokomthetho emandleni kahulumeni futhi zivikele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ezinqumweni zazo zokuzilawula.

Isivumelwano seSigele sokuThila uThutho

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSigele amandla okuvumela izivumelwano ezivunyelwa uMongameli. Lamandla anemiphumela ephawulekayo yokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu, njengoba izivumelwano zingathinta yonke into kusukela ezindinganisweni zamalungelo abantu kuya ekuvikelweni komuntu siqu ekudlulisweni kokwaziswa komhlaba wonke.

Izivumelwano Zamalungelo Abantu Ezizwe Zonke

Indima yeSigele ekugunyazeni izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ivumela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano ezinjalo zivumelana nezivikelo zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Abahlaziyi bangaveza izikhala, ukuqonda, noma izimemezelo ezicacisa indlela izibopho zesivumelwano eziyokwenziwa ngayo ngendlela evumelana neBhill of Rights nezinye izivumelwano zomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuvikela Ubukhosi Namalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Ngokufuna inani eliphindwe kabili lesithathu ukuze kwenziwe isivumelwano, uMthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe azikwazi ukudlula kalula isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo wasekhaya. Ukubukeza ngokucophelela kwezivumelwano kuvimbela ukwamukela izibopho zezizwe zonke ezingase zingqubuzane namalungelo nenkululeko yaseMelika eyisisekelo.

Amandla ESigele Okuqondisa Nawokuhlola

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSishaya - mthetho okuwukuphela kwegunya lokumisa umthetho nokumemezela impi, ilungelo lokuqinisekisa noma ukulahla ukumiswa kukaMongameli okuningi, kanye namandla amakhulu ophenya. Lamandla ophengululo enza iSigele sikwazi ukuveza izinsongo emalungelweni abantu ngabanye futhi sigcine izikhulu zikahulumeni zinecala ngokuphula isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo.

Ukucwaninga Kwekomiti Nezindlebe

Lokhu kuhlola kungadalula ukuphamba, ukuqapha, ukucwasa, ukucwasa nezinye izinto ezisongela amalungelo abantu.

Izindaba zamakomiti zinikeza umphakathi umbiko wokuhlola indlela izimiso zikahulumeni nezenzo ezithinta ngayo inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ochwepheshe, abasekeli, nabantu abathintekile bangafakaza ngokusongelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, basize ukuba kwazise kokubili ukumiswa kwemithetho nokuqashelwa komphakathi.

Ukulawula Ukuhlakanipha Nomthetho

IKomiti yeSigele Intelligence neKomiti yoMqulu ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqondiseni imisebenzi engasongela amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu nenkululeko yomphakathi.

Ngokuhlolwa okufushanisiwe nokuhlolwa, abasekeli bangahlola izinhlelo ezibucayi ezingase zigweme ukuhlolwa umphakathi.

Amandla Ayofuna Nokulandisa

Lesi sabelo somthetho ngokomthetho sinikeza iSigele amandla okuqeda izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli, uMongameli ongumsizi, nabahluleli bakahulumeni, abasebenzisa kabi amandla abo noma abaphula imisebenzi yabo engokomthetho.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Ngokulandisa

Amandla okungagunyazi asebenza njengesivikelo esibucayi ezikhulwini ezisongela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba iNdlu yabameleli inamandla okumangalela (ngokufana nokubekwa icala), iSigele kuphela esingasingatha icala futhi sisuse isikhulu esikhundleni. Uma kuqulwa uMongameli wase-United States, uMahluleli oyinhloko uzakubusa: Futhi akukho muntu ozakubekwa icala ngaphandle kobuphekula bamalungu amabili akhona.

Usongo lokungahloniphi nokususwa lusebenza njengesithiyo sokuvimbela izenzo eziphula amalungelo abantu noma ezilulaza isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zokungahloniphi Namalungelo

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, izenzakalo ezihlanekezelwe ziye zakhuluma ngokusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya nokuphulwa kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Indima yeSigele kulokhu kuhlola ibonisa ukuzimisela kwaso ukwenza izikhulu zibe necala lapho zisongela amalungelo nenkululeko yezakhamuzi zaseMelika.

I - filibuster Nesivikelo Samalungelo Amancane

Imithetho ekhethekile yeSigele, kuhlanganise ne-filbuster, ngokomlando iye yasiza ekuvikeleni amalungelo amancane ngokufuna ukuvumelana okukhulu ngezinguquko ezinkulu zemithetho. Ukuqamba okukhulu kwabaqondisi abangu-60 kungaphula i-pariaster ngokucela i-ambrillature, noma ukuququzelelwa kwempikiswano ephepha, futhi iphoqelele ukuvota. Lemfuneko isho ukuthi umthetho obalulekile othinta amalungelo abantu ngokuvamile udinga ukusekelwa yi-bipartistan.

Inkululeko Nesivikelo Samalungelo Abantu

I-filbuster ikhuthaza ukudingida nokucabangisisa ngezindaba ezibalulekile. Lokhu kuhlola okwengeziwe kungasiza ekuboneni usongo olungase lube khona emalungelweni abantu emithetho ehlongozwayo futhi kwakhe amathuba okulungisa aqinisa isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Imfuneko yokuvumelana kakhulu isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinguquko emithethweni ethinta amalungelo ayisisekelo ziveza okungaphezu kwezithakazelo ezilinganiselwe.

Ukuvimbela Isinyathelo Sokuphamazela Ezindabeni Zamalungelo

Ngokufuna ukusekelwa okukhulu ukuze kuqedwe impikiswano, imithetho yeSigele isiza ekuvimbeleni ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuxhamazela ekwakheni umthetho ongathinta amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Le nqubo efuna ukumiswa kwemithetho inikeza isikhathi sokufakwa komphakathi, ukuhlaziywa kochwepheshe, nokucatshangelwa ngokucophelela ukuthi imithetho ehlongozwayo ingayithinta kanjani inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Indima Yesigebengu Ezinziweni Zomthetho - sisekelo

ISigele sifeza indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo. Noma isiphi isilungiso somthetho-mthetho esihlongozwayo kumelwe sithole amavoti amabili-ntathu kokubili endlu naseSigele ngaphambi kokuba sithunyelwe ezizweni ukuze sihlanzwe. Lomnyango ophezulu uqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho kumthetho oyisisekelo wezwe, kuhlanganise namalungiselelo athinta amalungelo abantu, asekelwa kabanzi.

Ukuvikela Nokwandisa Amalungelo Ngezinqumo

ISigele siye sasiza ekuthuthukiseni izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ezivikelayo futhi zandise amalungelo abantu. Sadlula iSigele ngoJune 8, 1866, futhi sagunyaza eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ngoJuly 9, 1868, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sanikeza bonke abantu ukuba babe nesizwe “esizelwe noma esingokwemvelo eUnited States," kuhlanganise nabantu ababekade begqilaziwe, futhi sanikeza zonke izakhamuzi isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi kwemithetho," ukudlulisa amalungiselelo eSivumelwano samalungelo emibusoni.

Lokhu kulungisa kwaguqula isivikelo samalungelo abantu eMelika, kuqinisekisa ukuthi ohulumeni bezwe, njengohulumeni wombuso, kumelwe bahloniphe inkululeko yomthetho-sisekelo. Indima yeSigele ekuhlomiseleni nasekuthuthukiseni lokhu kulungisa ibonakalisa amandla ayo okuqinisa isivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Ukuvimbela Izichibiyelo Ezilimazayo

Okubaluleke kakhulu, imfuneko yeSigele yamavoti amabili-mithathu isiza ekuvimbeleni ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo okungase kunciphise amalungelo omuntu. Lomnyango ophezulu uqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo esiyisisekelo kuMthetho-sisekelo asinakwehliswa kalula noma sisuswe.

Amalungelo Aqondile Avikelwa Isinyathelo Sezigele

Imibuso ehlukene yeSigele ihlangana ukuze ivikele izinhlobonhlobo zamalungelo omuntu ngamunye nenkululeko yomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqonda indlela lezisivikelo ezisebenza ngayo kusiza ekuboniseni ukubaluleka kweSigele ekulondolozeni inkululeko.

Ukuphana Ngamalungelo Nobuqotho Obuqotho

ISigele siye sakhuluma ngokuphindaphindiwe ngamalungelo okuvota ngomthetho, ukulungisa umthetho-mthetho, nokwengamela. Ukugunyaza uhulumeni ukuba ajezise ukuthi ilungelo lezakhamuzi ezivinjelwe lokuvota ngokuncitshiswa ngokulinganayo ukumelelwa kwazo eSixhungwini. Abasizi bayaqhubeka bemisa umthetho wempikiswano ohloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo okuvota, ukuvimbela ukucindezelwa, nokuqinisekisa ubuqotho bokhetho.

Ngezikhalo zobucukubhede, abameli bahlola izinsongo zokuvota futhi baphenye izinsolo zokucindezelwa noma ukulawulwa kwevoti. Amandla okuqinisekisa eNkantolo athinta namalungelo okuvota, njengoba abahluleli nezikhulu eziphethe benza izinqumo ezithinta ukufinyelela kokhetho nobulungisa bokhetho.

Amalungelo Okuzifunela Umuntu Ongawedwa Nokwanda Kukahulumeni

ISigele sifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu ekuqashelweni uhulumeni. Ngokushaya umthetho, ukuqondisa, nokuqinisekiswa kwamajaji nezikhulu eziphethe, abameli basebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokuhlola zihlanganisa ukuvikelwa okufanele kwamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo. Amakomiti eNkathi Yezigele ahlola njalo imisebenzi yobuhlakani nokugcinwa komthetho ukuze avimbele ukuxhashazwa okungasongela isikhathi somuntu siqu nenkululeko yomphakathi.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nenkulumo

ISigele sivikela amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngemisebenzi yaso yomthetho nokwengamela. Izimemezelo zingamelana nomthetho ozovimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, zihlongoze ukuvikela inkululeko eshubile, futhi ziqinisekise abahluleli abazosekela iSichibiyelo Sokuqala esiqinile. Ngokuzwa nokuphenya, iSigele singahlola izinsongo zokukhulula ukukhuluma kuhulumeni nakubadlali abazimele.

Inqubo Efanele Nokwelashwa Ngokufanele

Habeas corpus yisimiso somthetho esidinga ukuba uhulumeni anikeze isizathu somphakathi sokubopha nokubopha abantu. I-habeas corpus iyilungelo lesisekelo elihlukanisa imiphakathi ekhululekile eMelika nezifundazwe zamaphoyisa. ISigele sivikela amalungelo afanele okuqondisa ngokuqinisekisa abahluleli abazosekela lezisivikelo, ukukhipha umthetho oqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokufanele esimisweni somthetho, nokuqondisa ukugcinwa komthetho nemikhuba yokugcinwa kweziboshwa.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Namalungelo Omphakathi

Awukho uHulumeni oyokwenza noma uphoqelele noma yimuphi umthetho ozovimbela amalungelo noma ukugoma kwezakhamuzi zase-United States; futhi akukho Zwe eliyophuca noma yimuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho; noma uphike noma ubani onegunya lakhe lokuvikela imithetho efanayo. ISigele siphoqelela lezi ziqinisekiso zomthetho ezingokomthetho ngokuvimbela ukucwaswa kwemithetho, ukuqondisa amalungelo omphakathi, nokuqinisekiswa kwezikhulu eziphathiswe ukulunga okulinganayo.

Ubuhlobo beSigele nezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi

Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi ziyayiqaphela indima ebalulekile yeSigele ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi zihlanganyela njalo namanxusa ezindabeni ezithinta amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Lezizinhlangano zinikeza ubufakazi ekwahluleleni, zinikeza ukukhulumela umthetho, futhi zisekela ukuqinisekiswa kwamajaji nezikhulu ezizovikela inkululeko yomphakathi.

Bonke abantu bancike kubahluleli ukuba babe nobulungisa, balandele umthetho, futhi baqonde indlela izinqumo zabo ezithinta ngayo ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yindaba yenhlangano exhaphaza abathengi, uhulumeni ophula amalungelo omuntu, noma isibhedlela esiphatha kabi isiguli, abahluleli banomthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu futhi kufanele bakhethwe ngokusekelwe ezimfanelweni zabo nasebukholweni babo. Isihlalo sokwahlulela ngasinye ezweni lethu ukuze sivikelelwe uMthetho-sisekelo wethu, amalungelo ethu ayisisekelo, nokuphila kwethu iminyaka eminingi ezayo.

Izinselele Zendima Yesigele Evikela Amalungelo

Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukubaluleka kweSigele nesidingo sokuqhubeka ziqaphile ekuvikeleni inkululeko engokomthetho - sisekelo.

I - partisan Polaryation

Ukuhlukana okukhulayo kwemibono yamaqembu amabili amakhulu ezombangazwe ekhulwini lama-21 kwaphakamisa izigxobo zokumiswa kwemithetho yokwahlulela eNkantolo, futhi hhayi nje ukumiswa kwenkantolo ePhakeme. Ijubane lokuqinisekiswa kwamajaji lancipha, futhi inkantolo ephansi yabekwa kuqala ngaphansi kwabahlalisayo yiqembu elincane. Lokhu kubekwa phansi kungenza kube nzima kakhulu ukufinyelela ukuvumelana kwebhipartisan ngokuvamile okudingekile ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokuphumelelayo.

Izinguquko Ezingokwesayensi

Ngo-2013 izigebengu zeSigele uDemocrates zasebenzisa amandla azo amaningi ukuvusa icebo elibizwa ngokuthi icebo lenuzi, ukuthatha i-procedura eyanciphisa isiqalo sokuphela kwenkulumo-mpikiswano enkantolo ephansi enkantolo ephansi ku-omculi abaningi abaphansi. Izinguquko ezinqunyelweni zeSigele zingathinta indlela igumbi elivikela ngayo amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokushintsha ukulinganisela phakathi komthetho omningi nesivikelo esincane.

Ukwanda Kwamandla Aphethe

Ukwanda kwegunya lokuphatha kuletha izinselele eziqhubekayo emandleni esigele sokuhlola izenzo ezingasongela amalungelo abantu. Njengoba amongameli bethembela kakhulu eziqondisweni zezikhulu nasemisebenzini yokuphatha, iSigele kumelwe sithole izindlela zokuqondisa ngokuphumelelayo futhi siqinisekise ukuthi kugcinwe izivikelo zomthetho-mthetho.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo NeSigele Ezimpikiswaneni Zamalungelo Abantu

Ukuqonda indima yeSigele ekuvikeleni amalungelo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala kuphela. Izakhamuzi zingathatha izindima ezikhuthele ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abasizi bafeza imithwalo yabo yemfanelo engokomthetho-sisekelo ukuze bavikele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Ukuxhumana Nababengi Bakho

Izakhamuzi zingathintana nabameli bazo ukuze ziveze imibono yazo ngomthetho othinta amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukugunyaza izahlulelo zokwahlulela, ukumisa iziphathi, nokuqondisa. Izikhulu zigcina amahhovisi eWashington, D.C., futhi ezifundazweni zazo, zizenza zitholakalele ukufinyelela iziqeshana.

Ukuhlanganyela Enqubweni Yentando Yeningi

Ukuqasha okhethweni lweSigele kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhethe abameleli abazobeka kuqala ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ngenxa yokuthi abasizi basebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha, lolukhetho lunemiphumela engapheli yokuthi iSigele sivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukusekela Izinhlangano Zobufundisi

Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenzela ukuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ngokuhlanganyela neSigele ekwakheni umthetho, ukugunyaza, nokwengamele. Ukusekela lezinhlangano kufaka imvume yamazwi ezakhamuzi futhi kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi iSigele sithola ukufakwa kolwazi ezindabeni ezithinta amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ungafunda okwengeziwe ngenkululeko yomphakathi ezinhlanganweni ezinjenge American Civil Liberéries Union[ kanye neNgqungquthela yamalungelo eMthethweni eMthethweni eMhlabeni wesizwe [[FLT]]

Ukuhlala Unolwazi

Ngemva kokuthethwa kweSigele, ukuqulwa kwezindaba, nezimpikiswano zasesitezi zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde indlela abasizi bazo abasingatha ngayo izindaba ezithinta amalungelo abantu. ISigele sinikeza umphakathi ithuba lokulalela, ukuvota, nezinye izindaba, sivumele izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole indlela abameleli bazo abavikela ngayo inkululeko engokomthetho - sisekelo ngokuphumelelayo.

Ikusasa Lendima Yamalungelo Esigele

Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika ushintsha futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha emalungelweni abantu ngabanye, indima yeSigele ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomthetho sisekelo ilokhu ibalulekile njengakuqala. Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisayo, inqubo eshintshayo yezenhlalo, kanye nezinsongo ezishintshayo zenkululeko zidinga ukuqapha nokuzivumelanisa okuqhubekayo.

Ubuchwepheshe Namalungelo Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Inkathi yemishini inikeza izinselele ezintsha emalungelweni ezindaba zomuntu siqu nenkululeko yomphakathi. ISigele kumelwe sikhulume ngezindaba eziyimfihlo zokwaziswa, amandla kahulumeni okuhlola, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, namandla ezinkampani zobuchwepheshe. Ngomthetho, ukuqondisa, nokuqinisekiswa kwezikhulu eziqonda lezindaba, iSigele singasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ayingeni ngokulahlekelwa amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuvikela Izinhlangano Ezibusa Ngentando Yeningi

Amalungelo omphakathi ayisisekelo sentando yeningi yethu nesisekelo sikahulumeni wethu. Ukuthembela komphakathi kuhulumeni wethu nokhetho nakho kubalulekile empilweni yesizwe sethu. ISigele sifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni ubuqotho bezinhlangano zentando yeningi, ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukhetho olulungile lokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla okungalulaza ukubusa komthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezinsongo Ezintsha

Njengoba kuvela izinsongo ezintsha emalungelweni abantu ngabanye, iSigele kumelwe sivumelanise imisebenzi yaso yokuvikela ukuze sibhekane nezinselele zamanje. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukusingatha izindaba ezinjengobandlululo, amalungelo amanani, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu emiphakathini esengozini, nezinye izinto eziphazamisa ukuvikelwa komthetho - sisekelo.

Isikhundla Esiyingqayizivele Sesigele Kuhulumeni waseMelika

UMthetho-sisekelo kanye nezinye izincwadi zomthetho - sisekelo zesizwe sethu ziqinisekisa amaMelika inkululeko yawo yomphakathi futhi zivimbele amagunya kahulumeni ophethe. Wonke amaMelika anelungelo lokwamukela ubulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, ngaphandle kokwehlukaniswa, nesivikelo kuhulumeni kahulumeni ozimele. Isimiso sethu esingokomthetho, esisetshenziswa ngezinkantolo zethu, sinomthwalo wemfanelo wokulondoloza amalungelo ethu omthetho-sisekelo kuhulumeni ongalawuleki nokuqinisekisa ubulungisa obusheshayo nobungakhethi uma kudingeka.

Isakhiwo seSigele kanye nemibuso sisenza sikufaneleke ngokukhethekile ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ubukhulu baso obuncane uma buqhathaniswa nendlu buvumela ukuba kuhlolwe izimpikiswano ezibopha inkululeko engokomthetho-mthetho. Iminyaka eyisithupha inikeza izimemezelo zokuzimela kakhulu ekucindezeleni okusheshayo kwezombangazwe. Ukumelelwa kwemibuso kuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ezakhamuzi ezisemazweni amancane athola ukucatshangelwa okufanayo nalawo asemazweni amakhulu.

Isigele Njengomzimba Onesizotha

Amasiko eNkantolo empikiswano ebanzi nokucabangela ngokucophelela kwenza kube kungcono ukuxoxa ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ezithinta amalungelo abantu. Ngokungafani nendlu, lapho impikiswano ivame ukulinganiselwa kakhulu, iSigele sivumela ukuhlolisiswa kokuthi imithetho ehlongozwayo ingazithinta kanjani isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Lo mcimbi owehlisa isimilo usiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho othinta amalungelo ayisisekelo uthola ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela okuwufanele.

Ukunamathela Nenkumbulo Yezinhlangano

Ngoba ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kuphela yeSigele ibhekene nokhetho njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili, leligumbi lilondoloza ukuqhubekeka nenkumbulo ewusizo ekuvikeleni izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezimile isikhathi eside. Lokhu kuqina kuvumela iSigele ukuba simelane nokucindezela kwesikhashana kwezombangazwe okungase kusongele amalungelo abantu ngabanye futhi kulondoloze isivikelo esingaguquki senkululeko yomthetho-sisekelo ezinkathini zezombangazwe ezihlukene.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona KweSigele

ISigele Sase - United States sifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo nenkululeko yezakhamuzi zaseMelika.

Kusukela ekuqinisekiseni abahluleli abazochaza uMthetho-sisekelo amashumi eminyaka ezayo, ekumiseni umthetho ovikela inkululeko yomphakathi, wokuqondisa izenzo zikahulumeni ezingasongela amalungelo abantu, iSigele sisebenzisa amandla athinta ngokuqondile inkululeko e-Melika nsuku zonke. Njengeyesithathu, igatsha likahulumeni elilinganayo, ijaji liphethe amandla okuchaza imithetho, ahluke ngamabomu emandleni oMthetho-sisekelo anikwe isishayamthetho ukuba sibhale imithetho kanye nesikhulu sokuyiphoqelela. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kufeza indima ebalulekile esimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela kwesizwe sethu.

Ukuqonda indima yeSigele ekuvikeleni amalungelo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo nohulumeni wazo nokugcina iziphathi zazo zinecala lokuvikela inkululeko engokomthetho-mthetho. Njengoba kuvela izinselele ezintsha zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, imisebenzi yesivikelo seSigele ilokhu ibalulekile njengakuqala ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isithembiso sentando yeningi yaseMelika − − ukubonelela nobulungisa kuzo zonke izici ziyaqhubeka zifezeka.

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo basungula iSigele ukuba sisebenze njengendikimba efuna inkululeko engavikela amalungelo abantu kokubili ekuphathweni uhulumeni nasebushiqelani bemisebenzi emikhulu yesikhashana. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili kamuva, lombono uyaqhubeka ufanelekile. Ngokusebenzisa amandla aso omthetho-sisekelo ngokucabangela nangokuzinikela ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomuntu siqu, iSigele siyaqhubeka sisebenza njengesivikelo esibalulekile samalungelo nenkululeko echaza ubuhlalo baseMelika.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokugwenywa ngokucophelela kwabaphathi bezokwahlulela abazovikela umthetho-sisekelo, ukudluliswa komthetho onweba inkululeko yomphakathi, ukuqondisa kwezenzo zobuphathi ezingasongela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, noma ukucatshangelwa okulula kwezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ezithinta inkululeko eyisisekelo, iSigele sigcwalisa umsebenzi waso ongokomthetho wokuvikela amalungelo abo bonke abantu baseMelika. Lendima evikelayo yenza iSigele singagcini nje ngenhlangano ebalulekile, kodwa sibaluleke ekulondolozeni i - republic engokomthetho eqinisekisa inkululeko nobulungisa kubo bonke abantu.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngendlela iSigele esisebenza ngayo nendima yaso kuhulumeni waseMelika, vakashela iwebhusayithi e-U.S. . Ukufunda ngomthetho wamanje othinta amalungelo ezakhamuzi nenkululeko, ungahlola imithombo e Conreg. gov[, enikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngezindleko, izimelwano, nemisebenzi yokuhlela.