Isiqalo somthetho-sisekelo we-United States asiyona nje isiqalo semikhosi; isimemezelo esihlangene senjongo yesizwe esiye sasekela ukuma kwesizwe saseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Emagatsheni angamashumi amahlanu nambili, abaqali basungula izakhiwo zefilosofi ze-republic: ubulungisa, ukuthokomala kwekhaya, isivikelo, inhlalakahle ebanzi, nenkululeko. Nokho i-Pregaget ayiyona into eyimfihlo. ulimi lwayo — ikakhulukazi inkulumo yokuqala ethi “Thina bantu” — iye yasetshenziswa kuyo yonke imizabalazo eyinhloko eqondeneyo eyingxenye ye-“Abantu” nokuthi isho ukuthini ukwakha i-“ i-Ommuni yomphakathi ephelele.” Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani iPregashgent iqhubeka inesimo sokuma kweMelika ifuna ukubheka imvelaphi yayo, izinkulumo zayo, izinkulumo zayo, nendima yayo eqhubekayo yomthetho, nemfundo yayo.

Ukubaluleka Okungokomlando Kwesandulela

I-Pregagery yabuthelwa ekupheleni kwehlobo lika-1787 yiKomiti ye-Style, eyayiholwa nguGouverneur Morris, owayephethe amagama okugcina. Yayingeyona ingxenye yezimpikiswano zokuqala e-Constitutional Convention; kunalokho, yavela njengendlela yokuya echaza igunya loMthetho-sisekelo nenjongo emphakathini ongakholwa. Izihloko zeConfederation zazihlulekile ngoba zazingenagunya elikhulu. UPregqulu waxazulula lokhu ngokukhomba uhulumeni omusha emthonjeni owodwa womthetho: abantu ngokwabo.

Abasunguli badonsela kakhulu kuyifilosofi yezombangazwe zokukhanyiselwa, ikakhulukazi umqondo kaJohn Locke wobukhosi obuthandwayo noMontesquieu ngemibono yakhe ngokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. UJames Madison wabhala kuFederalist No. 45 ukuthi uhulumeni omusha wathatha amandla awo “kubantu” futhi“wayengamelelwa abantu ababephethe amahhovisi abo phakathi nenjabulo, isikhathi esilinganiselwe, noma phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle.” UPregatori waveza lokhu: uMthetho-sisekelo wawungesona ilungu elihlangene phakathi kwezifundazwe kodwa kwakuyisenzo ‘ sabantu baseUnited States.” Lokhu kwakuwukushiya okukhulu ezintlungwini, okwakuqale ngo “Thithu izihambeli ezingaphansi kwezithunywa zesizwe zase-United States.”

Uhlu lwezinjongo eziyisithupha — “ukwakha i-Union ephelele ngokwengeziwe, ukumisa uBume, ukuvulela i-insurence, ukunikeza isivikelo sasekhaya, ukuthuthukisa i-Welfare, nokuvikela iMibusi yeNkululeko” — kwakungena sisekelo. Inkulumo ngayinye yayisho ukwehluleka okukhethekile kweZihlokwana zoButhano: ukuntuleka kwesizwe esihlangene, ukuhluleka ukuxazulula izingxabano eziphakathi kwezifunda, usongo oluqhubekayo lokuvukela kwempi (njengeNkslamlomo kaShays), kanye nokungabikho kwebutho lesizwe noma isimiso senkongozo.

Okubalulekile, i-Preggy yahlelwa ngokucophelela ukuze igweme ukubala amandla athile. Lokho kwashiywa emzimbeni woMthetho-sisekelo. Kunalokho, i-Pregdage inikeza ilens okufanele ichazwe ngayo yonke ingxenye yencwadi. Njengoba uMahluleli Omkhulu uJohn Marshall kamuva abhala Mclulloch v. Maryland [1819], i-Pregdage “iyisihluthulelo esiwusizo ezinhlosoni zabenzi.” Le misebenzi yokuchaza iye yaba sengxenye enkulu kumthetho ohlala njalo.

“ Thina bantu base-United States, ngokoMthetho ukuze sakhe i-Union ephelele ngokwengeziwe, simise uBume, i-infirement Tranquality, ilungiselela isivikelo esivamile, i-Welfare, futhi siqinise izibusiso zeNkululeko kithi ngokwethu kanye nasemuva, simisa futhi simise loMthetho-sisekelo we-United States of America.” ( Izinqolobane zesizwe []))

Amabinzana Abalulekile Nethonya Lawo Lesimanje

“ Thina Bantu”

Akukho msho ekuphileni kwezombangazwe kwaseMelika onesisindo kakhulu kunesithi “Thina bantu.” Yisikho ukugomela okuyisisekelo kobukhosi obuthandwayo: ukuthi bonke ohulumeni basuka ezakhamuzini, hhayi kumbusi noma kuhulumeni ophezulu okude. Kodwa obheka abantu ngokuthi “Abantu” baye baphikiswa kakhulu kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala awuzange uhlanganise abesifazane, ama-Afrika ayesegqilaziwe, noma amaMelika amaNdiya angaleso sikhathi — kodwa ulimi lwe-Pregagedio lwadala indinganiso yokuziphatha nempendulo eyasezakuba isebenzisa ukuze ifune ukuba i-interrigine.

Abakhi bomthetho wokuqeda izwe, izingqwembe zokubhalisa, nabashisekeli bamalungelo omphakathi bonke banxusa “Thina bantu” njengesithembiso esisazogcwaliseka. UFrederick Douglas, enkulumweni yakhe ka-1852 ethi“ Siyini isigqila ngoLwesine?”” waduma ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawuyincwadi “yenkululeko ekhazimulayo” ngokuqondile ngenxa yokuthi isaziso sawo asizange sikhulume ngohlanga — futhi ngenxa yalokho singachazwa kabusha ukuba sihlanganise bonke abantu. ISiphendulo se 14, esiqinisekisa isivikelo nobuzibulo obulinganayo, singabhekwa njengesivumelwano somthetho - sisekelo ekugcineni esihlanganisa indikimba yomthetho we-Pregatority. Namuhla, “Abantu bakhona ngokukhalisa izikhalo ngenxa yokukhuthaza amalungelo abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, ukuvota amalungelo abo, ukuvota, nokulunga kokwahlulela ngezinhlanga.

“ Ukwakha iSivumelwano esiphelele kakhulu”

Inkulumo ethi “i-Union ephelele kakhulu” iyavuma ukuthi i-Union eyakhiwa ngo-1787 yayingaphelele — futhi ayisoze yaba khona. Abasunguli basebenzisa i-“uphelele” ngokuqhathaniswa, hhayi ngokuphelele. Leligama elilodwa lakha iprojekthi eqhubekayo yesizwe: ukulwela njalo ukuguqula i-. i-Civil War, Reconstanton, i-New Deal, kanye namalungelo omphakathi wonke awukho emzamweni oqhubekayo wokwenza i-Union ibe ngcono.

Enkulumweni yanamuhla, “i-Union ephelele kakhulu” icashunwa kaningi ngomongameli namajaji. Inkulumo ka-Barack Obama ka-2008 ekhuluma ngohlanga yayinalelosihloko. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yabhekisela emacala ahilela uhulumeni, njengaye United States v. Lopez [19595] ne-[FLT] National Federation of Independent Business v. Selius (202], ukuchaza izinga lamandla ombuso kazwe. Ukuqhubela phambili kwe-Rom'unionty's''''''''''ingqungqungquthelana ephethe ubuqotho, ukwahlulela kobugebengu, ukulungiswa komthetho wokwahlulela, nokungalingani kwezakhiwo.

“ Zilondoloze Izibusiso Zenkululeko”

Inkululeko ekuhlolweni akuyona inkululeko ephelele kodwa inkululeko eyalelwe umthetho futhi iboshelwe “ithu noMnyango wethu.” Lolimi olubheke phambili lusebenzisa isizukulwane ngasinye ukulondoloza nokwandisa inkululeko kumaMelika azayo. Inkululeko kaPregail iye yasetshenziswa ezimweni zenkululeko yesizwe, kuhlanganise Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954] [[FLT] [i-OLT] kanye no-[-gefell v. Hodges (20). (20). Kuwokugcina, u-Justice Anthony Kennedy, umbono womphakathi waveza umbono we-Preagday kuphikisa ukuthi isithembiso soMthetho-sisekelo sokuzinyulwa komphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, “ukuvikela iMibusiso yeNkululeko” kuyindawo ephikisana namalungiselelo esizwe okuvikela. Umbango phakathi kwenkululeko nokulondeka ubuyisihloko esiphindaphindwayo emlandweni waseMelika, kusukela kwi-Alien neSedition Acts ukuya ku-Patriot Act. I-Pregagery ayiwuxazululi lowomcimbi; inikeza uhlelo lokuxoxa ngayo.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwaso

Namuhla, i-Preggy ilokhu iyindinganiso yezimpikiswano cishe kuyo yonke impikiswano yomphakathi enkulu. Ngenxa yokuthi iveza izinjongo zikahulumeni — ukwahlulela, ukuthula, ukuzivikela, inhlalakahle, inkululeko — inikeza indinganiso enqumayo enqumayo yokwahlulela imithetho nezimiso. Uma izimpikiswano zezempilo, ukusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo, noma ukufuduka, ngokuyisisekelo ibuza: ingabe lokhu kuthuthukisa inhlalakahle evamile? Ingabe ivikela inkululeko? Ingabe iyalumisa ukwahlulela?

Isiqalo siye safeza indima futhi emacaleni eNkantolo Ephakeme yamuva. ISikhundla Sesokulondeka Sase Homeland v. Regents wase University of California [20], iNkantolo yacabangela ukumiswa kwe-Trump edarcation of DACA. Nakuba isinqumo sasisekelwe eMthethweni we-Precurect, imibono ephikisayo yabhekisela ekubopheni kwenkululeko” kanye “nenhlalo elungile." Ngalesosikhathi, icala le-gerryderman, ukuvota, nokufaka imibuzo yezentengozelo yezelo ngokuthi uhulumeni ufeza ngempela yini isithakazelo sika-“Treverdaydredict."

Ithonya le-Pregagery lidlulela ngalé kwezinkantolo. Liyiphuzu elivamile lokukhomba ezinkulumo zezombangazwe, isimo samakheli enyunyana, futhi ngisho nezimpawu zokubhikisha. Amazwi athi “Thina bantu” sivela ezakhiweni zikahulumeni nasemikhosini yokuzisebenzela. ISikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo sesizwe esinenjwayezi ye-Pregday ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bahlole amagama ngakujule, babonise indlela i-Pregnignowdiose esafundiswa futhi baqondwa ngayo njengencwadi ephilayo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemfundo Nezicubu

Isiqalo singenye yemibhalo yokuqala efundiswa emakilasini aseMelika asemthethweni. Abafundi bayibamba ngekhanda, bayihlaziya, futhi bayixhumanise nezenzakalo zamanje. Isikhungo se-CVICO Education ihlanganisa isiqalo semfundo yaso esekelwe ku-“Thina bantu”, esiye sasetshenziswa izigidi zabafundi. Ukucaphuna isethi phambi kwesigaba somphakathi noma ingqungquthela yesikole kuqinisa isibopho esifanayo ezinkonzweni zesizwe zokusungula.

Imikhosi yokuzihlela ivelele futhi isho ingcaca. Izakhamuzi ezintsha zivame ukucelwa ukuba ziyifunde ngokuzwakalayo, noma ifundelwe umahluleli.

Ohulumeni bendawo nezinhlangano ngezinye izikhathi baphatha “isiqalo sokufunda” ngoSuku lomthetho-sisekelo (September 17). Lezizenzakalo zihlanganisa amalungu omphakathi abo bonke ubudala ukuze aqinisekise izinhloso zesizwe. Enkathini ehlukene, i-Preggry inikeza isisekelo esingavamile: kokubili abantu abakhululekile nababambelele ezimisweni eziqinile bangathola ulimi oluqinisekisa umbono wabo weMelika.

Incazelo Yokwahlulela Negunya Lesandulela

Nakuba i-Preggy inganikezi mandla aqondile noma amalungelo, izinkantolo sekuyisikhathi eside ziyisebenzisa njengesiqondiso sokuchaza. Endabeni yokuqala, Chisholm v. Georgia (1793), iNkantolo Ephakeme yacaphuna iSingeniso sokusekela umbono wokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawuyisenzo esiphezulu sabantu, hhayi iqoqo lezwe. IJaji James Wilson yabhala: “Isiqalo simisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wamiswa futhi wamiswa ngabantu base-United States. Khona - ke, abantu, bayizikhulu zeqiniso zezwe.”

Izenzakalo zamuva zalungisa indima ye-Pregary. kuJacobson v. Massachusetts (1905), iNkantolo yasekela imithetho yokugoma ebophekile, iphawula ukuthi “inhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle” eGqulweni livumela izigaba ukuba zilawulele okuhle. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. [196], Justice Sutherland wakhomba isiqalo njengobufakazi bokuthi uhulumeni wezwe unelungelo lokulawula amandla angokwemvelo ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe. Ezinye izazi ezingokomthetho ziphikisa ngokuthi iPregquageod nikeza uhlelo oluvamile lwezimiso zokunquma imibuzo engokomthetho, nakuba lombono udialwayo.[FLT] [Ft:3] [196]

Naphezu kokusetshenziswa kwayo ngezikhathi ezithile, iGama alikho eliphoqelelwe ngokwalo. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yasho ku- uJacobson, “isiqalo asinakusetshenziswa, ukuze sidale amandla anganikezwanga.” Kodwa amandla ayo okungaphenduli lutho angenakuphikwa. Uma uma umahluleli noma ummisi wemithetho ekhomba ngokuthi “Thina Abantu” noma“ sinobumba oluphelele kakhulu,” basebenzisa izilinganiso ezijulile zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika.

Isandulela Samandla Ahlanganisayo Enkathini Ehlukene

Eminyakeni yamuva, umphakathi waseMelika uye wahlukana kakhulu. Ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni kuye kwancipha, futhi izimpikiswano ngencazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ziye zakhula. Nokho isiqalo siseyiphuzu elingavamile lokuvumelana. Ngokwe- Pew Research Center[ ukucwaninga ngolwazi lomthetho-mthethweni, amaMelika amaningi angaphawula ukuthi “Thina bantu” njengamazwi okuqala oMthetho-sisekelo, futhi amaningi abonisa ukuvunyelwa okunamandla kwemibono echazwe kuyi-Pregnary.

Amandla ePregagery ahlanganisayo asekelwe ekuhlanganiseni kwayo. Ayisho iziqondiso eziqondile; iveza imigomo cishe bonke abantu baseMelika abavuma ngayo: ubulungisa, ukuthula, ukuzivikela, inhlalakahle, inkululeko. Yebo, abantu abavumelani ngokuthi bangayifinyelela kanjani leyo migomo, kodwa iPregaggey ikhumbuza izakhamuzi ukuthi zihlanganyela ibhizinisi elilodwa. Yingakho isiqalo sivame ukufundwa ezigijijikeni, njengasekunikezeni umongameli nemikhosi engokwemvelo. Sisebenza njengesivumo sombulo sesizwe — inkulumo emfushane, ekhumbulekayo yalokho isizwe esikufisayo ukuba yikho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulimi lwe-Pregagery lwezizukulwane ezizayo (“kuthina kanye neSizukulwana sethu”) lukhuthaza umbono omude. Kwezimo zempucuko egxile emiphumeleni esheshayo, i-Pregdage icela amaMelika ukuba acabangele ifa ayolishiyela izizukulwane ezizayo. Lo mthwalo wemfanelo wokwehlukana ubalulekile ekuphikisaneni ngoshintsho lwesimo sezulu, isikweletu sesizwe, nenguquko yemfundo.

Isiphetho

Isiqalo soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. asisona nje isici esingokomlando esinelukuluku lokwazi; siyisisho esiphilayo senjongo yesizwe. Kusukela ekuzameni kwayo ukuthatha indawo yeZihloko Zokuhlanganisa abantu bakhona ukuze basebenzise iZinkantolo, emakilasini, nasezindaweni zomphakathi, iSingeniso siye sanikeza ulimi olwahlukene ukuze kuxoxwe ukuthi iMelika iyakuba yini. Izinkulumo zayo eziyinhloko — “Thi Abantu,” “Sihlangene esiphelele ngokwengeziwe,”“ sisekela izibusiso zeNkululeko” — siye sasetshenziswa abadayiseli, abaholi, abaholi bamalungelo omphakathi, abafuna amalungelo omphakathi, nezakhamuzi ukuba ziphile ngokuvumelana nezimiso zayo.

Njengoba amaMelika eqhubeka elwisana nemibuzo ephathelene nokuzichaza, ubulungisa, kanye nokuba amalungu, iSingeniso sinikeza isisekelo esiqinile. Asinikezi izimpendulo ezilula, kodwa siveza zona kanye imingcele yengxoxo. Enkathini yokwehlukana, i-Preggy isikhumbuza ukuthi sisesengabantu — futhi umsebenzi wethu ukulwela ubunye obuphelele ngokwengeziwe. Yingakho, emakhulwini amabili eminyaka ngemva kokudweba kwayo, i-Preggency iyaqhubeka iveza ukufaneleka kwe-America ngomphakathi namuhla.