Table of Contents
Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni singenye yezinhlangano ezibaluleke kakhulu eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi, zisebenza njengesisekelo sobulungisa nokulunga kulo lonke elase-United States. Lezinkantolo zenza okungaphezu nje kokuxazulula izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho, zivikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, ziqinisekisa ukusebenzisa umthetho kahulumeni ngokufanayo, futhi zinikeza iziphetho ezibalulekile emandleni kahulumeni. Ukuqonda indima enzima efezwayo ekulondolozeni ukubusa komthetho kusiza ekukhanyeni ukuthi kungani zihlala zibalulekile ekulweni nedemokrasi ebusa ngentando yeningi.
Ukuqonda Isimiso Senkantolo Yomphakathi
Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sinamazinga amathathu ayinhloko: izinkantolo zesifunda (inkantolo yamacala), izinkantolo zesifunda eziyizinga lokuqala lokudlulisa amacala, neNkantolo ePhakeme eUnited States, izinga lokugcina lokudlulisa amacala esimisweni sikahulumeni. Lesi simiso sezikhulu siqinisekisa ukuthi izindaba ezingokomthetho zithola ukubukezwa okufanelekile nokuthi izindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezingaguquki zigcinwa kuso sonke isizwe.
Izinkantolo Zesigodi ZaseU.S.: I - Foundation of Federal Justice
Izinkantolo zesifunda noma zamacala ezizwe ezingu-94 zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zesifunda sase-U.S. izinkantolo zesigodi zixazulula izimpikiswano ngokunquma amaqiniso nangokusebenzisa umthetho kulawo maqiniso. Lezinkantolo zisebenza njengendawo yokungena emacaleni amaningi kahulumeni, lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi, ofakazi, bafakazela, futhi bakhipha isahlulelo ngamabomu. Ngaphakathi kwemingcele emiswe yiSishaya-mthetho noMthetho-sisekelo, izinkantolo zesifunda zinegunya lokulalela cishe zonke izigaba zecala likahulumeni, kuhlanganise nazo zombili izindaba zombangomthetho.
Izinkantolo zesigodi zisingatha amacala amaningi ahlukahlukene, kusukela emacaleni obugebengu ahilela ukuquliswa kwamacala kahulumeni kuya ekwahlulelweni komthetho - sisekelo ngokuphathelene namalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, nezingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu avela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Abahluleli abaphatha lezinkantolo bamiswa ukuze baphile, baqinisekisa ukuthi ukuzimela kwabo ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi bakwenze kube nezinqumo ezisekelwe emthethweni nasemaqinisweni kuphela.
Izinkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala Zase - United States: Ziqinisekisa Ukunemba Nokungaguquguquki
Kunezinkantolo ze-appellate eziyi-13 ezihlala ngaphansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zezicelo. Umsebenzi wenkantolo ye-apellate uwukunquma ukuthi umthetho wasetshenziswa kahle yini enkantolo equlweni noma enkampanini yokuphatha. Lezi zinkantolo eziphakathi zihlukaniswa zaba izifundazwe eziyishumi nambili kanye neFederal , ezinegunya elikhethekile ezindabeni ezinjengomthetho wemvume.
Izikhalo eziya ezinkantolo zesifunda zithathwa okokuqala yiqembu, elinamajaji amathathu enkantolo yesifunda. Lesi sigaba sibukeza irekhodi lenkantolo equlwayo, sicabangela iziphakamiso ezibhalwe ngamacala, futhi ngokuvamile sizwa izimpikiswano zomlomo ngaphambi kokukhipha isinqumo. Izinkantolo zezikhalo zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umthetho kahulumeni nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zesifunda ezisezifundani zazo zisebenzisa izimiso ezingokomthetho ngokungaguquguquki.
INkantolo Ephakeme: Ummeli Wokugcina
INkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.S. iyinkantolo ephakeme eUnited States. Isiphakamiso III soMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. sasungula iNkantolo Ephakeme neSishaya - mthetho esigunyaza ukumisa imithetho emisa isimiso sezinkantolo eziphansi. INkantolo Ephakeme inezahluleli ezingu - 9 ezithi shí ezindabeni zomthetho kahulumeni nencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo.
Ngokungafani nezinkantolo eziphansi, iNkantolo Ephakeme inegunya emacaleni amaningi, okusho ukuthi ingakhetha ukuthi yimaphi amacala okuthethwa. Inkantolo ivuma ngokuyisisekelo amacala ahilela imibuzo ebalulekile yomthetho kahulumeni, izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo zesifunda, noma izindaba ezingokomthetho-sisekelo ezibalulekile.
INhlangano Yomthetho - sisekelo Yezinkantolo Zesizwe
ISiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo simisa isisekelo sejaji likahulumeni, sibeka imingcele emandleni okwahlulela kahulumeni, futhi sinikeza isivikelo kubahluleli bakahulumeni abaklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela kokwahlulela emagatsheni aphethe nawamagunya. Lomthetho-sisekelo umisa igatsha lombuso njengegatsha likahulumeni elilinganayo, elikwaziyo ukuhlola imibuso yayo yomibili i-Congress kanye noMongameli.
Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nokulinganisela
Lamagatsha amathathu — angokomthetho, aphethe, nahluleli — asebenza esimisweni somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo se "amasheke nezilinganiso"" lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba igatsha ngalinye lihlukene ngokusemthethweni namanye amabili, uMthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile udinga ukubambisana phakathi kwamagatsha. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenzisa umsebenzi wazo wokuhlola ngokuyinhloko ngamandla okwahlulela, okuzivumela ukuba zihlole ukufaneleka kwemithetho edluliswa yi-Congress kanye nezenzo zegatsha eliphethe.
Lesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sivimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ekuqongeleleni amandla amakhulu kakhulu nenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Uma izinkantolo zikahulumeni zishaya imithetho engekho emthethweni noma izenzo zokubusa, zifeza indima yazo ebalulekile njengabaqaphi boMthetho-sisekelo nabavikeli bamalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokumelene nobuqili bukahulumeni.
Ilinganiselwe Kodwa Ibalulekile
Ukubusa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni kuye kwachazwa uMthetho - sisekelo, imithetho yezinhlangano, nezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme yaseUnited States. Izinkantolo zeFederal ziyizinkantolo ezinegunya elilinganiselwe, okusho ukuthi zingalalela amacala achazwa kuphela ezigabani ezithile ezichazwa uMthetho - sisekelo nomthetho kahulumeni.
ISiphakamiso III sinikeza ukuthi amandla okwahlulela "ayakunwebela" ezinhlotsheni ezingu-9 "izicathulo" ne "izivumelwano": zonke izimpikiswano zomthetho kanye nokungaguquguquki okuvela ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho, imithetho, nezivumelwano ze-United States; zonke izenzakalo ezithinta amanxusa, ezinye izikhonzi zomphakathi kanye nezikhothamo; zonke izimo zombuso ezithiwayo kanye nezindawo zasolwandle; izimpikiswano phakathi kwe-United States iyinhlangano; izimpikiswano phakathi kwezwe nezakhamuzi zombuso othile; izimpikiswano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifundazwe ezihlukene; izimpikiswano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezwe elifanayo ezithiya amazwe ahlukene; izimpikiswano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zikahulumeni azimele ngaphansi kwemibuso ehlukene; nezimpikiswano phakathi kwezwe ezihlukene; nezwe elizinye eziphikisanayo nezakhamuzi nezakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwe, noma izakhamuzi.
Lobububushiqela obumiswe ngokucophelela buqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zigxila ezindabeni ezibalulekile zesizwe nomthetho kahulumeni, kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zilondoloza umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokuvimbela izindaba zomthetho kahulumeni nezindaba zendawo.
Indlela Izinkantolo Ezizimele Eziqinisekisa Ngayo Ubulungisa
Izinkantolo eziphethe zisebenza njengezingathathi-hlangothi lapho izingxabano zingaxazululwa khona ngokungakhethi, ngaphandle kokucabangela ingcebo yamaqembu, isikhundla sezenhlalo, noma ukuhlobana kwezombangazwe. Lokhu kuzinikela ekulungiseni ubulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho kumelela esinye sezimiso eziyisisekelo zentando yeningi yaseMelika.
Ukunikeza Izikhulu Ezingathathi - hlangothi Nezingakhethi
Ukuzimela kwamajaji kahulumeni kubalulekile ekhonweni labo lokukhonza njengabameli abangathathi hlangothi.ISiphakamiso III sithi amajaji kahulumeni amiswa ngumongameli ngemvume yeSigele ukuba asebenze kuze kube yilapho beshiya izintambo, bekhishwa isigwebo futhi babulawe. Lokhu kuphila, kuhlangene nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo ekuncishisweni kweholo, kuvikela amajaji ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi kuwenza akwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezingathandeki kodwa ezilungile ngokomthetho.
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinikeza inkundla lapho abantu bengabekela khona inselele izenzo zikahulumeni, izinkampani zingaxazulula izingxabano zezentengiselwano eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi izakhamuzi zingawalwela amalungelo azo angokomthetho.
Ukusekela Ukubusa KoMthetho
Ukubusa komthetho − isimiso sokuthi bonke abantu nezinhlangano bangaphansi futhi bazolandisa ngaphansi komthetho — sisekelwe ezinkantolo ezingaphoqelela imithetho engokomthetho ngaphandle kokwesaba noma ukuvunyelwa. Izinkantolo zeFederal zisekela umthetho ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nezikhulu zikahulumeni ezinamandla kakhulu nezinhlangano ezizimele kumelwe zivumelane nezimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho nomthetho.
Lapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichitha imithetho engekho emthethweni, ziyala ukuba kuthathwe izinyathelo ezingekho emthethweni zokuqondisa, noma zikhokhelwe ngenxa yokwephulwa kwamalungelo kahulumeni, zibonisa ukuthi akekho ongaphezu komthetho. Lo msebenzi wokuphoqelelwa ubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuthembela komphakathi esimisweni somthetho futhi uvimbele ukusetshenziswa okuzimele kwamandla kahulumeni.
Ukuphetha isiyaluzi solwembu
Izinqumo zenkantolo yezenkantolo, ikakhulukazi ezivela ezinkantolo zezikhalo neNkantolo Ephakeme, zidala isibonelo esibophayo esiqondisa amacala esikhathini esizayo. Lemfundiso yokubuka idecis() isimiso sokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilandele izinqumo zangaphambili ($_izikhothozo eziqinile, ukubikezela, nokulunga kwezimiso zomthetho.
Uma inkantolo kahulumeni imisa isimiso somthetho kwelinye icala, leso simiso sisebenza kuzo zonke izindaba ezifanayo ezilandelayo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu asendaweni ngokufanayo athola impatho efanayo futhi umthetho ukhula ngendlela evumelanayo, esekelwe ngokomthetho kunokuba wenze isinqumo esisusiwe.
Ukuvikela Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Nenkululeko Yombango
Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zafeza indima ebalulekile ekwandiseni nasekuqinisekiseni isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo kubo bonke abantu.
Ukuguquka Kwamalungelo Abantu
Inkathi yokuvuselelwa kabusha yaphawula ukuqala koshintsho oluqhubekayo lapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zaba yindawo eyinhloko yokuba abantu baphoqelele amalungelo abo omthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni nawamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo. Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, uMkhandlu wamisa umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi nezinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo eziklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ababekade begqilaziwe futhi uqinisekisa isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.
Ngo-1868, izifundazwe zagunyaza iSichibiyelo seshumi nane, enqabela ukunqabela abantu ukuvikelwa okulinganayo kwemithetho, inkululeko, nempahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Ezenzweni zamalungelo omphakathi ngo-1868, 1870, no-1871, uMkhandlu wanikeza izimbangela eziyimfihlo zokulimaza umuntu ngamunye owenzile "owebala lanoma yimuphi umthetho" wombuso obaphuca amalungelo awo omthetho nemithetho yawo.
Ukumiswa Kwezincwadi Zamalungelo Abantu
Kusukela ngawo-1920, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphetha ngokuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane "sifake" amalungiselelo akhethiwe eBill of Rights ukuze ivikele izakhamuzi ezinyathelweni zohulumeni, futhi le mfundiso yavula amathuba amasha esudi ukuze kuthathwe amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ngale nqubo yokuhlanganisa ngokukhetha, isivikelo esikhulu eBill of Rights ("ekuqaleni sasisebenza kuphela ngokumelene nohulumeni wezwe).*
Lesi senzakalo sandisa ngokuphawulekayo indima yezinkantolo ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomuntu siqu. Amalungelo anjengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nasekuqulekeni, ilungelo lokululeka, nesivikelo esijezisweni esinonya nesingavamile manje ayasebenza ezweni lonke, aphoqelelwe enkantolo kahulumeni kunoma imuphi uhulumeni owephulayo.
Izinqumo Zomphakathi Eziwuphawu
Isinqumo sango 1954 kuBrown v. Board of Education , eyayala ukuba kuqedwe izikole zomphakathi, sabonisa ukuzimisela okukhulu kwezinkantolo ukuvikela iSichibiyelo seshumi nane ngaphansi komthetho waseMelika. Lesi sinqumo esiwehlayo sabonisa amandla ezinkantolo zikahulumeni okulwela amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo ngisho naphezu kwemikhuba eqinile yezenhlalo nokuphikiswa kwezombangazwe.
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zakhipha ezinye izinqumo eziningi eziphawulekayo ezivikela amalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko yomphakathi. Lezi zihlanganisa izinqumo ezivikela amalungelo okuvota, ukwenqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga nakubulili, ukuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma neyokunyathelisa, nokuqinisekisa izinhlelo ezifanele zokuvikela abamangalelwa abaphangi becala. Nakuba ezinye zalezi zinqumo ziye zaphikiswana, zibonakalisa indima ebalulekile yezinkantolo ekuvikeleni amalungelo amancane ekucindezeleni abaholi abakhulu.
Ukuvimbela Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo
Uma kuziwa emalungelweni omthetho-mthetho ezicini zikahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa imisebenzi kahulumeni namalungelo abasolwayo, ababoshwayo, nabamangalelwa. Ngakho - ke, uhulumeni kahulumeni kumelwe aqaphele futhi avikele amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo okusola phakathi nenqubo yobugebengu. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziqinisekisa ukuthi lezisivikelo ziyahlonishwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokunqandwa kobufakazi obuthola ngokungemthetho, ukukhishwa kwamacala atholwa ngokuphulwa umthetho, kanye nezenzo zokujeziswa kwemithetho ezikhulu eziphula amalungelo abantu.
UMthetho - sisekelo, ngeSichibiyelo Sesine, uvikela abantu ekuphenyisweni okungenangqondo nasekuqulekeni uhulumeni. izinkantolo zamaFederal zihlola njalo ukuziphatha kokugcinwa komthetho ukuze ziqinisekise ukuvumelana nezimfuneko zeSichibiyelo Sesine, zikhiphe ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola okungekhona kwesimiso somthetho futhi zinikeze amakhambi ephulwayo.
Ukuthuthukisa Ubulungisa Ngokusebenzisa Umthetho Ngokungaguquki
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zikhuthaza ubulungisa ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni usetshenziswa ngaso sonke isikhathi ezweni, kungakhathaliseki indawo noma ubandlululo lwendawo.
Ukuba Mnye Kwesizwe Kuwo Wonke Umthetho Ohlangene
Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni yikhono lokuqinisekisa ukuchazwa okufanayo nokusetshenziswa komthetho kahulumeni kulo lonke izwe. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ichaza ilungiselelo lomthetho kahulumeni noma lomthetho-sisekelo, incazelo esebenzayo kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezingamashumi amahlanu. Lokhu kuvimbela ukwehlulwa komthetho kahulumeni ongenzeka uma uhulumeni ngamunye ungachaza izimfuneko zikahulumeni ngokwehlukile.
Izinkantolo zesifunda zamacala zikhuthaza ukuvumelana ezifundeni zazo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni usetshenziswa njalo ezifundazweni eziningi.
Ukuzinqumela Okuhlukahlukene Nokungagunci Kwezigaba
Izindawo ezihlukene zenza ukuba ummangalelwa angene enkantolo kahulumeni lapho ummangalelwa esesimweni esihlukile. Ukuze alethe umthetho kahulumeni enkantolo kahulumeni, wonke ama-pattiff kumelwe abesezindaweni ezihlukene kunabo bonke abamangalelwa, futhi "osempikiswaneni" kumelwe abe ngaphezu kuka-R35 000.
Le mithetho elawula izinhlobonhlobo ifeza umsebenzi obalulekile wokungakhethi ngokunikeza indawo yokungathathi hlangothi ezimpikiswaneni phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene. AmaFramers oMthetho-sisekelo aqaphela ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zazingasiza izakhamuzi zazo ngaphandle kwezindawo, futhi ukubusa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene kusiza ekuvimbeleni ubandlululo olunjalo ngokuvumela ukuba kuthethwe emacaleni enkantolo kahulumeni.
Ukufinyelela Okwahlulela Ngokulunga Ngokulinganayo
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zizama ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela kobulungisa ngokulinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umbango unjani ngokwezomnotho. Nakuba kusele izinselele, izindlela ezihlukahlukene zisiza ekuthuthukiseni ukulunga kubo bonke abamangalelwa. Izinkantolo zikaFederal zimisa iseluleko kubamangalelwa abangemthetho abangemthetho, zivumela amaqembu ukuba angenele i-foma - huperi lapho engakwazi ukukhokha izintela, futhi asebenzise imithetho yezentengiselwano eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amacala anqunywa ngenzuzo yawo kunokuba anqunywe ingcebo noma ingcebo.
Ijaji likahulumeni liye lasebenza futhi ukuze izinkantolo zifinyeleleke ngokwengeziwe ngobuchwepheshe, ngezinhlelo zesinqumo ezingezinye izimpikiswano, nangemizamo yokwenza kube lula ukukhipha izinqubo ezizimele ezingenabo abameli.
Izinkantolo Ezizimele Nobuhlobo Nezinkantolo ZoMbuso
Njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. usungula isimiso sikahulumeni esinguhulumeni onamandla ahlanganyelwayo phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni bakahulumeni. Kokubili uhulumeni nohulumeni ngamunye wombuso banezimiso zabo siqu zezinkantolo. Ukuqonda ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso kubalulekile ekuqapheleni ukuthi isimiso somthetho saseMelika sisebenza kanjani.
Izindima Ezisekelayo Esimisweni Sobulungisa
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezikahulumeni zisebenza ngokubambisana kunemisebenzi encintisanayo. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zisingatha izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho e-United States, kuhlanganise nezimpikiswano eziningi zobugebengu, izindaba zomthetho womkhaya, izimpikiswano zesivumelwano, amacala okulimala komuntu siqu, nokuqulwa kwecala. Izinkantolo ze-Frederal zigxila emacaleni ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, izimpikiswano zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, nezimpikiswano ezihilela izintambo zikahulumeni noma uhulumeni.
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwezisebenzi kuvumela isimiso ngasinye senkantolo ukuba sithuthukise ubuchwepheshe ezingxenyeni ezihlukene kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa ukuthi amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni avikelwe kuso sonke isizwe. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zisebenza futhi zichaze umthetho kahulumeni njalo, kuyilapho ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenzisa umthetho kahulumeni ezicabeni ezihlukahlukene noma lapho zisebenzisa igunya lokwenezela.
Ukubukeza Okuqhubekayo Kwezinqumo Zenkantolo KaHulumeni
Izinkantolo zesifunda, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, zingabukeza izinqumo zenkantolo yenkantolo ezihilela izindaba zomthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni noma zemithetho.
Ngokuphawulekayo, okuwukuphela kwenkantolo kahulumeni engakhipha izimemezelo zomthetho kahulumeni obopha izinkantolo zikahulumeni yiNkantolo Ephakeme ngokwayo. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ichaza uMthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho kahulumeni, izinkantolo zikahulumeni kumelwe zilandele leyoncazelo. Lokhu kuphakama komthetho kahulumeni ngemibuzo kahulumeni kuqinisekisa ukuvumelana kwezwe ezindabeni ezikhathaza uhulumeni kuyilapho kulondoloza ukuzimela kwezwe ezindabeni zomthetho kahulumeni.
Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni
Ngokwesibonelo, izifundazwe ezingu - 39 ziqinisekisa ukutholakala kwekhambi elingokomthetho kulabo abalimele, ezingu - 11 zivikela ngokukhanyayo ilungelo lokuzifihla, ezingu - 26 zivikela ngokukhanyayo ukulingana kwabesilisa nabesifazane, futhi ezingu - 49 zivikela ilungelo lokuvota. Ngokuvamile imithetho kahulumeni inikeza isivikelo esikhulu kunoMthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingachaza imithetho yazo siqu ukuze zikhokhe amalungelo athé xaxa kunezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziqaphela ngaphansi koMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S.
Lapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinciphisa amalungelo kahulumeni, ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingavala igebe ngokuqaphela isivikelo esikhulu ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, zibangele ukushisekela uhulumeni okuthuthukisa ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo.
Izinkantolo Zesifunda Ezikhethekile Nemisebenzi Yazo
Ngaphandle kwesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni esivamile, uMkhandlu uye wasungula izinkantolo ezikhethekile ukuze usingathe izinhlobo ezithile zamacala adinga ubuchwepheshe noma ukunakwa okugxile kuwo.
Izinkantolo Ezingalawuleki
Isifunda ngasinye sezindawo zokwahlulela ezingu-94 zikahulumeni sisingatha izindaba zokuwinwa kwamacala emali, futhi cishe kuzo zonke izigodi, amacala okuwiswa kwamacala emali abekwe enkantolo emali ewile. Imithetho yezimali isiza abantu abangasakwazi ukukhokha ababoleki abakhokhi ngokuqala kabusha ngokuchitha izikweletu zabo ukuze bakhokhe izikweletu zabo, noma ngokuhlela icebo lokukhokha. Imithetho yeBhanki ekhokhelwayo ivikela futhi ilungiselela ukuthunyelwa ngokuhleleka okuhlelekile kwabakwelethelisi ngebhizinisi ngokuhlelwa kabusha noma ngokushwa.
Izinkantolo zezimali zinikeza abantu ngabanye nezamabhizinisi abhekene nokucindezeleka okungokwezimali i - valve yokuphepha okubalulekile, kubavumela ukuba bahlele kabusha izindaba zabo noma bathole isiqalo esisha lapho beqinisekisa ukuphathwa kahle kwababoleki. Lezinkantolo ezikhethekile ziye zathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi yomthetho owileyo futhi zisingatha amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamacala unyaka ngamunye.
Ezinye Izinhlalo Ezikhethekile
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinkantolo zinegunya ezweni lonke lokulawula izindaba ezinjengentela (United States Trutho Court), ziphikisa uhulumeni kahulumeni (United States Court of Federal Antions), nezohwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe (United States Court of International Trade). Lezinkantolo ezikhethekile zivumela amajaji ukuba athuthukise ubuchwepheshe obujulile ezindaweni zobuchwepheshe eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zinikeze izinqumo eziphumelelayo zezimpikiswano emasimini awo ahlukene.
INkantolo Yezikhalo Zesifunda YeFederal kabanzi inezikhalo ezikhethekile ezindaweni ezinjengomthetho ogunyaziwe, iqinisekisa ukuthi incazelo efanayo yemithetho egunyaziwe futhi ithuthukisa ukuvumelana kulendawo ebalulekile yezomnotho yomthetho.
Ukubaluleka Kokuzimela Ekwahluleleni
Ngaphandle kwamajaji azimele anganquma amacala asekelwe emthethweni kunokucindezela kwezombangazwe, izinkantolo azinakuwavikela ngokuphumelelayo amalungelo noma zihlole amandla kahulumeni.
Izivikelo Zomthetho Zokuzimela Ekwahluleleni
Le nqubo yokumiswa, ihlangene nokuphila nesivikelo seholo, ivikela amajaji kahulumeni ekuphindiseleni kwezombangazwe futhi iwenza akwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezingathandeki kuziphathimandla ezikhethiwe noma emphakathini.
Abameli boMthetho - sisekelo babeqonda ukuthi ukwahlulela okuzimele kwakubalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo abantu nokugcinwa umthetho. Bahlela isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni ukuze kuqinisekwe ukuthi amajaji angamelana nokucindezela kwamagatsha ezombangazwe futhi anqume amacala asekelwe kuphela emthethweni naseMthethweni.
Izimiso Zokwahlulela Nokulandisa
Nakuba amajaji kahulumeni ejabulela ukukhululeka, abahluleli akumelwe banamathele ezimisweni zokuziphatha kokwahlulela ezidinga ukungakhethi, ubuqotho, nokufaneleka. Abahluleli abahileleka ekuziphatheni okubi okungathi sína bangayekwa futhi basuswe esikhundleni, nakuba lelikhambi ligcinelwe ukwephulwa okungafanelekile.
Inqubo yezahlulelo inikeza futhi ukulandisa ngokuvumela izinkantolo eziphakeme ukuba zibukeze futhi zilungise amaphutha enziwa izinkantolo eziphansi. Lokhu kuhlola okungokwezikhulu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zokwahlulela zinengqondo ngokomthetho futhi zithuthukisa ukungaguquguquki ekusebenziseni umthetho.
Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ezibhekene Nezinkantolo Zomphakathi
Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile ekuqapheleni ukubaluleka okuqhubekayo kokusekela nokuqinisa amajaji kahulumeni.
Ukucindezela Okugcwele Izifo
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zathola ukwanda okuphawulekayo emacaleni amacala phakathi namashumi eminyaka amuva, eqhutshwa ukubusa komthetho kahulumeni okhudlwana, ukukhula komthetho olawulayo kahulumeni, kanye nokunqwabelana kwemithetho engokomthetho. Lokhu kucindezelwa kokuthweswa kwecala kungaholela ekubambezeleni ekwahlulelweni kwamacala nasekucindezeleni imithombo yokwahlulela.
Ngezikhathi ezithile, uMkhandlu uye wakha ezinye izinqubo zokusingatha ukukhula kwecala, kodwa inani lamajaji alizange lihambisane nezibalo eziqulwayo. Lokhu kungathinta izinga lobulungisa nokufaneleka kwesikhathi, njengoba abahluleli bezama ukusingatha izikhumulo ezisindayo kuyilapho benakekela ngokucophelela icala ngalinye.
Ukufinyelela Ebulungiseni Ukukhathazeka
Naphezu kwemizamo yokuthuthukisa ukutholakala okulinganayo, imingcele ephawulekayo isekhona kubantu abaningi abafuna ubulungisa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Izindleko zokumelelwa komthetho, imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yezwe, kanye nobude bebanga lokuya ezinkantolo zikahulumeni kungenza kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ezivamile ukulwela amalungelo azo.
Ijaji likahulumeni liye lathatha izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene zokusingatha lezi zinkinga, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo ezandisiwe zokuqondisa amabono, izinqubo ezenziwe lula zezinhlobo ezithile zamacala, nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe okwandayo ukuze kwenziwe izinkantolo zitholakale. Nokho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke zithola ubulungisa ngokunenzuzo kuseyinselele eqhubekayo.
Ukulondoloza Ithemba Lomphakathi
Ukuthembela komphakathi enkantolo kubalulekile ekuphumeleleni nasebuseni lezinkantolo. Lapho izinkantolo zikhipha izinqumo eziphikisanayo noma lapho inqubo yokwahlulela ibekwa ngokusemthethweni, ukuthembana komphakathi kungaphela. Izinkantolo zomphakathi kumelwe zisebenzele ukulondoloza idumela lazo lokungakhethi nokungakhethi kuyilapho zifeza imisebenzi yazo engokomthetho-mthetho.
Ukuveza imibandela enkantolo, imibono yokwahlulela ecacile nenengqondo, nokunamathela ezindinganisweni zokuziphatha konke kuyasiza ukuba kugcinwe umphakathi wethemba. Ijaji likahulumeni liye lathatha izinyathelo zokufundisa ukusiza umphakathi ukuba uqonde indima yezinkantolo nokubaluleka kokuzimela kokwahlulela.
Ikusasa Lezinkantolo Zombuso WaseMelika Obusa Ngentando Yeningi
Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika uqhubeka uguquka, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyobhekana nezinselele ezintsha namathuba okufeza imisebenzi yazo ebalulekile.
Ubuchwepheshe Nezinqubo Zenkantolo
Izinkantolo ze-cofl ziye zamukela ubuchwepheshe ngokukhulayo ukuze zithuthukise ukusebenza nokutholakala. Izimiso zemishini ye-electronic, izinhlelo ze-video zokuqulwa kwecala, nokufakwa kwemibhalo yenkantolo kuyi-website kuye kwaguqula indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo. Umqedazwe we-COVOVID-19 wabhebhethekisa eziningi zalezi zinguquko, ubonakalisa kokubili amandla nokulinganiselwa kobuchwepheshe enqubweni yokwahlulela.
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka, izinkantolo zikahulumeni kuyodingeka zilinganisele ukusungulwa kwezindinganiso eziyisisekelo ezinjengokutholakala komphakathi, inqubo efanele, nokugcinwa kwemibandela yokwahlulela. Ukuvikelwa kokwahlulela, isivikelo semfihlo, nokuqinisekisa ukutholakala okulinganayo kwalabo abangenazo imithombo yezobuchwepheshe kuyoba ukukhathazeka okuqhubekayo.
Ukuxazulula Izindaba Ezingokomthetho
Imibuzo ehilela ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, imininingwane eyimfihlo, ukuqashelwa, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokuvela kwezindaba zamalungelo abantu kuyodinga ukuba izinkantolo zisebenzise izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo nezimiso ezintsha.
Ikhono lezinkantolo zikahulumeni lokuvumelanisa izimfundiso ezingokomthetho nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho zilondoloza ukwethembeka ezimisweni zomthetho liyoba elibalulekile ukuze ziqhubeke zisebenza futhi ziphumelela.
Ukulondolozela Inkululeko Yokwahlulela
Ukulondoloza ukukhululeka kokwahlulela enkathini yokuhlukana okukhulu kwezombangazwe kuyoba okubalulekile ekulondolozeni ikhono lezinkantolo zikahulumeni lokuqinisekisa ubulungisa nokulunga. Imizamo yokumisa izahlulelo noma ukululaza ukuthembela komphakathi ezinkantolo kusongela ukubusa komthetho kanye nesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye.
Ukusekela ukukhululeka kokwahlulela kudinga ukuzibophezela kuwo wonke amagatsha ohulumeni nawomphakathi, lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlonipha izinqumo zokwahlulela ngisho nalapho zingathandeki, ukusekela imali eyanele ezinkantolo, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokwahlulela igxile ezimfanelweni nasebuqothweni kunokuba icabangele ngokuhlukanisa.
Okwenza Izinkantolo Eziwumphakathi Zidida: Isihluthulelo Sokuthatha Izindawo
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyizinhlangano ezibalulekile zentando yeningi yaseMelika, ezifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi ekhuthaza ubulungisa nokungakhethi:
- Constitugalials: izinkantolo zeFederal zivikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo, zisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola kokubili amandla ombuso nombuso.
- Umthetho ovumela i-Federal: Ngokuchaza nangokusebenzisa umthetho kahulumeni ngokungaguquki kuso sonke isizwe, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zivimbela ukuhlukana kwezindinganiso zomthetho kahulumeni futhi ziqinisekisa ukuphathwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni.
- [[[QUT:0] Izindawo zombuso: izinkantolo zeFederal zinikeza izindawo ezingakhethi zokuxazulula izingxabano, ngaphandle kokucindezela kobandlululo nokwezombangazwe, lapho amacala anqunywa khona esekelwe emthethweni nasebufakazini.
- Isivikelo esilungile: Ngokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nangokomthetho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zivikela abantu ngabanye namaqembu amancane ekuxhaphazweni uhulumeni nokucindezela okukhulu.
- Intuthuko:[ Izinqumo zenkantolo zeFederal zidala isibonelo esibophayo esiqondisa amacala esikhathi esizayo, sikhuthaza ukungaguquguquki, ukubikezela, nokulunga esimisweni somthetho.
- Isikhombo noMaphakathi:[ Njengegatsha elilinganayo likahulumeni, ijaji likahulumeni lihlola amandla amagatsha emithetho nezikhulu, livimbela ubushiqela nokuvikela inkululeko.
- I-Expective: izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezikhethekile zithuthukisa ubuchwepheshe ezingxenyeni zomthetho eziyinkimbinkimbi, zinikeza isinqumo esiphumelelayo nesinolwazi ezimpikiswaneni zobuchwepheshe.
- I-Interstate Fair:[ Ngezimiso ezihlukahlukene, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziqinisekisa ukuphathwa kahle kwamaqembu avela emazweni ahlukene futhi zivimbele ubandlululo lwasendaweni.
Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kwezinkantolo Zokusekela Ezisekelayo
Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sidinga ukusekelwa okuqhubekayo ukuze kufezwe imisebenzi yaso ebalulekile ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu kusekela kuthatha izindlela eziningi, kusukela ekuxhaseni imali eyanele nakuhulumeni ofanele kuya ekuqondeni komphakathi nasekuhlonipheni inkululeko yokwahlulela.
Imithombo Efanele
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zidinga imithombo eyanele yokusingatha amacala azo ngokuphumelelayo futhi zilondoloze izinga lobulungisa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amanani anele amajaji, izisebenzi ezisekelayo, izindlu zenkantolo, nezakhiwo zobuchwepheshe. Uma izinkantolo zingasaxhaswa, ukubambezeleka, izinga lingase linciphe, futhi ukufinyelela ekwahluleleni kungaba nzima kakhulu.
ISishaya - mthetho sifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuxhaswa komsebenzi wokwahlulela kwanele futhi simise izikhulu ezintsha uma kudingeka zilungise ukukhula kwecala. Ukusekela izinkantolo ngokwezimali kuwukusetshenziswa komthetho kanye nesivikelo samalungelo.
Imfundo Yomphakathi Nokuhlanganyela
Umphakathi onolwazi oqonda indima nokubaluleka kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukusekela ukukhululeka kokwahlulela nokubusa komthetho.
Ijaji likahulumeni liye lasungula imithombo yemfundo nezinhlelo eziningi ukuze kusizwe izakhamuzi ziqonde izinkantolo.
Ukuzibophezela Ekulungeni Okulinganayo
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinikeza ubulungisa obulinganayo ngempela kubo bonke kudinga isibopho esiqhubekayo sokususa izithiyo zokungena, ukusingatha ubandlululo esimisweni somthetho, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zikhonza wonke amalungu omphakathi ngokungakhethi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imizamo yokwandisa ukwahlukahlukana komsebenzi ongokomthetho nasebhentshini, ukuthuthukisa ukutholakala kolimi lwezikhulumi ezingawona amaNgisi, kanye nokungaqondi kahle.
Isithembiso sobulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho sihlala siseyisifiso ezicini eziningi, kodwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyaqhubeka zisebenzela ukwenza lesi sithembiso sibe yiqiniso kubo bonke abantu baseMelika. Ukusekela lemizamo kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukufaneleka nokuphumelela kwejaji likahulumeni.
Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwezinkantolo Zesizwe
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zafeza indima eyinhloko embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, zivikela amalungelo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ulungile futhi zisekela ukugcinwa komthetho.
Ukubaluleka kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni kudlulela ngalé kwamacala ezinquma izindinganiso ezizihlanganisa futhi eziwavikelayo: ukubusa komthetho, ubulungisa obulinganayo, amalungelo omuntu ngamunye, nohulumeni olinganiselwe. Enkathini yokwehlukana kwezombangazwe nokushintsha kwezenhlalo okusheshayo, lezizindinganiso kanye nezinhlangano ezizivikelayo zibaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.
Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani izinkantolo zikahulumeni zibalulekile, ukuthi ziqinisekisa kanjani ubulungisa nokulunga, zivikela amalungelo omthetho-mthetho, futhi zilondoloza umthetho ongokomthetho, kudingekile kuzo zonke izakhamuzi. Lokhu kuqonda kusiza ekusekeleni ukuzimela kokwahlulela, ukuxhasa imali eyanele enkantolo, nomsebenzi oqhubekayo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi isithembiso sobulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho siyinto engokoqobo kubo bonke abantu baseMelika.
Njengoba sibheka esikhathini esizayo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zizoqhubeka zibhekene nezinselele ezintsha namathuba amasha. Ikhono lazo lokuzivumelanisa nokuthembeka lapho zilandela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo liyonquma ukuphumelela kwazo okuqhubekayo ekuthuthukiseni ubulungisa nokungakhethi. Ngokusekela lezi zinhlangano ezidingekayo nezindinganiso ezimelelwayo, sisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingaqhubeka zifeza indima yazo ebalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika izizukulwane ezizayo.
Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni, vakashela i-pane / ye-United States Courts esemthethweni wewebsite, enikeza imithombo ebanzi yendlela yokuhlela inkantolo, izinqubo, nemisebenzi yemfundo. Iwebhusayithi yeNkantolo [ inikeza ukwaziswa ngenkantolo ephakeme yezwe, kuhlanganise nemibono, izimpikiswano zomlomo, nomlando weNkantolo. Labo abanesithakazelo ekufundeni okwengeziwe ngomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho namalungelo omphakathi bangahlola imithombo ye-National Center [[FLT][FLT] , enikeza izinto zokufundisa ezingahambisa ulwazi nge-Constitution mayelana nohlelo lwayomthetho.