ISimemezelo senkululeko singenye yezincwadi ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wesintu, esimelela okungaphezu kwesimemezelo esilula sokuhlukaniswa kwezombangazwe. Lombhalo wenguquko, owabhalwa ngo-1776, ucacile izimiso ezazingabuye zihlaziywe hhayi amakoloni aseMelika kuphela kodwa futhi zikhuthaza izinhlangano zentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke ezisazofika. Izakhamuzi zanamuhla, eziqonda ukubaluleka okukhulu koMmemezelo unikeza umongo obalulekile wokwazisa amalungelo, inkululeko, nemithwalo yemfanelo echaza ukuphila kwezakhamuzi namuhla. Le ncwajana isebenza njengesisekelo sefilosofi iUnited States eyayakhiwe ngaso, imisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo eziqhubeka ziqondisa imithetho yesizwe, izinhlangano, nezimpawu ezihlangene.

UBufakazi bumelela isikhathi esibalulekile lapho amakoloni angu-13 ehlangene enquma ukubeka engozini yonke into ($holo, ingcebo, nodumo olungcwele) ngokumisa isizwe esisekelwe ezimisweni ezisekelweni ezingokwesiko, enkosini, noma ekunqobeni. Yaguqula ifilosofi yokukhanyiselwa okungaqondakali yaba yisenzo esisebenzayo sezombangazwe, imemezela ukuthi ohulumeni bathola ilungelo labo ngokuvunyelwa yilungelo elibuswayo kunaphezulu noma ilungelo eliyifa. Namuhla, lencwadi iyaqhubeka isebenza ngoba imisa ubuhlobo obuyisisekelo phakathi kukahulumeni nabantu, ichaza indima efanele yegunya namalungelo angenalo ilungelo elingenakwephulwa okungekho uhulumeni ongaliphula ngokomthetho.

Umlando Nenjongo Yalesimemezelo

ISimemezelo se-Fontinental Congress samukelwa yizwekazi ngoJuly 4, 1776, ePhiladelphia, ePennsylvania, phakathi nenkathi yezingxabano ezinkulu phakathi kweGreat Britain namakoloni ayo aseMelika. Lencwadi yafeza izinjongo eziningi ezibucayi ezazingagcini nje ngokumemezela ukuhlukana nokubusa kweBrithani. Okokuqala, yanikeza incazelo engokomthetho, esobala emphakathini wezwe lonke wezizwe ezithethelela ukuthi kungani izifundazwe zazikholelwa ukuthi ukuhlukana kwakungafanele nje kuphela kodwa kwakufanelekile ngokokuziphatha. Lokhu kwakubalulekile ngoba amakoloni ayedinga ukusekelwa kwezizwe zonke, ikakhulukazi eFrance naseSpain, ukuze aphumelele ekulweni kwawo kombuso wezwe onamandla kakhulu.

Umlobi oyinhloko, uThomas Jefferson, waqashelwa yi-Continental Congress ngokuhlela incwadi eyayizolungisa izikhalo zamakoloni ngesikhathi simisa isisekelo sefilosofi sokuzimela. UJefferson wadonsa kakhulu konolwazi lokukhanyiselwa, ikakhulukazi uJohn Locke, ozimfundiso zakhe eziphathelene namalungelo emvelo kanye nesivumelwano somphakathi phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi zathonya kakhulu ulimi nokuhlakanipha komthetho. Ibhukwana lahlelwa ngokucophelela ukuze linikeze impikiswano enengqondo: liqala ngezimiso zendawo yonke ngokuphathelene namalungelo abantu kanye ngokomthetho kahulumeni, liqala ukudweba uhlu lwezehlakazelo olukhethekile olubekwe yiNkosi uGeorge III, futhi liphethe ngesimemezelo esingokomthetho sokuzibusa njengekhambiso oludingekile.

Ngaphandle kwenjongo yayo engokwezombangazwe, iSimemezelo sahlanganisa amakoloni ngaphansi kwembangela efanayo futhi sahlanganyela izimiso. Ngaphambi kokuba azimele, amakoloni ayenenkululeko ehlukile, izomnotho, kanye nezithakazelo ezaziphikisana. Isimemezelo sanikeza umbono ohlanganisayo nenjongo, siguqula ukuvukela okuhlukene okuyishumi nantathu kube inhlangano eyodwa yenguquko. Sanikeza amasosha isizathu esifanele ukulwela lokho okudlula izinkathazo zendawo, saveza ukuthi ayelwela hhayi nje ukukhulula intela noma ukubusa kwekoloni kodwa amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo kanye nelungelo lokuzilwela ukulwela komuntu siqu.

Le ncwajana yafeza umsebenzi obalulekile wangaphakathi ngokuhlanganisa amakoloni ahlala engancikile ekuzimeleni. Abathathi bamakoloni abaningi babesalokhu bezizwa bethembekile eBrithani futhi benethemba lokubuyisana. Uhlu olubanzi lwezikhalo .ISimemezelo samacala akhethekile awenziwe kuNkosi uGeorge III (amashumi amabili nayisikhombisa) sasiklanyelwe ukubonisa ukuthi ukubuyisana akunakwenzeka nokuthi inkosi yayiwephule ngokwehlelekile amalungelo amakoloni. Ngokubhala lokhu kusetshenziswa kabi ngokuningiliziwe, lesi Simemezelo senza icala eliphoqalile ukuthi ukuzimela kwakungesona isinqumo esisheshayo kodwa kwakuyimpendulo edingekile yokuphindaphindeka.

Izimiso Zokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Zifakazelwa Kulo MBhalo

Amaqiniso Avelele Namalungelo Emvelo

Indima edumile kakhulu yesimemezelo igomela ukuthi amaqiniso athile "azibonakalise," okusho ukuthi awadingi bufakazi ngoba asobala kunoma yimuphi umuntu onengqondo. Lendlela engacaci yayiyinguquko ngokwayo, njengoba yayithi izimiso zokulingana kwabantu namalungelo angokwemvelo zazingezona izindaba zombono, imfundiso engokwenkolo, noma isiko elingokwesiko kodwa amaqiniso asemhlabeni wonke atholakalayo ekucabangeni kwabantu. Ngokumemezela la maqiniso azibonakalise, uJefferson wawaphakamisa ngaphezu kwenkulumo-mpikiswano, wawamisa njengesisekelo okumelwe wonke uhulumeni ongokomthetho uhlale kuso.

ISimemezelo sithi wonke amadoda adalwe elingana, ukugomela okukhulu ezweni elibuswa ifa eliwubucukuthwane, imibuso yamakhosi, nesimiso esiqinile somphakathi. Nakuba ukusebenza kwalesi simiso kwakulinganiselwe ngokudabukisayo ngo1776(ii-iphoxx jog, abantu abagqilaziwe, kanye nabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe) nesimiso ngokwaso sasinembewu yokwanda kwesikhathi esizayo. Ukubekwa kwabantu bendawo yonke kunikeza isisekelo sefilosofi esasinganxusela ukwandiswa kwamalungelo amaqembu angaphambili. Inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi, izinhlangano zabesifazane, ukuncintisana nokulwela ukulingana okuqhubekayo kuye kwathinta sonke lesi simiso sesisekelo sesisekelo, kubonisa amandla aso ahlala njalo.

UBufakazi buveza amalungelo akhethekile angenakuthathwa, kuhlanganise nokuphila, inkululeko, nokuphishekela injabulo. Lamalungelo achazwa ngokuthi "angenakuthathwa," okusho ukuthi awakwazi ukunikelwa, ukudluliswa, noma ukususwa ngenxa yokuthi azuzwe njengefa ekuphileni kwabantu. Lomqondo wabekela inselele umqondo okhona wokuthi amalungelo ayenikezwa amakhosi noma ohulumeni. Kunalokho, lesiSimemezelo sagcizelela ukuthi amalungelo angaphambili uhulumeni nabantu abanawo ngenxa nje yokuba abantu.

Ukufakwa "ukuphishekela injabulo" kunokufakwa "into ejabulisayo""" [1] okwavela embonweni kaJohn Locke" kumelela ukukhetha okubalulekile kwefilosofi. Nakuba amalungelo empahla ayebalulekile ngempela kubasunguli, umqondo obanzi wokuphishekela injabulo uhlanganisa izifiso zabantu eziningi nenkululeko. Isikisela ukuthi uhulumeni kufanele unike izakhamuzi ithuba lokuchaza nokuphishekela umbono wazo siqu wokuphila okuhle, kunokuba ubeke umbono owodwa wokuchuma komuntu.

Ukubambisana Nezenhlalo Nokuvumelana Kwababuswayo

ISimemezelo sisho ngokucacile inkolelo ecacile kahulumeni esekelwe ekuvumeni kwababuswayo. Sisho ukuthi ohulumeni bamiswa phakathi kwabantu ukuze bavikele amalungelo abo nokuthi amandla kahulumeni asuka ekuvumeni kwalabo ababuswayo. Lesi simiso salibekela inselele ngokuqondile ilungelo laphezulu lamakhosi nokubusa okungokwefa, okwakuthi amakhosi athola igunya lawo kuNkulunkulu kunabantu ababebusa. Ngokugomela ukuthi igunya elingokomthetho lisuka kubantu kunokuba linyukele phansi ekumisweni ngokwaphezulu, uBusahluleli bamisa ubukhosi obuthandwayo njengesisekelo sikahulumeni waseMelika.

Le nkolelo-mbono yezenhlalo isikisela ukuthi uhulumeni awusona isiphetho ngokwaso kodwa indlela yokuqeda indalo. Ngokuqondile, isivikelo samalungelo emvelo. Uma uhulumeni egcwalisa lenjongo, ifanelwe ukwethembeka nokusekelwa yizakhamuzi. Nokho, uma uhulumeni ngokweqisa amalungelo kunokuwavikela, uphula isivumelwano somphakathi futhi ulahlekelwa ilungelo lawo. Lombono olinganiselwe wegunya likahulumeni unika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlola ukusebenza kukahulumeni nokufuna ukuba ziphendulele kubaholi bazo.

UBufakazi buqhubeka ngokugomela ngokuthi lapho uhulumeni eba obhubhisa izinjongo zawo ezifanele, "kuyilungelo labantu lokuguqula noma ukuwuqeda, nokumisa uHulumeni omusha." Lelilungelo lenguquko limelela esinye sezimiso eziqinile kakhulu zeSimemezelo. Siveza ukuthi izakhamuzi azizona izikhonzi ezingenzi lutho okumelwe zikhuthazelele noma yini uhulumeni oziphoqelela kodwa izikhonzi ezikhuthele ezinegunya lokuhlela kabusha izinhlangano zezombangazwe uma kudingekile. Lesi simiso sivuma ukuthi inguquko enokuthula ingcono − iSimemezelo siphawula ukuthi ohulumeni akumelwe bashintshwe "ngenxa yokukhanya nezimbangela ezimfantuthuntu" kodwa futhi bayaqaphela ukuthi ushintsho lungaba yimfuneko uma uhulumeni wabo lushiya noma yiziphi ezinye izaba ezinamandla.

Imiphumela engokoqobo yalezizimiso kuzakhamuzi zanamuhla inamandla. Ziveza ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni ziyizinceku zabantu kunokuba zibe amakhosi azo. Abameleli abanezikhundla zabo okwesikhashana futhi bazibeke ngaphansi kwemvume eqhubekayo yalabo abamelelwayo. Uma izikhulu zehluleka ukuvikela amalungelo noma ukusebenzisa kabi igunya lazo, izakhamuzi azinalo ilungelo lokuzinika ilungelo lokulandisa kuphela kodwa nomthwalo wemfanelo wokubavumela ngezimiso zentando yeningi ezinjengokuvota, ukunxusa, ukubhikica, ukubopha, nokumisa izivumelwano zomphakathi. Ngakho iSimemezelo sinikeza isisekelo sefilosofi sezenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi ezikhuthele nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi.

Uhlu Lwezimemezelo: Ukubhala Ngezinsimbi

Ingxenye enkulu yeSimemezelo inemininingwane eminingi yohlu lwezikhalo ezingamashumi amabili nasikhombisa ezimelene neNkosi uGeorge III, ebhala izindlela eziqondile uhulumeni waseBrithani ayephule ngazo amalungelo amakoloni. Lengxenye ifeza izinjongo eziningi: ibonisa ukuthi ukuzimela kwakungesona isinqumo esisheshayo kodwa kwakuyimpendulo yokuxhashazwa okuphindiwe, inikeza ubufakazi obuqinile bokubusa esikhundleni sokukhononda okungaqondakali, futhi iqopha umlando wezizukulwane zezenzo zokungabi nabulungisa ezifuna ushintsho. Kubantu banamuhla, ukuqonda lezi zikhalo kunikeza ukuqonda lokho abasunguli ababekubheka njengokuwukwephula amalungelo okungabekezeleleki futhi kusiza ukuba kucacise izimiso ababefuna ukuzivikela.

Izikhalo eziningi ziphathelene nokungenela kwenkosi nohulumeni omelelayo kanye nokubusa komthetho. ISimemezelo simangalela ukuthi inkosi yachitha imihlangano yabameleli, yaphazamisa ukuphatha ubulungisa, futhi yenza abahluleli bancike ekwakheni intando yakhe kuphela. Lezi zikhalo zibonisa inkolelo yabasunguli yokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho udinga ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, izikhulu zejaji ezizimele, nezinhlangano zabameleli lezo izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela ngazo ekumiseni imithetho. Abasunguli baqonda ukuthi amandla aphakeme ngokungenakugwenywa aholela ekubuseni ngonya futhi ukuvikela inkululeko kudinga ukusakaza igunya likahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zinezwi elinengqondo ekulawuleni kwazo.

Ezinye izikhalo zikhuluma ngokuxhashazwa kwezomnotho kanye nentela ngaphandle kokumelelwa. ISimemezelo sibala izikhalo ngokukhokha intela eshibhile ngaphandle kwemvume. Abasunguli bakholelwa ukuthi izakhamuzi akumelwe zikhokhe intela noma zinqume izimali, zinqamule ukuhweba nezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, futhi zincishe amakoloni amacala anjalo abahluleli abahluleli. Lezi zikhalo zezomnotho zazingezona nje kuphela ngemali kodwa zazingezimiso eziyisisekelo zokuzilawula ngokwazo kanye namalungelo empahla. Abasunguli bakholelwa ukuthi izakhamuzi akumelwe zitholwe intela noma imithetho engokomnotho ngaphandle kokuba abamele izinyathelo ezinjalo. Lesi simiso so"intela ngaphandle kommelelo" saba isikhalo esiyinhloko sokuzingela inguquko futhi sihlale singukulindelo esiyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yentando yeningi.

Izikhalo eziningana zibonisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngokuxhashazwa kwempi kanye nokukhishwa kwengxenye eyodwa kwezine zamabutho. ISimemezelo simangalela ukuthi inkosi yayigcina amabutho emi ezindaweni ezibuthweni zempi ngesikhathi sokuthula ngaphandle kwemvume, yenza amabutho amasosha azimele futhi aphakeme kuhulumeni, futhi amabutho ahlukene amakhaya omphakathi. Lezi zikhalo zibonisa ukukhathazeka okujulile ngempi kanye nengozi ekhona lapho amabutho akhona ekhululekile. Abasunguli bakholelwa ukuthi amandla empi kufanele ahlale engaphansi kwegunya lamasosha futhi izakhamuzi angazibophezenziwa ukuba zihlale emakhaya azo. Kamuva lezizimiso zathonya iSiphendumiso Sesithathu eMthethweni womthetho-mthetho, owenqabela amasosha ukuba adingemthetho wobusosha, owenqabela amasosha ukuba angene amasosha emakhaya angawabodwa, nesimiso sokulawula amabutho empi.

Izikhalo zikhuluma futhi ngokwenqaba kwenkosi ukuvuma imithetho edingekile ukuze umphakathi uzuze, ukugxambukela kwayo ekuthuthweni nokuhlalisana, kanye nokugqugquzela kwayo ukuvukela kwezindawo zasekhaya. Ngokuhlanganisa, lezi zikhalo ziveza umfanekiso wobushiqela obuhleliwe /awukhohlakele noma amaphutha awethulwayo angezikhathi ezithile kodwa indlela yamabomu yokuphucwa kwamalungelo aklanyelwe ukusungula ubushiqela obuphelele. Isimemezelo sigcizelela ukuthi abenzi bamakoloni bamazwe banxusa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuba balungise izikhalo ngalezi zikhalo ngezindlela zokuthula, kodwa ukuba izicelo zabo zinganakwa noma ziphendulwe ngokulimala okwengeziwe. Le zincwadi zokulungisa inguquko eziyenezelelwe zazibalulekile ukuze kuthethelelwe inguquko.

Ithonya Lomyalo Kuhulumeni Nomthetho WaseMelika

Izimiso ezavezwa eSimemezelweni se-Independent zathonya kakhulu isimo nezindinganiso zikahulumeni waseMelika, ngisho nakuba lesiSimemezelo ngokwaso singesona isiqinisekiso somthetho esinamalungiselelo agunyaziwe. Isimemezelo samisa isisekelo sefilosofi okwakhiwa kuso uMthetho-sisekelo noBill of Rights kamuva. Ukugcizelela kwaso amalungelo emvelo, uhulumeni olinganiselwe, nobukhosi obuthandwayo kwalololonga indlela yabasunguli bomthetho-mthetho futhi kuyaqhubeka ukunikeza incazelo engokomthetho-mthetho namuhla.

Isehlo soMthetho-sisekelo siveza izimiso zeSimemezelo ngokuthi "Thina bantu" simisa futhi simise uMthetho-sisekelo, sigcizelela ubukhosi obuthandwayo kanye nemvume yalabo ababuswayo. Isimiso soMthetho-sisekelo, kanye nokuhlukanisa kwaso imibuso, imishini, nezilinganiso, nombuso, siveza ukukhathazeka kweSimemezelo ngegunya elilinganiselwe nokuxhashazwa kukahulumeni. Ngokusakaza amandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni, uMthetho-Constitution wakha izivikelo olumelene nohlobo lobushiqela obubhalwe ezikhalweni zomthetho.

I-Bill of Rights, yenezelwe kuMthetho-sisekelo ngo-1791, inikeza isivikelo esiqondile samalungelo emvelo abhekiswe ku-Declaration. Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sokuqala senkululeko yokukhuluma, ukucindezela, inkolo, ingqungquthela, nesicelo sisekela ngokuqondile umbono woMmemezelo wezakhamuzi okwazi ukuveza imibono yazo ngokukhululekile, ukusebenzisa izinkolelo zazo, futhi yenza uhulumeni abeke icala. Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine sokuHlaziya Empethelweni ehlolweni esingakholekiyo, inqubo yeSiphendulo Sesihlanu efanelekile, kanye nesiqinisekiso seSiphakamiso Sesithupha sokuqulo somthetho esiphakanyiswa yikho konke okukhankamiso ekhushuliwe ezicisweni zeSimemezelweni. Lezimiso zomthetho ziguqula izimiso ezingokomthetho ezingekhona ezingokomthetho ezimelelwe yizakhamuzi ezinkantolo.

Ithonya lesiSimemezelo lidlulela ngalé kombhalo woMthetho-sisekelo ekuchazeni kwawo. Inkantolo Ephakeme ngezikhathi ezithile iye yabhekisela kuSimemezelo lapho ichaza amalungiselelo omthetho-siseko, ikakhulukazi lapho ikhuluma ngamalungelo ayisisekelo nokulingana. Nakuba lesiSimemezelo singenawo amandla omthetho, sinikeza umongo obalulekile ongokomlando wokuqonda izindinganiso nezimiso ezazisebenza esizukulwaneni esisunguliwe. Lapho izinkantolo zichaza ulimi olusekelwe eMthethweni womthetho-mthetho oludidalula, ukugcizelela kwamalungelo angokwemvelo, ukulingana kwabantu, nohulumeni olinganiselweyo kungazisa ukuhlaziya nokusiza ekucaciseni incazelo yomthetho.

UBufakazi bamisa futhi izenzakalo ezibalulekile zempucuko yaseMelika yezombangazwe nezindinganiso zomphakathi. Ukugomela kwayo ukuthi izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokuguqula noma ukuqeda uhulumeni ocindezelayo ugunyaza ukuphikiswa okunokuthula kwezombangazwe nokungavumelani. Ezweni lezombangazwe laseMelika, ukugxeka izimiso zikahulumeni, ukuhlela izinhlangano zokuphikiswa, nokusekela ushintsho oluyisisekelo akuzona izenzo zokungathembeki kodwa ukubonakaliswa komthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi iSimemezelo esigunyaza ukuphikisa okuqotho. Lomthetho wokuphikiswa okuqotho, lapho izakhamuzi zingaphikisana khona ngokuqinile nohulumeni wazo kuyilapho zihlala zibambelele ezimisweni zomthetho, zihlukanisa izinhlangano zentando yeningi nemibuso ebusa ngobushiqela lapho ukuphikisa kubhekwa khona njengembubhishobhi.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwesimemezelo Nokuphikisana Kwaso

Nakuba iSimemezelo senkululeko saveza izimiso zenguquko zokulingana kwabantu namalungelo abo angokwemvelo, ukusebenza kwaso kwakulinganiselwe ngendlela edabukisayo. Ukugomela ukuthi "wonke amadoda adalwe elingana" akudluleli kubantu base-Afrika abagqilazwe yizigqila, abesifazane, abantu bomdabu, noma ngisho namadoda amhlophe angenalutho ngo-1776. Leligebe phakathi kwezimiso zembulunga yonke nemisebenzi yawo ekhethayo kumelela okunye kokuphikisana okukhulu kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, okuye kwaguqula izingxabano zesizwe cishe iminyaka engu- 250.

Ukuphikisana okusobala kuhlanganisa ubugqila. Abaningi bezazi zalesiSimemezelo, kuhlanganise noThomas Jefferson ngokwakhe, babegqilazwa abantu njengoba babememezela ukuthi bonke abantu banamalungelo angenakuthathwa ekuphileni, inkululeko, nokuphishekela injabulo. Uhlelo lwakuqala lukaJefferson loBufakazi lwaluhlanganisa ukulahla ukuhweba ngezigqila nokusola iNkosi uGeorge III ngokuqhubeka kwayo, kodwa lengxenye yasuswa ngokuphikelela kwezihambeli zaseSouth Carolina naseGeorgia, kanye nezihambeli ezithile zasenyakatho ezazihilelekile ekuhwebelaneni ngezigqila. Lokhu kwembula ukuxabana okujulile phakathi kwezimiso zeSimemezelo somthetho nezomnotho kanye namaqiniso ezenhlalo eMelika.

Ukuphikisana phakathi kobugqila nezimiso zeSimemezelo kwaqashelwa abantu ababephila ngesikhathi esifanayo. Abantu abagqilazwa kanye nababenqabela ukunxusa kwaloluMemo basebenzisa ulimi ukuze baphikisane nobugqila, bekhomba ubuzenzisi besizwe esisekelwe enkulule encintisweni enqabela izigidi abantu inkululeko. UFrederick Douglas, enkulumweni yakhe edumile "Lokho iNgqila yesine kaJuly," ngokunamandla ukuchaza lokhu kuphikisana, bebuza amaMelika ukuthi angayigubhalisa kanjani inkululeko lapho egcina ubugqila. Nokho uDouglas waqaphela futhi ukuthi iMithetho yawo yayisela ekutheni ilungeleni ukumiswa, uma isebenza ngobuqotho, yayidinga ukulahlwa kwezigqila. Ngakho, iSimemezelo saba yithuluzi elibonisa ukuthi iMelika iphila ngokuvumelana nokusungulwa kwayo.

Abesifazane ngokufanayo bakhishwa esithembisweni sokulinganisa. U-Abigail Adams wadume ngokudume ngokunxusa umyeni wakhe uJohn Adams ukuba "akhumbule abesifazane" lapho emisa imithetho yesizwe esisha, exwayisa ngokuthi abesifazane babengeke bazizwe beboshwe ngemithetho abangenazwi layo. Isimemezelo sakhe asizange sishaywe, futhi abesifazane bahlala bengaphansi kwamadoda ngokusemthethweni, bengakwazi ukuvota, impahla yabo siqu emagameni abo uma beshadile, noma behlanganyela ngokugcwele ekuphileni komphakathi. Bekuyothatha iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu - 150 yezenzo zobufundisi ngaphambi kokuba abesifazane bazuze ilungelo lokuvota ngeSichibiyelo seshumi Nesithupha ngo-1920. Inhlangano yabesifazane yahlala icela izimiso zoMthetho, iphikisa ngokuthi uma bonke abantu bedalwe ngelungelo elilinganayo, labesifazane njengamadoda.

Abantu bomdabu babhekana nohlobo oluhlukile lokukhishwa kwesizwe. UBufakazi buhlanganisa phakathi kwezikhalo zabo ukumangalelwa ngokuthi iNkosi uGeorge III "iye yazama ukuletha izakhamuzi zemingcele yethu, amaNdiya angenasihawu angenaluzwela. Lolulimi olululazayo lwabonisa umbono wabenzi bobukoloni ngabantu bomdabu njengezithiyo ezivimbela ukwanda kwabantu kunabantu abanamalungelo abo siqu nobukhosi. Isizwe esisha esisekelwe ezimisweni zokulingana namalungelo angokwemvelo siyo siyophula izivumelwano namazwe akhona, sithathe amazwe aso, futhi siphishekele izivumelwano zokususa nokubhujiswa kwempucuko. Ukuphikisana phakathi kwezimiso zeSimemezelo somhlaba wonke nokuphathwa kwabantu IGristrianis sihlala silokhu singenye yezici ezikhathaza kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika.

Naphezu kwalokhu kulinganiselwa okukhulu nokuphikisana, izimiso zoBufakazi eziqukethe imbewu yokwanda kwazo. Ngokuhlela izimiso zendawo yonke kunokulinganisela amalungelo emaqenjini athile, iSimemezelo sanikeza indinganiso eqondene nemisebenzi yaseMelika engahlulelwa futhi itholakale ingenakho. Yonke iminyakazo yamalungelo anwetshiwe nokulingana emlandweni waseMelika − ukumiswa, amalungelo abesifazane, amalungelo omphakathi, LGBT+ amalungelo oMvumelwano, isekela ulimi nokuhlakanipha, iphikisa ukuthi iMelika kumelwe idlulisele izimiso zayo ezisungulwe kubo bonke abantu. ISimemezelo singesona amandla alinganiselwe emlandweni waseMelika kodwa ekuqaleni ayesetshenziswa ezimisweni ezisemthethweni ezindaweni zonke, ukuthi kuqhubeke ukunxusa ukufunwa kwemithetho yobulungisa nokulingana.

Ithonya Lembulunga Yonke Nefa Lesimemezelo

ISimemezelo Sokuzibusa asizange sithonye intuthuko yaseMelika kuphela kodwa futhi nezinhlangano zentando yeningi kanye nezinguquko emhlabeni wonke.

INguquko yaseFrance, eyaqala eminyakeni eyishumi nantathu nje ngemva kokuzimela kweMelika, yathonywa ngokuqondile yisibonelo saseMelika nezimiso zoBufakazi. ISimemezelo saseFrance samalungelo abantu nesaseSinakekeli, samukelwa ngo-1789, siveza ukugcizelela kweSimemezelo saseMelika amalungelo emvelo, ukulingana, kanye nobukhosi obuthandwayo. IMarquis de Lafayette, eyalwa kanye namaMelika ekuvukeleni kwawo, yadlala indima eyinhloko ekuhleleni isimemezelo saseFrance, sidwebela ngokucacile ezibonelweni zaseMelika. Nakuba iNguquko yaseFrance yathatha inkambo ehluke kakhulu ku INguquko yaseMelika, ukuthonya kokuqala nesisekelo sefilosofi kwaseMelika kwavela ngokuphumelela ekuphethe izimiso zentando yentando yeningi.

Kuwo wonke amakhulu angamashumi amabili namashumi anesishiyagalolunye, izinhlangano zokuzibusa eLatin America, e-Esiya, nase-Afrika zacela izimiso ezifana nezeSimemezelo senkululeko. Lapho amakoloni efuna ukukhululeka embusweni waseYurophu, ayevame ukuthethelela izenzo zawo ngokusebenzisa izimpikiswano eziphathelene nokuzinqumela, amalungelo emvelo, kanye nokungagunyazwa kokubusa ngaphandle kokuvuma. . . . zonke izimiso ezicaciswe kuyiSimemezelo saseMelika sokuzimela uhulumeni wango-Inkululeko ngo-1945 zacaphuna ngokucacile imigqano yokuqalisa kweMelika ngaphambi kokuphikisa kwemithetho ye-Vietnam elawula amakoloni aseFrance. Lokhu kubonisa indlela izimiso zomthetho womthetho wakuqala ezazingavumela ngayo ukuba zibe ingxenye yolimi lwembulunga yonke lwenkululeko nolwethu.

ISimemezelo sathonya futhi ukusungulwa komthetho wamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ekhulwini lama-20. ISimemezelo somhlaba Wonke samalungelo abantu, esamukelwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene ngo-1948, siveza izimiso eziningi ezachazwa kuqala eSivumelwaneni saseMelika: isithunzi esingokwemvelo nokulingana kwabo bonke abantu, ukuba khona kwamalungelo ayisisekelo ohulumeni okumelwe bakuhloniphe, nomqondo wokuthi ukuvikela lamalungelo kubalulekile ekuthuleni nasekulungiseni. U-Eleanor Roosevelt, owamisa ikomiti eyamisa i-Universal Declaration, wathonywa kakhulu yizincwadi nezimiso zaseMelika ezisunguliwe. ISimemezelo somhlaba Wonke simelela umzamo wokumisa emhlabeni wonke lokho iSimemezelo sezwe esisodwa seSimemezelo saseMelika: ukuthi wonke abantu banelungelo eliyisisekelo lokuvikela.

Ithonya lembulunga yonke leSimemezelo libonisa kokubili amandla kanye nokulinganiselwa kwezimiso zalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukulwela kwawo ukulingana kwabantu emhlabeni wonke namalungelo angokwemvelo kuye kwabangela izinhlangano ezingenakubalwa zenkululeko nobulungisa emhlabeni wonke. Umqondo wokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho ufuna ukuvunyelwa kwababuswayo uye waba yisimiso esamukelekayo kabanzi, ngisho noma ngokuvamile kungenziwa ngendlela esemthethweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, igebe phakathi kwezimiso zoMmemezelo nokwenziwa kwawo kuye kwaveza − − kuMelika nasemazweni amaningi aye abiza izimiso ezifanayo ezithiwazisa amalungelo alula kunawo. Ifa lembulunga yonke iSimemezelo lihlanganisa kokubili isikhuthazo esiye salungiselela izinhlangano zenkululeko nokulwa okuqhubekayo ukuze kwenziwe izimiso zayo zibe ngokoqobo kubantu bonke.

Okwenza Izakhamuzi Zanamuhla Zisiqonde Lesimemezelo

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Nesisekelo Sawo

Kubantu besikhathi esifanayo, ukuqonda iSimemezelo sokuzimela kubalulekile ekuqapheleni isisekelo sefilosofi samalungelo abo nenkululeko. ISimemezelo siqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo awanikezwa uhulumeni kodwa ayizimfanelo ezingokwemvelo zabantu abakhona ngaphambi nangaphandle kukahulumeni. Lokhu kuqonda kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba kuthinta indlela izakhamuzi ezibheka ngayo ubuhlobo negunya. Uma amalungelo enziwe ngohulumeni, khona - ke uhulumeni angawasusa ngokusemthethweni. Kodwa uma amalungelo ezuzwe ngefa futhi engamukelwa, khona - ke indima kahulumeni ilinganiselwe ekuvikeleni amalungelo angaphambi kokuqala, nezenzo zikahulumeni eziphula lamalungelo ephula umthetho.

Lesi sisekelo sefilosofi sinemiphumela ewusizo yendlela izakhamuzi ezihileleke ngayo ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe zamanje. Lapho zihlola imithetho ehlotshaniswayo noma izenzo zikahulumeni, izakhamuzi zingabuza ukuthi lezi zinyathelo zivikela noma ziphula amalungelo ayisisekelo yini. Uma izikhulu zikahulumeni zithi zinegunya lokuvimbela inkululeko, izakhamuzi zingafuna ukulunga futhi zingabaze ukuthi imingcele enjalo iyavumelana yini nesimiso sokuthi uhulumeni ukhona ukuze uvikele amalungelo kunokuba uwalinganise. ISimemezelo sinikeza uhlelo lokugxeka ngokuhluzelela izinga elifanele nemingcele yamandla kahulumeni, sinike izakhamuzi amandla okuhlukanisa phakathi kwegunya elingokomthetho nesodwa.

Ukuqonda lesiSimemezelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukuthi amalungelo ahambisana nemithwalo yemfanelo. Abasayithi bathembisa ukuphila kwazo, inhlanhla, nodumo olungcwele enjongweni yokuzibusa, beqaphela ukuthi ukusungula nokulondoloza umphakathi okhululekile kudinga ukuzidela nokuzinikela. Izakhamuzi zanamuhla zizuza ngefa amalungelo alwiwayo ukuze zimise futhi zandise, kodwa lamalungelo awakona ukuzinakekela. Bafuna ukuba izakhamuzi ezikhuthele, izivumelwano zomphakathi, nokuzimisela ukuzivikela lapho zisongelwa. ISimemezelo sikhumbuza izakhamuzi ukuthi inkululeko ayilona ifa elivamile kodwa umthwalo wemfanelo okhuthele okumelwe isizukulwane ngasinye siwamukele futhi siwavikele.

Ukuthuthukisa Ingxenye Yombango Nokuhlanganyela Ngokwentando Yeningi

Isimiso soBufakazi sokuthi ohulumeni bathola ukufaneleka kwabo ngokuvuma kwababuswayo ukumisa isisekelo sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Lesi simiso sisikisela ukuthi izakhamuzi azinalo ilungelo lokubusa kuphela kodwa zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlanganyela ekubuseni ngokuvota, ngokuthembisa umphakathi, nangokubeka izikhulu icala. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuthi igunya likahulumeni lisuka evumeni yazo, ziyaqaphela ukuthi ukubusa ngentando yeningi kudinga ukuhileleka kwazo ngentshiseko kunokuthatha noma iziphi izikhulu ezinqumayo.

Isinqumo soMmemezelo esithi abantu banelungelo lokuguqula noma ukuqeda uhulumeni ocindezelayo ugunyaza ukuphikiswa okunokuthula kwezombangazwe nezinhlangano zokuguqula. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi elinempilo, izakhamuzi kufanele zizizwe zinegunya lokugxeka izimiso zikahulumeni, zihlelelwe ukusekela ushintsho, futhi zisebenzele ukulungisa izinhlangano ezihlulekayo ukuzuzisa umphakathi. Lokhu akusho ukuthi ukuphikisana ngako konke kuthethelela ukuvukela, kodwa kusho ukuthi izakhamuzi kufanele zizibheke njengezimeleli ezikhuthele ekulolongeni uhulumeni wazo kunokuba zibunjwe njengezikhonzi okumelwe zilalele. Ukuqonda lesimemezelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukuthi ukuphikisa noshintsho olungokomthetho akusoso imingcele kodwa kusongela isigaba sawo sokubusa ngentando yeningi.

UBufakazi bunikeza futhi uhlelo lokuhlola abaholi bezombangazwe futhi bubanike isibopho sokulandisa. Uhlu olude lwalencwadi lwezikhalo ezimelene neNkosi uGeorge III lubonisa inkolelo yomsunguli yokuthi izakhamuzi kufanele ziqaphele ngokucophelela izenzo zikahulumeni wazo nencwadi yokusebenzisa kabi amandla. Izakhamuzi zanamuhla zingasebenzisa lokhu kuhlola okufanayo kuziphathimandla zanamuhla, zihlole ukuthi ziyawavikela yini amalungelo, zihlonipha imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo, futhi zisiza isithakazelo somphakathi. ISimemezelo simisa ukuthi izikhulu ziyizinceku zabantu kunokuba zibe amakhosi azo, isimiso okumelwe sazise indlela izakhamuzi ezisebenzelana ngayo nabameleli bazo futhi zihlole ngayo.

Ukuphikisana Kwamalungelo Nenani Lezigaba Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izimpikiswano eziningi zezombangazwe zangaleso sikhathi zihilela imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene namalungelo, ukulingana, kanye nendima efanele kahulumeni − ngokunyenyiswa izimpikiswano ezikhulunywe eSimemezelweni Sokuzimela. Ukuqonda izimiso zalesiSimemezelo kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqondise le mpikiswano ngombono ocacile nongokomlando. Uma kuphakama izimpikiswano ngamalungelo omphakathi, amalungelo okuvota, ukwahlulela ngokwezomnotho, noma igunya likahulumeni, lesiSimemezelo sinikeza uhlelo lwefilosofi lokuhlaziya lezindaba nokuhlaziya izimpikiswano eziphikisanayo.

Ukugomela kweSimemezelo ukuthi bonke abantu badalwa belingana kusekhona ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo eziphathelene nokulingana nobandlululo. Nakuba abasunguli behluleka ukusebenzisa lesi simiso ngokungaguquguquki, isimiso ngokwaso sinikeza indinganiso yokuhlola ukuthi imithetho nezimiso ziphatha abantu ngokungakhethi. Izakhamuzi zinganxusa isibopho soMmemezelo ukuba ubandlululo olusekelwe ohlanekezelwe ohlanekezelwe ohlanekezelwe, ebulilini, enkolweni, ebuhlotsheni bobulili, noma kwezinye izici. ISimemezelo siveza ukuthi ukulingana akuyona inkambiso kodwa iqiniso eliyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nobuntu, ukusekela okunamandla kwamalungelo omphakathi nesivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Izimpikiswano ngobukhulu obufanele bukahulumeni zivame ukuhlanganisa izincazelo eziphikisanayo zezimiso zoMmemezelo. Abanye bagcizelela ukukhathazeka koMmemezelo ngobushiqela bukahulumeni futhi baphikisa uhulumeni olinganiselwe ophazamisa kancane ukuphila kwezakhamuzi. Abanye bagcizelela ukugomela kukahulumeni kokuthi ukhona ukuze kuqinisekiswe amalungelo futhi baphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni osebenzayo ngezinye izikhathi udingekile ukuze avikele amalungelo futhi athuthukise ukulingana. Ukuqonda iSimemezelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukuthi zombili izimo zidonswa yizimiso zokusungula nokuthi inselele inselele ikhona ekulinganiseni inkululeko, amalungelo enkululeko ehlangene, futhi uhulumeni ulinganiselwe ngokubusa okuphumelelayo.

Ukugcizelela kwalesiSimemezelo amalungelo angenakuthathwa kuzisa izimpikiswano zamanje eziphathelene nokuthi yimaphi amalungelo afanelwe yisivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Uma kuvela amalungelo amasha − njengamalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, amalungelo endawo ezungezile, noma amalungelo amanani (8) noma izinkantolo kumele kunqume ukuthi leziziphakamiso zibonisa amalungelo ayisisekelo okuthi uhulumeni kumelwe avikele noma ahlelelwe ngokwezinqubo zentando yeningi. Umthetho ukwakheka kwamalungelo emvelo andulela uhulumeni unikeza iphuzu lokuqala lalezi zingxoxo, ngisho noma zingazixazululi ngokuphelele.

Ukufundisa Isimemezelo Ezizukulwaneni Ezintsha

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo ziyawuqonda uBufakazi Bokuzimela bubalulekile ekulondolozeni impucuko nezindinganiso zentando yeningi zaseMelika. Imfundo ye-COVIC ehlanganisa ukubophana ngokungathi sína nalesiSimemezelo isiza intsha ukuba ihlakulele ulwazi, amakhono, kanye nezimo ezidingekayo ukuze ibe isakhamuzi esikhuthele. Nokho, ukufundisa lesiSimemezelo kudinga okungaphezu nje kokubamba ngekhanda amagama aso adumile noma ukugubha ngokungagxeki. Abafundi kudingeka baqonde umongo ongokomlando eyabhalwa ngawo, ukulwa nokuphikisana kwayo nokulinganiselwa, futhi bahlole indlela izimiso zaso eziye zasetshenziswa ngayo yizinhlangano ezihlukahlukene kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika.

Imfundiso ephumelelayo yeSimemezelo soMvumelo kufanele ihlanganise ukufunda ngokuseduze umbhalo ngokwawo, usize abafundi baqonde indlela ohlelwe ngayo, izimpikiswano, nolimi. Abafundi kufanele bahlole amathonya efilosofi ngeSimemezelo, ikakhulukazi imibono yokukhanyiselwa ngamalungelo emvelo nenkolelo yesivumelwano sezenhlalo. Kufanele bahlole futhi izimo ezingokomlando ezaholela ekuzilawuleni, kuhlanganise nezikhalo ezithiwe thsupheni ezikuMvumelwano kanye nemizamo yamakoloni yokuzama ukunquma ngokuthula. Lokhu kuqonda okusekelwe embhalweni kusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukuthi kungani izimiso zaleSimemezelo zaziguqula izinto ngesikhathi sabo nendlela ababezibekela ngayo inselele ekutheni zithathe uhulumeni negunya.

Ukufundisa iSimemezelo kudinga futhi ukuthembisana ngokwethembeka nokulinganiselwa kwayo kanye negebe phakathi kwezimiso zayo nokusebenza kwabo. Abafundi kufanele bafunde ngobugqila, ukukhishwa kwabesifazane nabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, kanye nemizabalazo emide edingekayo ukuze kunwetshwe izithembiso zoMmemezelo kuwonke wonke amaMelika. Lokhu kulinganisela okuqotho akukunciphisi ukubaluleka koMmemezelo kodwa kunalokho kubonisa ukuthi umsebenzi oqhubekayo odingekayo ukwenza izimiso zawo zibe yiqiniso. Abafundi bangahlola ukuthi amaqembu ahlukahlukene (8ablolitions, ababhali, abashisekeli belungelo lomphakathi, kanye nabanye (‘obhekelela ulimi loMthetho) ukuze bafune ukudluliselwa nokulingana, kubonisa indlela izimiso zencwadi eziye zabangela ngayo ushintsho oluqhubekayo ngisho nalapho abalobi bazo behluleka ukulusebenzisa njalo.

Abafundi kufanele futhi bahlole ithonya lembulunga yonke leSimemezelo nendima yaso ekuvuleni izinhlangano zentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Ngokuhlola indlela ezinye izizwe nezinhlangano eziye zakha ngayo izimiso zoMmemezelo, abafundi bangaqonda ukubaluleka kwazo jikelele kuyilapho beqaphela izinselele zokusebenzisa lezizimiso ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Lombono wembulunga yonke usiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukuthi ukulwela amalungelo abantu nokuzilwela akuyona ingxenye eMelika kuphela kodwa ingxenye yesifiso somuntu senkululeko nesithunzi.

Ngaphandle kokufunda imfundo yomphakathi, imfundo yomphakathi kufanele isize abafundi ukuba baxhumanise izimiso zeSimemezelo nezindaba zamanje kanye nokuphila kwabo siqu. Othisha bangasiza abafundi ukuba bathuthukise izingxoxo ngezenzakalo zamanje nge-lens yezimiso zeSimemezelo, bacele abafundi ukuba bahlole ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni ziyawavikela yini noma ziphula amalungelo, ukuthi imithetho iphatha abantu ngokufanayo, nokuthi izakhamuzi zisebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo yini ilungelo lazo lokugcina izikhulu zinecala. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwezimiso ezingokomlando ezindabeni zanamuhla kusiza abafundi ukuba bathuthukise amakhono abalulekile okucabanga adingekayo ukuze babe nezakhamuzi abafundile.

Isimemezelo Esisemkhubeni Wezombangazwe WaseMelika

ISimemezelo senkululeko sinendawo eyingqayizivele esikweni lezombangazwe laseMelika, sisebenza kokubili njengencwadi engokomlando newuphawu oluphilayo lwezindinganiso nezifiso zesizwe.

Izincazelo ezicacile zeSimemezelo ngokuvamile zigcizelela ukukhathazeka kwayo ngobushiqela bukahulumeni kanye nokugcizelela kwamalungelo emvelo azimele kuhulumeni. Kulombono, iSimemezelo sisekela uhulumeni olinganiselwe, inkululeko, kanye nesivikelo sempahla yomuntu siqu. Abasekela iSimemezelo singanxusa iSimemezelo lapho bephikisana nemithetho kahulumeni, izintela eziphakeme, noma igunya elikhulu likahulumeni, bathi imingcele enjalo iphula umbono wabasunguli wohulumeni olinganiselwe ngokuyinhloko okhona ukuze uvikele amalungelo angaphambili kunokuba ulwele umphakathi.

Izincazelo eziqhubekayo zeSimemezelo zivame ukugcizelela isibopho saso sokulingana nokugomela kwaso ukuthi ohulumeni bakhona ekulondolozeni amalungelo. Ngokwalokhu, lesiSimemezelo sisekela imizamo kahulumeni esebenzayo yokukhuthaza ukulingana, ukuvikela umphakathi osengozini, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zingawasebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo amalungelo azo. Intuthuko inganxusa iSimemezelo lapho kulwiwa ngesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi, izinhlelo zezenhlalo, noma isenzo sikahulumeni sokusingatha ukungalingani, sithi izinyathelo ezinjalo zigcwalisa isithembiso salo Mmemezelo sokuthi bonke abantu badalwe futhi banelungelo elingamukeleki.

Zombili izincazelo ziveza izici eziqotho zeSimemezelo, ziveza ubunkimbinkimbi bencwadi kanye nezingxabano ezisezimisweni zayo. ISimemezelo siveza ukukhathazeka ngokuxhashazwa kukahulumeni futhi sigcizelela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, sisekela izimpikiswano ezithatha imingcele kahulumeni olinganiselwe. Kodwa sibuye siqinisekise ukulingana kwabantu emhlabeni wonke futhi simise ukuthi uhulumeni ukhona ukuze uvikele amalungelo, usekele izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo zikahulumeni othuthukisa ukulingana nokuvikela amalungelo. Lezi zincazelo eziphikisanayo zibonisa ukuthi izimiso zeSimemezelo azizimiseli eziqondile kodwa kunalokho zinikeza uhlelo phakathi kokuncintisana okufanele phakathi kwenkululeko nenkululeko nesilinganiso, amalungelo enhlalakahleni, futhi zisekela uhulumeni ngamunye, futhi zilinganisela uhulumeni nombuso ophumelelayo.

ISimemezelo sisebenza futhi njengomthombo wesizwe nobunye, sinikeza izimiso ezihlanganyelwe amaMelika anezizinda ezihlukahlukene angazamukela. Ukufundwa komphakathi kweSimemezelo soSuku Lwenkululeko, ukuboniswa kwaso kuyiSivumelwano Sesizwe ngaseMthethweni weSizwe kanye noBill of Rights, kanye nokuhlanganyela kwaso njalo ezinkulumweni zezombangazwe konke kuqinisa isikhundla saso njengencwadi yesisekelo echaza izindinganiso zaseMelika. Lendima engokomfanekiso ibalulekile ngoba inikeza iphuzu elivamile lenkulumo yesizwe, ngisho nalapho amaMelika engavumelani nezici ezici zezindaba ezithile zeSimemezelo.

Nokho, isimo esingokomfanekiso soMmemezelo singaholela futhi ekutheni izikhululweni ezikha phezulu ezingakunaki lokho okuqukethwe yiso kanye nezimiso. Abezombangazwe bangacaphuna amagama adumile alesiSimemezelo ngaphandle kokuhileleka ngokungathi sína ngezimpikiswano zaso noma ukusebenzisa izimiso zaso ngokungaguquguquki. Izakhamuzi zingagubha iSimemezelo soSuku Lwenkululeko ngaphandle kokuzindla ngokuthi iphilela yini izifiso zakhona. Ukuze zifeze umsebenzi wazo ofanele empucukweni yezombangazwe yaseMelika, iSimemezelo kumelwe sibe uphawu olungaphezulu kakhulu lokuba sihlonishwe; kumelwe sibe yincwadi ephilayo ezimiso zayo zifundisa izimiso eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene malungelo, isilinganiso, ubulungisa, kanye nobuhlobo obufanele phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni.

Izindlela Eziwusizo Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Kulesimemezelo

Ukuqonda iSimemezelo Sokuzibusa ngokwengqondo kubalulekile, kodwa izakhamuzi zingajulisa ukwazisa kwazo futhi zisebenzise izimiso zaso ngokuphumelelayo ngokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo nalencwadi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.

Ukufunda ngokucophelela nangokuphelele lesimemezelo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile izakhamuzi eziningi ezingakaze zisithathe. Nakuba amaMelika amaningi ejwayelene nemigqa edumile yokuvula yeSimemezelo, bambalwa abaye bafunda lonke leli phephandaba, kuhlanganise nohlu lwalo olubanzi lwezikhalo. Ukuzinika isikhathi sokufunda umbhalo ogcwele kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde indlela yoMthetho weSimemezelo kanye nezimpikiswano, hhayi nje kuphela amagama aso athatha isilinganiso esiphelele. IZibonelo zinikeza umbhalo osemthethweni kuyi-i - Internet, kanye nezithombe eziphakeme zencwadi yokuqala, okwenza ukuba ifinyeleleke kalula kunoma ubani ongene kuyo nge-Internet. Izakhamuzi zingacabangela ukufunda umemezelo lweSimemezelo, mhlawumbe ngoSuku lweNkademo, njengendlela yokususa izimiso nangokubonisa ukuthi iMelika iyazisekela yini.

Ukutadisha lesimemezelo ngokuningiliziwe, mhlawumbe ngezincwadi, izifundo, noma amaqembu ezingxoxo, kunganikeza ukuqonda okucebile ngomongo waso ongokomlando, amathonya efilosofi, kanye nokubaluleka okuqhubekayo. Izincwadi eziningi zihlola lesiSimemezelo ngemibono ehlukahlukene, zihlola umsuka waso wokuhlakanipha, indima yaso ekuvukeleni kweNguquko, ukulinganiselwa nokuphikisana, kanye nethonya laso ezinhlanganweni ezilandelayo. Imitapo yezincwadi yendawo, amakolishi, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ngokuvamile zinikeza izifundo noma amaqembu ezingxoxweni ezisekelwe ezisekelwe ezibhalweni zokusungula. Ukusebenzisa lesimemezelo esihambisana nabanye kunikeza amathuba okuhlola izincazelo ezihlukene nokucabangela indlela izimiso zayo ezisebenza ngayo ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla.

Ukuvakashela izindawo ezingokomlando ezihlangene neSimemezelo soMthetho-sisekelo, kungenza umlando waso ubonakale futhi ube nengqondo. IHholo lenkululeko ePhiladelphia, lapho kwaphikiswana khona futhi kwamukelwa khona, kunikeza izivakashi uhambo olusiza ukuba ziqonde isikhathi esingokomlando nabantu abahilelekile. IZinqolobane zeSivumelwano sezwe eWashington, D.C., zibonisa uBufakazi bokuqala ngaphandle koMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho weSivumelo, zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zizibonele mathuphandle lezi zincwadi zesisekelo. Imiphakathi eminingi futhi inezindawo ezingokomlando noma iminyuziyamu ehlola indlela inguquko nezimiso zale mithetho ethinte ngayo isifunda sayo. Lokhu kuhambela kwezakhamuzi kungajulisa ukuxhumana noMthetho womthetho nomlando wayo.

Ukusebenzisa izimiso zeSimemezelo ezindabeni zamanje kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlakulele umkhuba wokugxeka izenzo zikahulumeni nezimpikiswano zezombangazwe. Uma zihlaziya imithetho ehlongozwayo, izimiso zikahulumeni, noma izimpikiswano zezombangazwe, izakhamuzi zingabuza imibuzo ebuzwa yiSimemezelo: Ingabe lesi silinganiso siyavikela noma siyaphula amalungelo ayisisekelo? Ingabe siphatha abantu ngokufanayo? Ingabe sibonisa imvume yabalawulwayo? Ingabe uhulumeni wenza ngokuvumelana nendima yakhe efanele yokuvikela amalungelo, noma ingabe uzama ukufinyelela? Lemibuzo, esekelwe ezimisweni zeSimemezelo, ingasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zidlulele ngalé kwamaphuzu ayinhloko okukhuluma ngendlela enengqondo ngokwengeziwe ukuze zingenele ezimpikiswaneni eziyisisekelo.

Ukufundisa abanye uBufakazi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bungokomthetho noma ngokwethukela, kuqinisa ukuqonda komuntu siqu kuyilapho kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo ziyakuqonda ukubaluleka kwabo. Abazali bangaxoxa ngeSimemezelo nezingane zabo, bachaze izimiso zaso ngezindlela ezifaneleke kakhulu futhi bazenze zihlangane nezindinganiso zomkhaya nemithwalo yemfanelo yomphakathi. Othisha bangafaka lesiSimemezelo ezifundweni zesikole eziyisisekelo, hhayi nje ezifundweni zomlando kuphela kodwa nasezincwadini, ifilosofi, nezifundo zomphakathi. Amalungu omphakathi angasebenza ngokuzithandela ngezinhlangano zemfundo yomphakathi ezisebenzela ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda ukusungula izincwadi nezimiso zomphakathi. Ngokufundisa iSimemezelo somthetho, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekulondolozeni ulwazi oludingekayo ezifundweni ngentando yeningi ukuze umuntu azilawule.

Ukuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi ngezindlela ezidumisa izimiso zeSimemezelo kumelela uhlobo olubaluleke kakhulu lokuthembisana. Isimemezelo simisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zinawo kokubili amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo, ukuthi uhulumeni uthola ilungelo lazo ngokuvunyelwa yilabo ababuswayo, nokuthi abantu banelungelo lokubeka izikhulu icala. Izakhamuzi zingadumisa lezi zimiso ngokuvota okhethweni, zihlale zinolwazi ngezindaba zomphakathi, zithintana nabameleli bezindaba ezikhathalelayo, zihlanganyela ekuvukeleni ngokuthula noma emikhankankasweni yokuphatha izigebe, zikhonza enkantolo, futhi zihlanganyele nemisebenzi yezenhlanganiso ekhuthele ecatshangelwayo, ziguqule izimiso zazo ezingaqondakali zizenze zizenze zikwazi ukusekela ukubusa kwentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuziphakamisa Kwalesimemezelo Okuhlala Njalo

Cishe eminyakeni engu- 250 ngemva kokuthathwa kwayo, iSimemezelo senkululeko sisalokhu sibaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwabantu baseMelika nasembulungeni yonke ukulwela amalungelo abantu nokuzilawula. Ukubaluleka kwaso okuhlala njalo akuveli ekupheleleni kwaso, futhi ukulinganiselwa kwaso kanye nokwehluleka kwaso ukusebenzisa izimiso zaso kubhalwe kahle njalo − kodwa kusukela emandleni nasemkhathini wezimiso esizichazayo. Ukugomela kokuthi bonke abantu badalwe balingana, banamalungelo angenakuhlukaniswa, nokuthi ohulumeni bathola ilungelo labo ngokuvunyelwa yibo ababuswayo bayaqhubeka bekhuthaza amaMelika nabantu emhlabeni wonke.

Indima yomthetho woBufakazi ngokwengxenye isekelwe entweni efunwayo. Isho imicabango yokuthi iMelika ayikaze ifezeke ngokugcwele kodwa iyaqhubeka iphishekela. Igebe phakathi kwezimiso zoBufakazi neqiniso laseMelika liye laba umthombo wamahlazo nesisusa kuwo wonke umlando wesizwe. Isizukulwane ngasinye siye sabhekana nenselele yokunikeza izithembiso zoMthetho ngaphambili kubantu ababengasasetshenziswa futhi bevikela amalungelo ezisongweni ezintsha. Lokhu kulwela ukuphila ngokuvumelana nokusungula iZimemezelo kunikeza isilinganiso esiqhubekayo, njengoba isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sinqume ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukudumisa izimiso zokulingana, inkululeko, kanye nokuzimela ngokwaso esikhathini saso.

Isimemezelo sisalokhu sibalulekile futhi ngenxa yokuthi imibuzo eyisisekelo esinayo ikhuluma ngala malungelo : Iyiphi indima efanele kahulumeni? Igunya likahulumeni liba yini yize noma imiphi imisebenzi?"Imibuzo engapheli okufanele wonke umphakathi uyiphendule. Nakuba izimpikiswano ezithile zezimiso zishintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lemibuzo eyisisekelo isaqhubeka. ISimemezelo sinikeza uhlelo lokukhuluma ngazo, simisa izimiso ezingaqondisa izakhamuzi nezikhulu ngisho nalapho zingavumelani ngezicelo ezithile. Kulomqondo, iSimemezelo asisebenzi njengencwadi yezimiso eziningi kodwa njengesisekelo sefilosofi esifundisa ukucubungela okuqhubekayo ngamalungelo, ukubusa nobulungisa.

Enkathini yokuhlukana kwezombangazwe kanye nolwazi lomphakathi olunciphileyo, iSimemezelo singaba sesibaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Ukuqonda lesimemezelo kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zithathele phambili ukuhlukana ngokwehlukana zingene ezimisweni eziyisisekelo ezidlula amaqembu athile ezombangazwe. Nakuba amaMelika engase angavumelani ngezimiso ezithile, abaningi bahlanganyela isibopho ezisezingeni elisemqoka lokulingana kwabantu, amalungelo emvelo, kanye nohulumeni ngokuvuma. Ukubuyela kulezi zimiso ezifanayo kunganikeza isisekelo esifanayo sokuxoxa okunenzuzo futhi kusize izakhamuzi ukuba zihlukanise phakathi kwezimiso ezifanele eziphathelene nokungavumelani okungoko okubalulekile ngokuphathelene nemibono engoko nangokwezimpikiswayo.

Ithonya lembulunga yonke liqinisekisa futhi ukuthi ithonya layo liyaqhubeka lisebenza. Njengoba abantu emhlabeni wonke beqhubeka belwela amalungelo abantu, ukubusa ngentando yeningi, kanye nokuzinqumela, bavame ukusekela izimiso ezifana nalezo eziseSivumelwaneni. Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke, izinhlangano zentando yeningi, nemizamo yokwenza ukuba ohulumeni bathathe isibopho sokuthola yonke imibono esekelwe ekufuzeni: ukuthi bonke abantu banelungelo eliyifa, ukuthi ohulumeni kumelwe bawahloniphe lamalungelo, nokuthi abantu banelungelo lokuhlanganyela ekubuseni kwabo. Izimiso zomthetho ziye zaba ingxenye yolimi lwembulunga yonke olukhuluma ngamalungelo abantu, ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukubaluleka kwawo kudlulele kude kakhulu emingceleni yaseMelika.

Kubantu baseMelika ngokuqondile, lesiSimemezelo siseyisiqalo esibalulekile sokuqonda amalungelo abo, ubuhlobo babo nohulumeni, nemithwalo yabo yemfanelo yomphakathi. Simisa isisekelo sefilosofi uhulumeni waseMelika nomthetho okwakhiwa kuso. Sinikeza izimiso zokuhlola izenzo zikahulumeni nokubeka izikhulu ezilandisayo. Sikhuthaza imizamo eqhubekayo yokwandisa amalungelo nokulingana kubo bonke abantu. Futhi sikhumbuza izakhamuzi ukuthi ukulondoloza umphakathi okhululekile kudinga ukuthembisana ngokukhuthele, ukucabanga okugxekayo, nokuzimisela ukuvikela izimiso eziyisisekelo ngokumelene nezinsongoso.

Isiphetho: Isimemezelo njengencwadi ephilayo

ISimemezelo se-Independent singesona nje isiqinisekiso esingokomlando esimemezela ukwahlukana kweMelika neBrithani. Siyinkulumo yefilosofi ephathelene nobuntu, amalungelo, nohulumeni eyaqhubeka ibumba umthetho waseMelika, ezombangazwe, nempucuko cishe eminyakeni engu- 250 ngemva kokwamukelwa kwayo. Ukugomela kwayo ukuthi bonke abantu badalwe ngokulingana namalungelo angenakuthathwa ngaphandle, ukuthi ohulumeni bathola ilungelo labo ngokuvunyelwa ababuswayo, nokuthi abantu banelungelo lokuguqula noma ukuqeda uhulumeni ocindezelayo oye wamisa izimiso zobusekeli bentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke futhi bayaqhubeka bezisa izimpikiswano ngamalungelo, ukulingana, nokulunga.

Ukuqonda lesiSimemezelo kubalulekile ngezakhamuzi ezifisa ukwazisa isisekelo sefilosofi samalungelo azo nenkululeko, ukuthatha uhlangothi oluphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, nokubheka uhulumeni njengonecala lendima yaso efanele yokuvikela amalungelo. ISimemezelo siveza ukuthi izakhamuzi azizona izikhonzi ezingasebenzi kodwa zingabantu abakhuthele abanamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo. Sinika izakhamuzi amandla okungabaza iziphathimandla zikahulumeni, ukuphoqelela ukuba zihloniphe imingcele engokomthetho, futhi zisebenzele lapho uhulumeni uhluleka ukufeza okuhle komphakathi. Lezi zimiso zisasebenza namuhla njengoba zazinjalo ngo 1776, zinikeza isiqondiso ezakhamuzini ezibhekenezinselele zezombangazwe zanamuhla.

Ukulinganiselwa nokuphikisana kweSimemezelo − ngokwengxenye kwehluleka kwabasunguli ukudlulisela izimiso zaso kubantu abagqilaziwe, abesifazane, kanye nabantu abahlala kwamanye amazwe − azibanciphisi abantu − kodwa kunalokho zibonisa umsebenzi oqhubekayo odingekayo ukuze kwenziwe izithembiso zaso zibe ngokoqobo. Yonke imizabalazo yamalungelo anwetshiwe nokulingana emlandweni waseMelika iye yasebenzisa izimiso zeSimemezelo, ebonisa indlela ulimi lwaso lwasemhlabeni wonke olunembewu ngayo ekukhuleni kwaso. ISimemezelo asikho ngendlela elinganiselwe esasisetshenziswa ngayo ekuqaleni kodwa ezimisweni esicacile, izimiso eziqhubeka zifaka izicelo zobulungisa nokulingana.

Ukuze iSimemezelo sifeze indima yaso efanele ekuphileni komphakathi waseMelika, kumelwe singabi uphawu oluhloniphekayo ngoSuku Lwenkululeko. Kumelwe kube incwadi ephilayo efundwa izakhamuzi, eqondwa, futhi esetshenziswa ezindabeni zanamuhla. Lokhu kudinga imfundo yomphakathi ehlangene ngokungathi sína nombhalo weSimemezelo, umongo, kanye nokubaluleka okuqhubekayo. Kudinga ukuhlangana okuqotho negebe phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho naseMelika, kokubili ngokomlando nanamuhla. Futhi kudinga ukuba izakhamuzi zihloniphe umbono kahulumeni ngemvume, lapho izakhamuzi zihlanganyela khona ekubuseni nasekubekeni izikhulu.

ISimemezelo senkululeko ngenxa yokuthi simisa izimiso eziyisisekelo idemokrasi yaseMelika ehlala kuzo. Sinendaba ngoba sinikeza uhlelo lokucabanga ngamalungelo, ukulingana, kanye nobudlelwane obufanele phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni. Sinendaba ngoba siye sashukumisa izinqubo zenkululeko nobulungisa eMelika nakuzweni lonke. Futhi kungenxa yokuthi isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sinqume ukuthi sizohlonipha izimiso zaso noma sizishiye, noma sizozidlulisela izithembiso zaso kubo bonke abantu noma sizivumele zingagcwaliseki. Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani lesi Simekezo siyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zaso ziyaqhubeka ziqondisa ukubusa kwentando yeningi yaseMelika nenkululeko yabantu ezayo.

Izakhamuzi ezizinika isikhathi sokuhlola lesimemezelo, ukuzama ukumelana nezimiso zaso nokuphikisana, nokusebenzisa ukuqonda kwaso ezinkingeni zamanje ziyohlonyiselwa kangcono ukuthatha iqhaza ekubuseni kwentando yeningi nasekuvikeleni amalungelo nenkululeko esiyimemezelayo. ISimemezelo asisona isiphetho sakudala kodwa siyisiqondiso esiphilayo sokuba isakhamuzi kodwa sinikeza ukuhlakanipha nokuphefumlelwa kwanoma ubani owenziwa umsebenzi oqhubekayo wokwakha ngokulunga, ngokulingana, nangomphakathi okhululekile. Ngokuqonda nokwamukela izimiso zalesimemezelo, izakhamuzi zihlonipha imihlatshelo yalabo abalwela ukusungula ukuzibusa kwaseMelika kuyilapho bemukela umthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi izithembiso zeSimemezelo somthetho ziba ngokoqobo kubo bonke abantu.

Ukuze ifundeke ngokwengeziwe ngeSimemezelo seSivumelwano senkululeko nokubaluleka kwaso, izakhamuzi zingahlola imithombo engokomlando nenhlaziyo ye- ye-National Archives, equkethe ibhukwana lokuqala futhi inikeze izinto ezifundisayo. Iqoqo leSivumelwano seSivumelwano [[[FLT:]] linikeza izinhlelo nemithombo yezimiso ezijulile zeSivumelwano [[[FLT] [[FLT]] [i-act] isiza izakhamuzi ukuba zithuthukise ulwazi nokuqonda okudingekile ukuze ziqonde ukuthi kungani iSimemezelo somthetho nokusebenzisa izimiso zaso sezeluleko ezisekhulwini lokuqala.