Isisekelo Sobulungisa Bukahulumeni

Umqondo wokuhlola nokulinganisela uyisisekelo ekusebenzeni kukahulumeni olungile nonobulungisa. Iqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa likahulumeni elinamandla kakhulu futhi igatsha ngalinye lingalawula futhi lilinganisele izenzo zabanye. Lesimiso siklanyelwe ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi sisekele izimiso zedemokrasi, sisebenza njengesivikelo ekugxilisweni kwegunya eliholela ekucindezelweni nasekuxhashazweni. Ngaphandle kwalendlela yokwakha, ngisho nohulumeni abameleli bangathatha isikhundla sokubusa ngempoqo, njengoba umlando uye wabonisa kaningi.

Phakathi, ukuhlolwa nokulinganiswa kwamandla kusakaza izindikimba ezibusayo eziningi, ngayinye enemisebenzi ehlukene nekhono lokunqanda ezinye. Lokhu kwabiwa akukona nje ukusebenziseka kokuqondisa kodwa ukwakhiwa komthetho-sisekelo ngamabomu okuhloselwe ukudala ukuxabana nokucubungula. Umphumela unciphisa ukumiswa kwesinqumo ngamabomu, uphoqelela ukuyekethisa nokuvimbela izenzo zokuthatheka ngamawala noma zobushiqela. Izakhamuzi, abakhi bomthetho, kanye nezazi zemfundo ezifanayo ziqaphela lesimiso njengetshe eliyikhomba-democracy yomhlaba wonke emhlabeni wonke.

Imvelaphi Yamasheke Nokulinganisela

Umqondo wokuhlola nokulinganisela ungalandelelwa emuva eGrisi yasendulo, lapho izazi zefilosofi ezinjengoPolybius zagcina khona umthetho-sisekelo oxubene weRome Republic futhi zaphawula indlela imibuso yayo ehlukene eyaveza ngayo ukuzinza. Nokho, kwakuyizihlakaniphi zokuKhanyiselwa, ikakhulukazi uMontesquieu, owachaza umqondo ngendlela ethonya idemokrasi yanamuhla. Emsebenzini wakhe we-coral commonmental Umoya woMthetho [ [178], uMontesquieu waphikisa ukuthi amandla ezombangazwe akumelwe abekwe ezandleni zenhlangano eyodwa. Wagcina ukuthi inkululeko iboshelwe kahle kakhulu lapho i-province, umphathi, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela ihlukaniswa futhi inikezwa indlela yokuhlola enye.

Montesquieu’ imibhalo yaguqula ngokuqondile ukucabanga kwabasunguli baseMelika. kuFederalist No. 51, yabhala ngokudume kakhulu ukuthi i-“ambritu kumelwe yenzelwe ukulwa nesifiso sokuvelela, i-” ukuhlukanisa imibuso njengekhambi elidingekile lenkinga yesimo somuntu kuhulumeni. U.S. UMthetho-sisekelo, wagunyaza lemibono ngo-1788, ngokusungula amagatsha amathathu alinganayo aneziphathimandla ezihlukene nezisekelo ezizimele zamandla. Lenguquko yaba yisibonelo semithetho yentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke, kusukela ekuthatheni kwesigaba sezwe senguquko sezwe kuya kuhulumeni wanamuhla we-Australia nase-Latin America.

Ukukhula komlando wokuhlola nokulinganisela akuzange kuphele ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinqubo zashintsha ukuxazulula izinselele ezintsha. Ukukhula kwamaqembu ezombangazwe, ukwanda kwezinhlangano zokuphatha, nokukhula kokwahlulela zonke izingqimba ezenezelwe kuyisisekelo sokuqala. Namuhla, ukuqonda lemisuka kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kungani isimiso sisebenza ngendlela esisebenza ngayo futhi ziqaphele ukuthi singaphansi kwethonya elinzima. Ukuhlola ngokujulile iMontesquieu, hlola le-Stanford Encyclopedia ye-protophysie.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

E-United States, uhulumeni uhlukaniswa ngamagatsha amathathu: i-province, umphathi, nokwahlulela. Igatsha ngalinye linemibuso ehlukene nemithwalo yemfanelo, evumela ukuba lisebenze ngokwalo kuyilapho lisahlanganiswa ngesimiso sokuzinqumela. Lesi sakhiwo se-trartite sihlanganiswa ezihlokweni zokuqala ezintathu zoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ngalinye limisa umthombo ohlukile wegunya ngesisekelo salo esikhethekile noma isisekelo sokumisa.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho, i-Congress, inomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho. Ihlanganisa izitembu ezimbili: Indlu yabameleli neSigele. Indlu, nemithetho yayo yeminyaka emibili nokhetho oluqondile lwabantu, iklanyelwe ukuveza intando ethandwayo. ISishaya-mthetho, eneziphakamiso zeminyaka eyisithupha futhi ekuqaleni imiswe yizishaya-mthetho, yayihloselwe ukulungiselela ukuma futhi imele izithakazelo zikahulumeni. Zombili, zidlulisa izikweletu, zimemezela impi, zilawula ezohwebo, futhi zilawula izimali zikahulumeni. Ingqungquthela futhi iphethe amandla esikhwamashini, okusho ukuthi akukho sinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo esiphethe esingenziwa ngaphandle kokuxhasa izivumelwano.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa nguMongameli, linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho. UMongameli ukhonza njengomphathi-nhloko wamabutho ahlomile, uphethe inkambiso yakwamanye amazwe, umisa izikhulu zikahulumeni nabahluleli, futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni ikhishwa ngokwethembeka. Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa izinhlangano ezinkulu zezinhlangano zezinhlangano zezezomthetho nezinhlangano eziqondisa yonke into kusukela ekulondekeni kwesizwe kuya ekuqondiseni indawo ezungezile. UMongameli futhi uphethe amandla ewalawulayo, i-chezukisi eligxekayo ngokukhomba umthetho.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela, eliholwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni, linomthwalo wemfanelo wokuchaza imithetho nokuhlola ubukho bawo bomthetho-sisekelo. Abahluleli bamaFederal basebenza ukumiswa kobugqila ukuze bayivikele emfutho wezombangazwe, benze izivumelwano zokungakhethi. Ngamandla okuhlola kokwahlulela, asungulwe Marbury v. Madison [1803], izinkantolo zingawisa imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu eziphula uMthetho-sisekelo. Leligunya lenza igebebe umgcini wamalungelo onamandla womthetho ngamunye nemingcele yokwakhiwa kwamandla kahulumeni.

Indlela Osebenza Ngayo Nokulinganisela

Lesimiso sibalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zibonisa intando yabantu. Ukusebenzelana kunamandla, igatsha ngalinye linemishini yokumelana nokungenela nokubambisana.

  • I-Areversential presence: ISishaya-mthetho singahlola futhi sigcine ukuqulwa kwezenzo zobuphathi, amabhukwana nafakazi, futhi sikhiphe izikhulu zikahulumeni kuhlanganise noMongameli. ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli futhi sifaka izivumelwano ezigunyaza ithonya elikhulu phezu kwezisebenzi zegatsha eziphethe kanye nenqubo yakwamanye amazwe.
  • IVEto Power: UMongameli angawumisa umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, afune ukuba izakhiwo ezimbili ezinde kuzo zombili izindawo zithathe isikhundla. Lokhu kuphoqelela ukuba uKhongolo lucabangele uMongameli ’ ukwenqaba futhi wakhe ukuvumelana okukhulu ezindinganisweni zempikiswano. Usongo lweveto iyodwa lungaklama indlela yemithetho yemithetho.
  • Jodicial Review:[ Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ngaphandle kwemithetho, zizenzise zingabe zikhona noma ngabe kusekelwa i-propatiogn. Lamandla adlulela ekubukezeni iziqondiso zezinhlangano, iziyalezo zezikhulu, nezimiso zobuhlanga, ukuqinisekisa zonke izenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana nemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Ukuqinisekisa nokumisa amagunya: uMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni nezikhulu eziphethe, kodwa iSigele kumelwe sibaqinisekise. Leligunya elihlangeneyo livimbela noma yiliphi igatsha ekusebenzeni uhulumeni nabaqotho. Libuye lenze ihlola kwezombangazwe ngemibono yokwahlulela.
  • Amandla okuhlela: Indlu ingazibeka izikhulu zikahulumeni ze “ ubugebengu obukhulu namaphutha, i-” futhi iSigele siqhuba icala. Lenqubo ibeka isikhulu negatsha lokwahlulela icala lokuziphatha okubi okukhulu, njengoba kuboniswe ezimweni eziningi ezingokomlando.
  • amandla entengo:[ ulawula ukuxhasa imali kahulumeni. Akukho hlelo oluphetheyo olungasebenza ngaphandle kwemali efanelekile, lunika iKhongolo-kahulumeni igunya lokusebenzisa isimiso. Lamandla abaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni izinhloso zobumongameli ezinkambini zezobumongameli nezenzo zezempi zakwamanye amazwe.

Lezi zinqubo azisebenzi ngokuzihlukanisa. Zisebenza ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi, zidala isimiso lapho igatsha ngalinye kumelwe lixoxisane futhi liyekelele ukuze lifeze izinjongo zalo. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli u-veto angase aholele uMkhandlu ukuba uvuselele umthetho, kuyilapho usongo lokwahlulela lungavimbela iKhongolo ukuba ikhiphe imithetho enweba imingcele engokomthetho. Umphumela ohlanganisayo uwuhulumeni othatha isinyathelo ngamabomu futhi odinga ukuvumelana okukhulu ukuze kwenziwe okuthile.

Ukubaluleka Kokulinganisela Nokulinganisela

Amasesha nokulinganisela kubaluleke ngezizathu eziningana, kuhlanganise nokuvimbela ubushiqela, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye, nokukhuthazwa kokulandisa phakathi kukahulumeni. Lezinzuzo aziyona into ecatshangelwayo kodwa zinemiphumela eqinisekile yokuthi izakhamuzi zibuswa kanjani nokuthi ukubusa komthetho kugcinwa kanjani.

Ukuvimbela Ukuxhaphaza

Ngokusakaza amandla, alikho igatsha elingabusa elinye. Lokhu kudlondlobala kwakusemqoka kuMsunguli ’ umklamo, owayesaba igunya elikhethekile ngisho nangezindlela zentando yeningi. Uma elinye igatsha liphamba, elinye linamathuluzi okumelana nawokulwa. Lokhu kuvimbela kokwakha kwenza kube nzima nganoma yiliphi iphuzu noma umholi ukuba athathe ukulawula okuphelele, kulondoloze ukubusa kwentando yeningi ngisho naphakathi nezikhathi ezinzima zezombangazwe.

Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo

Izakhamuzi ’ amalungelo ayalondolozwa uma amandla kahulumeni elinganiselwe. Ukubukeza ukwahlulela kuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, inqubo efanelekile, kanye nesivikelo esifanayo ezikhulwini zomthetho noma ezenzweni zokuphatha ezingase ziphazamise. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kudala futhi amathuba amaningi okuthola izakhamuzi ukuba zivimbele izenzo zikahulumeni, kuqinise isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni kumelwe usebenze phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu bangamangalela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngenxa yokwephulwa komthetho-mthetho, futhi izinkantolo zinegunya lokuyala ukuba inqubo yomthetho isetshenziswe.

Ukulandisa nokubona ngale

Igatsha ngalinye kumelwe liphendule kwezinye, likhuthaze ukubonakala nomthwalo wemfanelo. Uphenyo lwemithetho ludalula ukuziphatha okubi kwabaphethe, imibono yokwahlulela ichaza izibopho zikahulumeni zomthetho, nenqubo yokukhetha ibeka wonke amagatsha enecala kubantu. Lenhlangano yokulandisa iqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zingaphansi kwenselele eqashelwa umphakathi futhi engokomthetho. Ngaphandle kokuhlola nokulinganisela, ukulandisa kuyantengantenga njengoba amandla encibilika futhi aqondisa encishiswa.

Ukukhuthaza Inkululeko Nokuhlehla

Ukungezwani okubangelwa ukuhlola nokulinganisela okubangela abenzi bemithetho ukuba bakhe izibopho futhi bafune ukuvumelana. Umthetho kumelwe udlule kuwo womabili amagumbi oMkhandlu, uphumelele ekubekeni inselele kamongameli, futhi umelane nenselele engenzeka kuhulumeni. Lenqubo, nakuba ithatha kancane, iveza izinhlelo ezihlolwa ngokucophelela ezisekela kakhulu. Ivikela futhi izithakazelo zedlanzalo ngokufuna ukuba abantu abambalwa bathathe izinyathelo ezithile, ivimbela iningi ukuba lingashiki ushintsho olunamandla ngaphandle kokuvumelana kakhulu.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ezinxitshisweni Nokulinganisela

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zibonisa ukuphumelela kokuhlola nokulinganisela okusebenzayo. Izenzakalo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa amahlazo eWatergate, ukuphikisa kukaMongameli uBill Clinton, kanye nokuphikisana kwamuva kakhulu ngegunya lobuphathi. Indaba ngayinye ibonisa indlela izimiso zokwakha zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo ngaphansi kokucindezela kwezwe kwangempela kwezombangazwe, okwembula kokubili amandla nobuthakathaka esimisweni.

Ihlanekezelo Lamanzi

Ihlazo lamaWatergate lika-1970 laholela ekuvukeleni okukhulu kwezombangazwe futhi labonisa amandla oMkhandlu wokuhlola igatsha eliphethe. Kusukela lapho isakhiwo se-Democratic Committee siphulwa khona endlunkulu ye-Democratic Committee futhi ngokulandelana kwemizamo yokufihla iWhite House, lelihlazo lavela ngochungechunge lwe-checkss: i-jadiary eyayaliwe ukuba kukhululwe amakhasethi amhlophe House, i-Congress yabamba izindlebe ezicunule, ne House Jadiary Committee Committee ivotation yovota izihloko zokunga ukuvumelana kwemithetho. Ihlazo ekugcineni laphumela ekuholweni kukaMongameli Nixon &sss ngoAugust 1974, iqokomisa ukusebenza kwezekelele ngisho nokugcinwa kwedemokhrasiyuwe ngisho nokubekwa kumongameli ohleliwe. Icala laholela ekuguquleni kuhlanganisa nemithetho embusweni yezimiso ze-Hulumend embulweni yezimiso zezimiso zomthetho.

Ukuhloma KukaBill Clinton

Ukugunyazwa kukaMongameli uBill Clinton ngo-1998 kwakungesinye isenzakalo lapho kwahlolwa khona amasheke nezilinganiso. Ngemva kokumangalelwa ngokukhohlisa nokuvinjelwa kobulungisa okuhlobene nendaba yakhe yangaphandle, iNdlu yabameleli yavota ukuba i-Clinton. ISigele sakhetha ukumkhulula ngemva kokuqulwa. Inqubo yabonisa ukuthi igatsha lemithetho i-’ igunya lokugcina umphathi enecala lokuziphatha okubi, futhi ligcizelela ukubaluleka kobuphathi. Yabonisa futhi inguquko yezombangazwe yokungagunyaziswe, ihlelwe ngombono womphakathi nangezindinganiso zomthetho. I-Clinton ihlala iyiphuzu lokuqonda imingcele nokungagunyazwa kwemithetho.

INkantolo Ephakeme Neziqondiso Zokuqondisa

Izibonelo zanamuhla zamandla okwahlulela okuhlola amandla okwahlulela zihlanganisa izinqumo eziningana zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezishaya noma ezilinganisa iziyalezo zezikhulu. E [FT]lltown Sheep & Tube Co. v. Sayer (1952), iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi uMongameli Truman akakwazi ukusebenzisa izigayo zensimbi phakathi neMpi yeKholethiwe ngaphandle kwemvume yokumiswa kwenkantolo. Muva nje, iNkantolo ibukeze izenzo zesikhulu ekufudukeni kwabantu, esimiso sendawo ezungezile, kanye nokulondeka kwesizwe. Lezi zikhombathi zibonisa ukuthi imingcele yemithetho yezempathi yezomthetho ifuna ukuqashelwa njalo nokulinganiselwa kweziphathimandla zezezikhulu.

Ukuqondisa Okusemqoka Kwemisebenzi Yobuhlakani

Izindaba zeKomiti yeSonto zadalula ukuxhashazwa okusakazekile kwezinhlangano zokuhlakanipha zase-U.S. kuhlanganise nokuqapha okungekho emthethweni, amaqhinga okubulala, nokuhlola kwezindawo. Lokhu kuhlola kwengqungquthela kwaholela ekusungulweni kwe-International Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) ne-Intelligence Oversing Act, ukumisa ukuhlola okusha ngemisebenzi yokuhlakanipha ephethe amagatsha. Icala libonisa ukuthi ukuhlola nezilinganiso akuqinile kodwa kuphendukile ekuphenduleni ukuthulwa kokuxhashazwa, ngenhlangano esungula izindlela ezintsha zokulawula amandla esimiso.

Izinselele Zokubhekana Nezifo Nokulinganisela

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kubhekene nezinselele ezikhona embusweni wanamuhla. Ukubusa kwezombangazwe, ukuphambana kwezikhulu, nokuwohloka kwezindinganiso kungalulaza ukuphumelela kwalesimiso.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Ukuhlukanisa okudlulele kungaholela ekuthatheni i-rock futhi kuvimbeleni ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo. Uma ukwethembeka kweqembu kuqala kunemithwalo yemfanelo engokomthetho, amagatsha angahluleka ukuhlolana. ISishaya-mthetho esilawulwa yiqembu elifanayo noMongameli singaqhuba ukuyekelela, kuyilapho i-Congress elawulwa yisiphikisi ingasebenzisa amandla okuhlola inzuzo kunokulandisa okuqotho. Ukuhlinza futhi kunciphisa ukuzimisela ukuhlehla, okwenza ukuncishiswa kwemigomo ye-exiac kanye nokulinganisela kungasebenzi. Ukwehla kwe-bipartashishishishishishishi, kufakazelwe ososayensi bezombangazwe nge-matriums enjenge-D - NWOUNATE, kubonisa ukuphakama kwemibono phakathi kwamaqembu kusukela ngo-1970.

Ukufinyelela Isikhundla Esingaphezu Kwesibindi

Abameli bangase bazame ukwandisa amandla abo ngaphezu kwemingcele engokomthetho, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokuvikela kwesizwe, imibuso ephuthumayo, nokuphatha. Ukwanda kwegatsha eliphetheyo nokwanda kwemiyalo yezikhulu, umsebenzi womongameli, nezimiso zezinhlangano kuye kwasusa amandla kuKhongolo-mfutho. Ukusetshenziswa kwamazwi okusayinwa, lapho omongameli bememezela khona inhloso yabo yokungaphoqeleli izinhlelo ezithile zemithetho abayisayinayo, futhi bahlola imingcele yomthetho-mthethwe-sisekelo. Izazi ezisezikhungweni ezinjenge-Brennan Center yeJaji ze- Justice ziye zafaka isiqinisekiso sokwanda kwamandla empathi yezikhulu kuwo womabili amaqembu, ziphawula ukuthi ukuthambekela kuye kwanda emashumi eminyaka amuva.

Ukubhidlika Kwemizwa YaseNorms

Imikhuba yakudala esekela izinhlolo nokulinganisela inganganakwa. Izindlela ezinjengokuhlonipha ukukhululeka kokwahlulela, ukubheka i-Congress ngesenzo sezempi, nokugcina inkonzo yezembutho akugunyazwa njalo emthethweni kodwa kulawulwa ukuziphatha kukahulumeni okulawulwa ngokomlando. Uma lemiyalo ikhushulwa, izinhlolo ezingokomthetho zingabonakala zinganele. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho omelene nokudubula abaqondisi be-FBI phakathi nophenyo oluqhubekayo waphulwa ngo-2017, futhi ukucatshangelwa kwe-gebesethi yemithetho enqubweni phakathi nomthetho wesikhathi esinengqondo kwashintshwa ngezinguquko ze-procracy. Ukulungisa lemiqondo kudinga ukunaka okuqhubekayo kokubili abaholi bezombangazwe nomphakathi.

Ukuphatha Imithetho Yokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela, elihloselwe ukuba libe inselele ezimele kakhulu, libhekene nezinselele ezihlobene nokumiswa kwezinqumo. Izimpi zokuqinisekisa ziye zavela ngokuya zilandelana, futhi ama-mine abhekene nokulibala okuthathelwe isikhathi eside nokuqulwa kwempikiswano. Ukuthembela komphakathi eNkantolweni Ephakeme kuye kwehla, ngokuhlola iGallup ebonisa izilinganiso zokuvunyelwa okungaphansi kwe-50% eminyakeni ethile. Ukubheka izinkantolo njengezikhungo zezombangazwe kunokuba abahlaseli abangakhethi kusongela ikhono lazo lokusebenza njengemishini ephumelelayo kwamanye amagatsha. Ukulondoloza ilungelo lokwahlulela kudinga ukuzimela kwenkantolo futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zisekelwe ezingeni ezingaphansi kwezingu-50 ezingaphansi kweminyaka ethile kunezinhlolo zemibono kunezinqumo ze-limu.

Ubunkimbinkimbi Bukahulumeni Obulawulayo

Umbuso wanamuhla, ophethe, onamanxusa amakhulu negunya lawo lokulawula, ubekela inselele ukuhlukaniswa okungokwesiko kwemibuso. Amanxusa abusayo ahlanganisa izishayano zemithetho, izikhulu, nokwahlulela phakathi kwezinhlangano ezizimele, aphakamisa imibuzo ngokulandisa nokuqondisa. Imfundiso engagunyazi, elinganisela i-Congress ’ ikhono lokudlulisela amandla emithetho-mthetho ezinhlanganweni, iye yaphelelwa amandla. Umbuso owelaphayo usebenza ngokuhlakanipha okukhulu, ngokuvamile uvikelekile ekuphenduleni kokhetho oluqondile. Izinqumo zamuva nje, kuhlanganise ne-West Congresssion &squationquation v. [202], uphawu oluvuseluvuselelwe lokuzimisela kokwahlulela ukunqanda amandla ezinhlangano, kodwa ukucindezeleka kuhlala kungenakulungiswa.

Ukulondoloza Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amasheke namazinga ahlala ephumelela, izakhamuzi kumelwe zihlale zithembisene futhi zinolwazi. Ukuhlanganyela ngentshiseko enqubweni yentando yeningi, kuhlanganise nokuvota nokuqasha, kubalulekile ekwenzeni uhulumeni alandise. Ukulondolozwa kukahulumeni womthetho - sisekelo ekugcineni kuxhomeke ezakhamuzini ezizimisele ukuvikela izimiso zezinhlangano futhi zifune ukulandisa kuwo wonke amagatsha.

  • Hlala uphilile: Ukuqonda izindaba zezombangazwe nezenzo zikahulumeni kubaluleke kakhulu. Imithombo yezindaba ethembekile, izinhlangano ezizimele zokuqapha inja, kanye nokufunda okungokomthetho kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukuthi amasheke nezilinganiso zisebenza kahle yini. Imithombo enjenge-Congregational Research Service inikeza ukuhlaziywa kwemibuzo engokomthetho nezimiso.
  • Paricipate in ekhethayo: Ukuvota kuyindlela eyisisekelo yokuthonya uhulumeni nokusekela kwezimpawu zemithetho elandelwa umthetho-mthetho. Ukhetho oluyinhloko, ukhetho phakathi kwezikhathi, nokhetho lwendawo yonke indaba yokunquma ukuthi ubani ophethe amandla nokuthi yiziphi izinto eziza kuqala aziphishekelayo. Izakhamuzi kufanele zihlole abazohlolwa ngokusekelwe ekuhlonipheni kwazo imingcele yezindawo nezimiso zedemokrati.
  • Izimiso zokusekela ukubonakala ngaphaya: ezikhuthaza ukuvuleka kohulumeni nokulandisa, kuhlanganise nokuthola umkhankaso wezezimali, imithetho yezimiso, nenkululeko yokwaziswa. Ukubona gcaba kuvumela ukuqondisa kokubili abadlali bakahulumeni nomphakathi, kukwenze kube nzima nganoma yiliphi igatsha ukuba lisebenzise kabi igunya ngasese.
  • Inhlangano yezentengiselwano ye-Defend Institution: Khuluma ngezenzo ezilulaza amaphutha nokulinganisela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlangene neqembu. Ukusekela ukuthembeka kwenhlangano kuvikela isimiso ekukhukhulekeni kancane kancane. Izinhlangano zomphakathi, izinxulumani ze-bar, nezinhlangano zemfundo zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni izindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Izinhlangano ze-Intependent Institutions:[ Awezindaba akhululekile, ijaji elizimele, nenkonzo yomphakathi eqeqeshiwe kuyizihlobo ezibalulekile ekulondolozeni amashekezo nezingalingani. Ukusekela lezinhlangano ngokuthembisana nangokuvikela ekuhlaseleni kwezombangazwe kusiza ekulondolozeni ukuzimela nokuphumelela kwazo.

Isiphetho

Amasheke nama-aschens ayisisekelo sikahulumeni olungile nonobulungisa. Zivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, zivimbela ubushiqela, futhi zikhuthaza ukulandisa kuwo wonke amagatsha. Njengezakhamuzi, kuwumthwalo wethu ukusekela lezizimiso futhi siqinisekise ukuthi uhulumeni wethu uhlala uthembekile ezimisweni zawo zentando yeningi. Isimiso asikona ukuzibulala; sidinga ukunakekela okuqhubekayo, intando yezombangazwe, kanye nabantu abathembiswe ukusebenza ngendlela ehlosiwe.

Umlando ubonisa ukuthi lapho kugcinwa izinhlolo nezilinganiso, idemokrasi iqinile, amalungelo avikelekile kangcono, futhi uhulumeni usabela kangcono kwabalawulwayo. Lapho ihluleka, ingozi yokuphatha impoqo, inkohlakalo, nokungalungi kwazimiso yanda. Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sifunde izimiso zikahulumeni womthetho-sisekelo futhi sibophe ukuwalondoloza. Ukuqhubeka sifunda umlando nenkolelo-lwazi yokuhlukanisa amandla, [[FLT: 0]] iqoqo lezincwadi eziyisisekelo zezisekelo zezincwadi [ inikeza izinto eziyisisekelo, kuyilapho ikhonhla.[FLT]

Ikusasa lokuhlola nokulinganisela lixhomeke ekutheni izakhamuzi ziyaqaphela yini ukubaluleka kwazo futhi zithathe isinyathelo sokuzivikela. Kulesi sikhathi sokushintsha okusheshayo kwezombangazwe namandla okubusa andayo, izimiso zokubusa okuhlanganyelwayo nokuzibambana kusebalulekile njengasekuqaleni. Ngokuhlala zinolwazi, zihlanganyela ezimisweni zentando yeningi, futhi zibeke wonke amagatsha esibopho sokulandisa, zonke izakhamuzi zinengxenye ekulondolozeni ukulinganisela komthetho ngokomthetho okuvikela inkululeko nobulungisa kubo bonke.