I-United States House of Declarations ivame ukuchazwa njengegumbi lomphakathi oseduze nabantu. Njengoba zonke izihlalo ezingu-435 zibekwe ekukhetheni njalo eminyakeni emibili, iklanyelwe ukuba iphendule kakhulu ekushintsheni umbono womphakathi. Umsebenzi oyinhloko walendikimba enamandla ukubumba imithetho ebusa isizwe. Nakuba umqondo ovamile "ukubeka isimemezelo" ucacile, inqubo yangempela evulwayo esitezini sendlu ibhalwe ngokucophelela, ngokunenzuzo enkulu, futhi icebile ngokwesiko. Ukuqonda ukuthi kwenzekani lapho izimpikiswano zendlu entsha idinga ukususwa kwezingqimba zamakomiti, imithetho, nokuhlelwa kwemithetho ekhothamela ukuthi inqubo ichaza isakhiwo.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala Esibalulekile: Isimiso Sekomiti

Ngaphambi kokuba noma isiphi isikweleti sifike esitezini sendlu ukuze kuxoxwe ngakho, kumelwe siqale sisinde esimisweni sekomiti. Yilapho kulapho iziphakamiso eziningi zemithetho − ngokuvamile zingaphezu kuka-90%()) ukuqeda kwazo ngokuthula. Imali ehlulekayo ukuphuma ekomitini ifile ngokuphumelelayo, inqubo yekomiti eyaziwa ngokuthi "pigeonholing". Isimiso sekomiti siyinqubo yokuhlanganisa iNdlu, futhi iyindlela yokuqala ekhona ngempela yokuhlola ukuphumelela komthetho.

Ukuphindisela Nokulahlwa

Lapho ilungu lenza isikweleti, iSpeaker of the House ibhekisela ekomitini (noma amakomiti) ephethe indaba ehambisana nendaba yalo. Le nombolo ilawulwa ngemithetho eqinile echazwe eMthethweni we House nase-Manual. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wentela ubhekiselwa eKomitini yeGrays ne-Fight, kuyilapho incwadi ephathelene nemisebenzi yezempi ibhekiswa eKomitini yamaNkonzo ehlomile. Isivumelwano esiyinkimbinkimbi esithinta izindawo eziningi singabhekiswa kumakomiti amaningana ngesikhathi esisodwa, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi "umliplea i-areal protal.""

Inqubo Yokuzwa: Ukuqoqa Amaqiniso Nokwakha Umlando

Uma nje amazwe anezikhokhelo esekomitini, umsebenzi wangempela uqala. Ikomiti ivame ukuqulwa. Phakathi nalokhu kuqulwa kwamacala, amalungu ofakazi ababuzwayo, abangahlanganisa onobhala bamakhathe, izinhloko zezemfundo, ochwepheshe bezezimboni, abashicileli bezimboni, nezakhamuzi ezivamile ezithintekayo ngomthetho ohlotshisiwe. Lezi zincwadi zifeza izinjongo eziningana: zifundisa amalungu aleyo mpikiswano, zinikeza ipulatifomu lomphakathi ukuze athole ukuphatha, futhi zakha umbhalo wemithetho ongokomthetho ongase usetshenziswe kamuva ukuze kuvikelwe umthetho enkantolo. Isihlalo sekomiti sisebenzisa amandla aphawulekayo lapha, esinquma ukunikeza ubufakazi, ukuhleleka kwalemibuzo, nokuthi ukulalela kunikezwa yini konke.

Ukuphawuleka: Ukubhala Umbhalo Ongokomthetho

Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yomsebenzi wekomiti i "markpa" isimiso. Lesi isikhathi lapho ikomiti ihlala phansi ngokwezwi nezwi "iphawule" umbhalo wemali. Amalungu abuthana e-dais enkulu endlini yokulalela, futhi isihlalo sinikeza umhlangano ukuyala. Izisebenzi eziningi nezisebenzi ezimbalwa zizakulungiselela uphawu "lwesibhakela" noma "i-superstitute antement," okuyindawo yokuqala yengxoxo.

Phakathi nokubhapathiza, amalungu anganikeza izinguquko kulolu phawu. Lezi zinguquko ziphikiswana futhi zivotelwe yikomiti. Imithetho elawula ukuqongelelwa kwemibhoshongo iqala kancane kunemithetho yaphansi, ivumela ukubambisana okwengeziwe (noma ukulwa, kuye ngenqubo yezombangazwe),. Ilungu lingase linikeze ukulungisa ukushaya ingxenye, ukwenezela ilungiselelo elisha, noma ukushintsha amazinga emali. Inguquko ngayinye iphikisana, ngokuvamile ngaphansi komthetho wemineminenjana emihlanu ofana naphansi, bese lovota. Ngemva kwenguquko yonke ikhishwa, njengoba umthetho ugcwele, njengoba uhlelwa, njengoba kukhishwa. Uma kudlula, umbiko ubekwa ku-"unyuko olugcwele eMnyango. Lombiko ogxekayo uchaza ukuthi ikomiti, futhi uveza izinhloso, futhi uhlanganisa izinhloso zekomiti, izinhloso ezimbalwa. Uma kukhishwa ekuvoteni. Uma kudlula, umbiko ukhona ekuqoqweni kwendlu emnyango ogciniwe.

Isicelo Sokuphoxa: I - chream Bream

Uma ikomiti yenqaba ukwenza isikhwama esisekela kakhulu, iningi lendlu lingase lisiphoqelele phansi lisebenzisa isicelo sokucela "ukuphonsa izicelo". Lokhu kudinga iningi lendlu (218 sayina) ukusayina isicelo sokukhipha isikhala ezandleni zekomiti. Izicelo zokukhipha izicelo zingavamile futhi kunzima ukuzikhipha, ngoba ngokuvamile zibhekwa njengokuphula uhlelo oluvamile nenselele egunyeni lezihlalo zekomiti nobuholi beqembu. Zisetshenziselwa kakhulu kuphela ukukhipha isikhala secala, ibhuthi elisezingeni eliphezulu lapho isihlalo sekomiti sivimbela khona intando yeningi.

Umgcini - khaya: IKomiti Ebusayo Esendlini

Uma isikweleti sisekhona ekomitini yomthetho, asimane sihambele phansi. Kumelwe sidlule kuqala eKomitini yeMiyalo, kusobala ukuthi iyikomiti enamandla kakhulu eMzini. IKomiti yemithetho isebenza njenge "traffic cop" noma "umgcini-mthetho" wesitezi sendlu." Yikomiti ye-'umpemper" engaphandle kwesakhiwo sekomiti evamile, ehlanganisa amalungu ayi 13 (9 kuya kweningi, 4 kwembalwa) athathwa ngesandla yi-Speaker.

Umthetho: Ihlaya Lebhola Liya Esibhakabhakeni

I-Mislive Committee ikhipha "isinqumo" esikwesikweleti esikhulu ngasinye. Lo mthetho uyisinqumo esilula sendlu esimisa izinqumo zengxoxo. Yibhukwana le-procedual ebaluleke kakhulu elilawula ukulwa kwephansi. Umthetho usho ukuthi:

  • Isikhathi sempikiswano ebanzi: Isikhathi esingakanani indlu egcwele izophikisana ngecala ngokwalo. Kulesisikhathi ngokuvamile ihlukaniswa ngokulinganayo phakathi kwamaqembu amaningi nambalwa ukuba ilawulwe ngesihlalo kanye nelungu eliphezulu lekomiti ethintanayo.
  • Inqubo yeSichibiyelo: Lena ingxenye ephikisana kakhulu yomthetho. Umthetho uthi yiziphi izinguquko, uma ikhona, ezinganikelwa phansi. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zemithetho: [
    • Umthetho ovalekile:[[ Akukho mvume yokulungisa. Imithetho kumelwe ibodwe phezulu noma phansi. Imali iphinde isetshenziswe ngokubikwe ngokuyisho.
    • [[Umthetho:0] Imithetho efingqiwe: Izivumelwano ezicacisiwe, ezinyatheliswe ngaphambili ezixhaswe yiningi zivunyelwe.
    • Umthetho osusukiwe:[[FT:1] Uhlu lwezinguquko ezikhethwe kuqala kuphela, ezingase zivunyelwe kuzo zombili izigaba, zivunyelwe. Lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lomthetho omkhulu.
    • [[NTL:0] I-open Traff Imithetho: Noma yiliphi ilungu linganikeza noma yikuphi ukubuyiselwa kwegciwane. Imithetho evulekileyo manje ayivamile futhi igcinelwe izikweletu ezingavumelani.
  • Imithetho yamaphuzu okuhlela: Indlu inemithetho eminingi emelene namalungiselelo asekweletini (umzk., imiyalelo engagunyaziwe, izikhombi, noma umthetho wesibhakathi se-appropriation). Umthetho ngokuvamile ususa lamaphuzu okuhleleka, ngokuphumelelayo uvumela umthetho ukuba uqhubeke ngisho noma uwephula imithetho emisiwe ebekwe endlini.

Impikiswano ngomthetho ngokwawo iyimpikiswano ehlukile, emfushane yehora elicishe libe linye, elawulwa isihlalo seKomiti yeMithetho. Ukudlulisa umthetho kuyi-options uvivinyo oluyinhloko lobunye beqembu elikhulu. Uma umthetho uhluleka, isiphakamiso sesifile okwamanje, futhi kungukunqoba okukhulu kwezombangazwe komphathi woMphini nomphathi weqembu.

Impikiswano EKomitini Yayo Yonke Indawo

Uma umthetho usuthathiwe yindlu, umthetho ungena phansi ukuze kuxoxwe ngempikiswano evamile nangenqubo yokulungisa. Ukuze uqede lokhu, indlu iziguqula ibe indikimba yephalamende eyaziwa ngokuthi "iNdlu yendlu Yonke kuState of the Union" (okuvame ukwaziwa ngokuthi i-"Committee of the Whole"").

Imishini Yempikiswano

IKomiti ye-Whome i-procedal i-procepulal evumela iNdlu ukuba ixoxe nemfuneko ephansi ye-quorrum. Kunokuba ifune amalungu angu-218 ukuba abe khona (ingxenye enkulu yendlu), iKomiti yeWonke idinga amalungu ayikhulu kuphela. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuqhuba ibhizinisi ngokushesha. UShenger ushiya isihlalo futhi umisa ilungu leqembu elikhulu ukuba likhonze njengelungu "Isihlalo seKomiti ye-Whome." i-Mace, uphawu lwegunya lendlu, ishukunyiselwa esikhundleni esiphansi.

Ingxoxo evamile iqala ngaphansi kwemibandela yomthetho. Isikhathi sivame ukubekwa isihlalo nelungu elisezikhundleni eliphethe elibika izindleko. Zinika amanye amalungu isikhathi sokukhuluma noma sokumelana nemali. Lokhu "ukubusa" kusho ukuthi ilungu lingakhuluma kuze kube yihora, nakuba kusetshenziswa, isikhathi sibekwa ngezithuba ku- 5, 10, noma ukwanda kwemizuzu engu-15 yenqubo lapho amalungu enza khona iziphakamiso ezinkulu, edumisa ubuhle bezimali noma ekhubazeni lazo. Ikhamera yeC-SPA ibamba lezinkulumo, ngokuvamile ezibhekiselwa kakhulu eqenjini lesifunda noma emikhankantini ezamuva kunabanye.

Inqubo yeSichibiyelo: I-Floor "Phakeme"

Ngemva kokuphetha impikiswano evamile, iKomiti ye-Whole ihamba iye "enqubweni yokulungisa," ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi "uphawu oluphansi" lapha lapho intengo ishintshwa khona ngempela. Le nqubo iqondiswa ngokusemthethweni nangemithetho yendlu mayelana nokuquleka.

Isihlahla Sesichibiyelo

Indlu isebenza esimisweni esiyinkimbinkimbi esibizwa ngokuthi "isihlahla sokulungisa" lesi isigungu sesigaba sokubusa esingase silungiswe futhi silungiswe ngaluphi uhlelo. Ngokuvamile, ilungu linganikeza "i-degree-degree" umbhalo womthetho onzima. Elinye ilungu lingase linikeze "ukubuyiselwa kwe-sesibili" kulelo-degree rendecreement. IKomiti yevoti ka-Wonke ku-degree amendment, bese kunikwa i-andment yokuqala (njengoba kungenzeka).

Umphathi wepalamende nochwepheshe weqembu banga "gcwalisa isihlahla" ngokunikeza izilungiso ezithile ngokulandelana okuqondile, umholi omkhulu angavimbela zonke ezinye izinguquko ukuba zinikezelwe, avimbele ngokuphumelelayo ikhono ledlanzana lokuguqula isikweleti. Leli ithuluzi elinamandla elisetshenziselwa ukuvikela umkhiqizo wemithetho weqembu.

Umthetho Wesihlanu

Iziphendu zidingidwa ngaphansi komthetho "wezingahlanu. Umxhasi we-memonte uthola imizuzu emihlanu yokuzichaza. Khona - ke, ilungu elimelene nokulungisa lithola imizuzu emihlanu yokukhuluma ngokumelene nalo. Ngemva kwalokho, isikhathi silawulwa isihlalo sekomiti, esingavumela amalungu athathe noma amelane nayo. Le-party-party ingaqhubeka amahora amaningi, ivumele ukunyukela kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezithile zomthetho. Ngemva kwempikiswano nge-amendimement, i-Com Committee of Whole comments, ngokuvamile ngezwi.

Ukulwela Umlando Ogciniwe

Amavoti ezwi ayashesha, kodwa awasitsheli ukuthi ilungu ngalinye livota kanjani. Uma ilungu elilodwa eliyi-fesenti elikhona lifuna ukuba livotelwe, kungathathwa ivoti eqoshiwe. EKomitini kaWonke, amavoti aqoshiwe enziwa ngokusebenzisa isimiso sokuvota ngemishini. Amalungu afaka amakhadi awo okuvota eziteshini zokuvota phansi, futhi imiphumela ibekwa ebhodini elikhulu egumbini. Le nqubo ithatha cishe i15 kuya kumizuzu engu-20. Usongo oluqhubekayo lwevota erekhodiwe igcina amalungu ephansi futhi anyanze ukuba athathe ama-pase.

Impicabadala Yokugcina: Iyaphakama Futhi Iyabika

Ngemva kokuba sekuxoxiwe ngakho konke ukulungisa futhi kwavotelwa, iKomiti ye-Whole "isuka" ivotela ukubuya umbiko wemali endlini yonke ngemifantu eyamukelwayo. USpenger uqala isihlalo, iMace ivuselwa phezulu, futhi indlu iphinde yamiswa.

Umsindo Otholakala Ekudluleni Kokugcina

Indlu ivotela ukwamukela izinguquko ngokuvumelana ne-Committee of the Whole (ngokuvamile yenza "ingxenye" noma ekunyakazeni kanye) futhi idlule ekugcineni kwemali njengoba ilungisiwe. Ukuvota cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi kuyivoti ebhaliwe. Iningi lamalungu akhona navotayo liyadingeka ukuze kudluliswe. Uma ukuvota kuboshelwe, uSithethi angavota ukuphula uthayi, kodwa ngokuvamile, ukuvota kwe-tele kusho ukuthi imvume iphelile.

Ucingo lweQuorum nendima yolimi

Phambi kwevoti yokugcina, ilungu lingafuna ukuba kukhethwe "i-quorum" ukuze liqinisekise ukuthi kukhona i-commonter encincane yamalungu angu-218. U-Speaker udlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlinzeni isiswebhu, esebenza nge-Major Wip ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu aphansi akhona ukuze adlulise imvume. Uma ivoti yokugcina iseduze, uSheaker angabamba ukuvota ngemizuzu emincane noma ngisho namahora ukuba ajikijela izikhali nezingqondo. Nakuba i-electrogen ibekwe ngokwesiko imizuzu engu-15, i-Picher iyakwazi ukuvula isikhathi eside ukuze i-offantals ezidingekayo. La mandla aholela ekubeni impikiswano enkulu eminyakeni yamuva.

Kwenzekani Ngemva Kokudla Kwendlu?

Ukudlula kule House kuwumsebenzi omkhulu, kodwa kuyisahluko esisodwa kuphela sendaba yomthetho.

Ukuvuselelwa NeSigele

Uma isikhwama sesidlula iNdlu, sithi "i-engrosed" — umbhalo ongokomthetho unyatheliswa ngazo zonke izinguquko ezitholweyo. Le ncwajana ethathekile ithunyelwa eNkabeni ngomyalezo ongokomthetho. ISigele sinemithetho yaso ekhethekile (kuhlanganise ne-parester), futhi singadlula isikweleti njenge-is, siyidlulise, noma singasinaki. Uma iSigeqe sidlulisa ushintsho oluhlukile lwesivumelwano, amagumbi amabili kumelwe alungise ukungezwani kwawo.

IKomiti Yengqungquthela

Ukuxazulula ukungafani phakathi kwemisuka yendlu neSigele yesivumelwano, kwakhiwa ikomiti "yesivumelwano". Lena ikomiti yesikhashana eyakhiwe amalungu ambalwa (abizwa "izisebenzi") egumbini ngalinye, emiswe nguSpeaker noMholi weSigele. Abayalelayo bahlangana ngemuva kweminyango ivaliwe ukuze bafake inguquko eyekethiweyo yesivumelwano. Lombiko wengqungqungquthela uthunyelwa emuva kuwo womabili amagumbi ukuze kuvotelwe amavoti angekho ezinye izimvume ezivunyelwe. Isivumelwano esisusa ikomiti yengqungquthela siseduze kakhulu ukuba ibe umthetho.

Isenzo Sobumongameli

Ngemva kokudlulisa amagumbi womabili afanayo, umbiko u-"umqulu" futhi udluliswe kuMongameli. UMongameli unezinsuku eziyishumi (wayidlulisa ngamaSonto) ukuze asayine umthetho, awubuyisele eSivumelwaneni, noma awuyeke ube umthetho ngaphandle kophawu. Uma uMongameli ewugunyaza lomthetho, uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa ngenani elikhulu eliyisithathu eMzini naseSihlalweni.

Iqiniso Lempikiswano Yanamuhla Ngezindlu

Inqubo echazwe lapha "uhlelo olungenamthetho". Ngokwenqubo, i House yanamuhla isebenza ngokuphumelela okukhulu okuqhutshwa umholi weqembu. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho evaliwe nehlelwe ngokuphawulekayo kuye kwanyuka ngokuphawulekayo, kunciphisa ikhono ledlanzana lokunikeza izinguquko. Ubukhulu beningi bunquma ijubane lomthetho; iningi lingadlulisa izikweleti ngokushesha, kuyilapho iningi elincane lidinga ukubhaxabulwa okukhulu nokuxoxisana kuwo wonke amavoti.

Impikiswano eMzini akuyona ingxoxo yezikhulu zezikhulu zesizwe ehloselwe ukuthola iqiniso. Kuwumncintiswano wezomthetho, wokuthatha izikhungo, futhi ngokuvamile wasesiteji wokufuna ukubusa. Iningi lifuna ukudlula kuhlakaniphiso lwalo, idlanzana lifuna ukumisa noma ukuphoqelela amavoti alimazayo ngokwezombangazwe, futhi imithetho yenqubo yephalamende iyizikhali nezihlangu ezisetshenziswa kulempi yansuku zonke. Ukuqonda lenqubo, kusukela ekomitini elalela isimemo sokugcina, kubalulekile ekuqondeni uhulumeni wase-United States.