Ukuqamba kungelinye lamalungelo ayisisekelo kakhulu emphakathini wentando yeningi, okusebenza njengendlela eyinhloko izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngayo ekubuseni nasekulolongeni ikusasa lemiphakathi yazo, izifundazwe, nesizwe. Lapho izakhamuzi ziphonsa amavoti azo, ziqala uchungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezinqubo zikahulumeni ekugcineni olunquma ukuthi imiphi imithetho nezimiso ezimiswayo. Ukuqonda indlela umthetho ohamba ngayo uhulumeni usiza ngayo ukucacisa ithonya elikhulu lezinqumo zokuvota futhi wembule ukuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwamavoti nezimiso ezithinta ukuphila kwabantu kwansuku zonke.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kokuvota nomthetho buhlukahlukene futhi busebenza emazingeni amaningana. Ithonya lezimiso ezithandwayo ezibusayo, ezithi ngemva kwalokho zithonye izinqubo ngoba amaqembu azimisele futhi akwazi ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zezimiso ezithenjisiwe, futhi amaqembu afuna ukukhethwa futhi afune ukukhethwa, okuwenza alandele umbono womphakathi lapho esehhovisi. Lokhu kubangela ukuba abameleli abakhethweyo benze izinqumo zemithetho, futhi amathemba okhetho aphinde athonye indlela labo bamele bamele ngayo lapho besehhovisi.

Isisekelo: Kuyini Ukubekwa Kwemithetho?

Isivumelwano semali siyisiphakamiso somthetho omusha noma ukushintshela kumthetho okhona. Imithetho imelela indlela engokomthetho ohulumeni abakha ngayo, bashintshe, noma baqede imithetho elawula umphakathi. Lezi zihlongozo zingathinta cishe noma isiphi isici sokuphila komphakathi, kusukela ekukhokheleni intela nasekunakekeleni impilo kuya emfundweni, ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile, ekwahluleleni ubugebengu, nasemalungelweni omphakathi.

Noma yiliphi ilungu leSigele – elivela eNdlu yeSigele noma iNdlu yabameleli – elinomqondo womthetho lingakhipha umthetho, futhi lemibono ivela emalungwini oMkhandlu ngokwawo noma ezakhamuzini zansuku zonke nasemaqenjini ombuso. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inqubo yokushaya umthetho ayilawulwa izikhulu ezikhethiwe kuphela; izakhamuzi ezivamile namaqembu ahleliwe zingaveza imiqondo egcina iwumthetho.

Ilungu eliyinhloko le-Congress elisekela leli cala libizwa ngokuthi "i-sponsor," kanye namanye amalungu asekela lesi sigebengu kuthiwa "i-co-sponsors". Inani nezinhlobonhlobo zezombangazwe zezisebenzi ezikanye zingawathonya ngokuphawulekayo amathuba emali empumelelo, njengoba ukusekela okukhulu ngokuvamile kuphawula ukuthi umthetho unikeza amakheli aqapheleke kabanzi.

Inqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka Engqondweni Kuya EMthethweni

Inqubo yokuba umthetho ube yisikweleti futhi ihluke kakhulu kuye ngokwemali, futhi izikweleti eziningi, le nqubo ngeke ilandele ukulandelana kwamasigaba avame ukuqondwa njengenqubo yomthetho. Naphezu kwalokhu kuguquguquka, kunezigaba ezivamile ezidlulayo.

Ukusungulwa Nokuvuselelwa

Amalungu endlu noma iSigele sase-U.S. angase azise izikweleti egumbini lawo ngalinye, futhi lapho esethulweni, umthetho ngokuvamile ubhekiswa ekomitini ephethe indaba yayo. Le-asterral yokuqala ibalulekile ngoba inquma ukuthi yiliphi iqembu labashaya imithetho eliyoba nethuba lokuqala lokuhlola nokuhlela umthetho.

Ikakhulukazi eNdlini, isikweleti singabhekiswa kumakomiti amaningana. Uma umthetho uthinta izindawo eziningi zenqubo − njengemali ehlanganisa intela ne-asecorence() kungadingeka idlule ngamakomiti amaningi, ngalinye lihlole izici ezihlobene negunya lalo. Lokhu kunganweba kakhulu isikhathi esidingekayo sokuqhubekisela phambili isikweleti.

Uma nje isikweleti sesethuliwe, singatholakala eKhongolo.gov, eyiwebhusayithi kahulumeni esemthethweni elawula umthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kukhanya kuvumela izakhamuzi, amaqembu ezokubusa, kanye nemithombo yezindaba ukuba ziqaphele umsebenzi womthetho futhi zihlanganyele nalenqubo.

Ukubukeza Nephawu Lobusha Bekomiti

Isigaba sekomiti silapho umsebenzi omningi wemithetho wenziwa khona. Ngokushesha lapho kuqalwa isikweleti, kubhekiselwa ekomitini, futhi kokubili indlu neSigele kunamakomiti ahlukahlukene akhiwa amalungu oMkhandlu anesithakazelo esikhulu ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene njengezempilo noma zezizwe zonke, futhi uma isimemezelo sisezandleni zekomiti, sihlolwa ngokucophelela futhi amathuba ayo okudlula yiyo wonke uMkhandlu anqunywa.

Ikomiti ingakhetha ngisho nokuba nokulalela ukuze iqonde kangcono incazelo yecala, futhi ukuqulwa kwecala kuvumela imibono yegatsha eliphethe, ochwepheshe, ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi nabasekeli, kanye nabaphikisi bomthetho ozoqoshwa. Lamacala afeza izinjongo eziningi: afundisa amalungu amakomiti ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi, anikeza i-orthom ukuze athole ukwaziswa komphakathi, futhi akha umlando obala ongabhekiswa ezimpikiswaneni zesikhathi esizayo noma emacaleni enkantolo.

Izinhlangano ezingaphansi kwamakomiti zihlelwe futhi ziphinde zihlonyiswe ngesihloko esithile, futhi ngokuvamile, amakomiti abhekisa izikweleti ekomitini engaphansi ukuze atadishe futhi athole ukuzwa kwazo. Lokhu kubukeza okwengeziwe kuvumela ukuba kuhlolwe ngisho nokuningiliziwe kwezici ezithile zomthetho ohlongozwayo.

Lapho ukuqulwa kwamacala nokubukezwa kwekomiti kuqediwe, ikomiti izohlangana "iphawule" isikweleti, futhi yenza izinguquko nezinguquko ngaphambi kokutusa isimemezelo ku "floor". Inqubo yokubhalisa ilapho amalungu ekomiti exoxa khona ngolimi oluqondile lomthetho, ngokuvamile enza izinguquko ezinkulu esihlongozweni sokuqala.

Uma ikomiti ivota ingasifaki umthetho egumbini eligcwele leSishaya-mthetho, isigwebo siyafa, kodwa uma ikomiti ivotela lomthetho, kubikwa phansi. Lo msebenzi wokugcina isango usho ukuthi amakomiti anamandla amakhulu okunquma ukuthi iziphi iziphakamiso ezithathwa yindikimba yemithetho egcwele. Akuzona zonke izikweleti eziye zabekwa eSishaya-mthetho ezivotelweni yiwo wonke amalungu eSishaya-Mkhandlu, futhi izikweletu eziningi zifinyelela nje esigabeni sekomitini.

Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile

Lapho isikweleti sesifikile phansi, kuba nempikiswano eyengeziwe namalungu evoti egcwele yokuvumela noma iziphi izinguquko, futhi isikweletu sidluliswa noma sinqotshwe amalungu avota. Impikiswano yaphansi inikeza wonke amalungu egumbi ithuba lokuxoxa ngezimfanelo nokungavumelani komthetho, isikisela ukulungisa okwengeziwe, futhi ekugcineni inqume ukuthi angawusekela yini.

Ngokuvamile, imithetho nemikhuba yendlu ivumela inani elikhulu ukuba lisebenzise umthetho ngokushesha, kuyilapho imithetho yeSigele nezinqubo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuvumelana nokuhlobana ngesenzo esisheshayo, njengoba kunikeza abahlaziyi abathile amandla aphawulekayo. Lomehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwalamakamu amabili uveza indima yawo ehlukile yomthetho-sisekelo futhi uthinta indlela umthetho ohamba ngayo ngendikimba ngayinye.

Uma isambathiso sidlula ngeningi (218 kuya ku-435), isambathi semali sidlulela eSigeqeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthetho ophumelelayo kumelwe uhehe ukusekela kwamalungu ahlukahlukene kwezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi emagumbini ahlukene kakhulu.

Isinyathelo Sesibili

Lapho indlu noma iSigele sidlulisa isikweleti, kubhekiselwa kwenye indawo, lapho ivame khona ukulandela indlela efanayo phakathi kwamakomiti futhi ekugcineni ifike phansi, futhi leligumbi lingase livumele isikweleti njengoba simukelwe, sisenqabe, sisilishaye noma sisishintshe. Ukubukeza kwegumbi lesibili kunikeza elinye ithuba lokucabangisisa nokulungisa umthetho.

Ukumiswa komthetho ngaso sonke isikhathi kudinga ukuba womabili amakamu avumelane ngezindlela ezifanayo ngaphambi kokuba anikezwe uMongameli. Lemfuneko ye-bimeral iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uthathwa ngokucophelela ezigungwini ezimbili ezihlukene zemithetho ezinezimo ezihlukene kanye nezingaqondani.

ISishaya - mthetho singakha ikomiti yengqungquthela yokuxazulula noma ukuhlanganisa umehluko phakathi kwendlela yesivumelwano sendlu neSigele. Amakomiti eNgqungquthela ahlanganisa amalungu asemagumbini womabili ukuze azwane nenguqulo evumelanayo engamukeleka kuzo zombili izindikimba. Uma izinguqulo zemali zendlu neSigele zinemibono emikhulu futhi noma eminingi, ikomiti yengqungquthela imiswa ngokomthetho ukuze ilungise ukungafani okuphakathi kwezinguqulo ezimbili encwadini eyodwa, futhi uma abanikeli bengakwazi ukufinyelela isivumelwano, umthetho uyafa.

Isenzo Sobumongameli

Ngemva kokuba iziteshi zombili zeSishaya-mthetho zivumele izinqubo ezifanayo zesivumelwano, sithunyelwa kuMongameli ukuze sithathe isinyathelo sokugcina. Uma uMongameli esayina isaziso, siba umthetho, futhi kungaba umthetho uma uMongameli engasayini izinsuku eziyishumi. Lokhu kumiswa okuzenzekelayo ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi kuvimbela uMongameli ukuba abulale umthetho ngokungenzi lutho nje lapho uKhomishane usaqhubeka esiqenjini.

Amandla okushaya umthetho weveto angathinta okuqukethwe yizindleko ezidluliswa yiKhongolose, futhi njengoba kungavamile ukuba umthetho umiswe phezu kweveto kamongameli, iSishaya-mthetho ngokuvamile kumelwe sivumelane nesikhundla sikamongameli ezimisweni ezihlongozwayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isimiso somthetho soMongameli sithonya umthetho ngisho nangaphambi kokuba ufike eOval Office, njengoba abamisi bemithetho ngokuvamile bekhokha izikweletu zezezekhono bebhekene nalokho uMongameli azokuvuma.

Uma umongameli engasayini esikweletini futhi ihlala ingasayinwanga lapho uMkhandlu ungasekho esiqephini, isaziso sizokhishwa ngephutha, futhi lesisenzo sibizwa ngokuthi iveto ephaketheni, futhi ayinakungagconwa yiKhomishane. Lokhu kwenza uMongameli athole enye indlela ekupheleni kwezinhlelo zobuKhomanisi.

Veto Engakunaki

Uma umongameli enqaba (i-vetoes) lomthetho, usengaba umthetho uma izintambo ezimbili-ntathu zeSigele kanye nezingxenye ezimbili-ntathu zendlu khona - ke zivota ngokuvuna lomthetho, kodwa akuvamile kakhulu ukuba i-Congress ibe namavoti okulawula i-presidential demolia. Imfuneko enkulu yokumisa i-veto ishosho ukuthi, ukusekela kwe-bipartan kuyadingeka ukumisa umthetho phezu kokuphikisa kukamongameli.

Indlela Ukuklama Izindlela Okulolonga Ngazo Inqubo Yokushaya Icala

Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlobana kwezindaba kwembula ukuthi kungani umuntu ngamunye evota futhi eshintsha kanjani abe yimiphumelo yemithetho kusebenza ngezindlela eziningi.

Abameleli Abafundisayo Abenza Izinqumo Zomthetho

Indlela eqondile yokuvota ithonya umthetho ngokukhetha abameleli abazokwenza izinqumo zemithetho. Umphumela wokukhetha okungavumelani nezinqumo ezithi zivumelane nomthetho olandelayo ngenxa yokuziphatha kokuvota kwababefuna ukuvota, futhi amavoti angempela athathwa yizishayamthetho angabhekwa njengomkhiqizo owehla uphumele imiphumela engokwesiko (umz., ushintsho lwemithetho, ukuxhasa iprojekthi), futhi ngamavoti abo, abalawuli bafuna ukufinyelela imigomo yabo yokuvota ngokusebenzela ukunikeza izinzuzo nezinkonzo zesifunda noma zemisebenzi yabantu ngabanye esifundeni nakumavoti abathola amavoti abo kukhetho olulandelayo.

Lokhu kudala isimo esinamandla lapho abashaya imithetho kumelwe balinganisele khona izimfuneko zabo zomthetho, ukwethembeka kweqembu, nezobungane. Abameleli abavota ngokuqhubekayo ngokumelene nezithakazelo noma izintando zabo bangazifaki engozini yokuzivotela, kuyilapho labo abasabelayo ezinkathazweni ezihlangene bengase balondoloze izikhundla zabo.

Ukulandisa Nokuziphatha Okufanele

Abamisi-mthetho basebenza ngokubonakala uma kudingeka bangenele ukuvota futhi. Uma bengenakukwazi ngenxa yemingcele ye-method, futhi njengoba izishayamthetho zikahulumeni ngokusobala bekhathalela ukuvotelwa, abavoti bangakwazi ukuthonya inqubo yenqubo ngokudala ukucindezela okukhethwe kakhulu kubenzi bomthetho abafuna ukukhethwa futhi. Lokhu kucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ithemba lokuphinde babhekane nokuvota lithinta kakhulu indlela abashaya imithetho abaziphatha ngayo lapho besehhovisi.

Inqubo yokulandisa iyasebenza ngoba abashaya imithetho balindele ukuthi amavoti abo nezenzo ziyoqondwa kanjani ngabavoti okhethweni besikhathi esizayo. Lokhu kubheka phambili kusho ukuthi ukuvota akunqumeli nje ukuthi ubani ophethe isikhundla. Kubuye kulolo hlobo futhi kulolo lwalabo abaphethe izikhundla kusebenza ngayo kuyo yonke indlela abafuna ngayo.

Ukulawulwa Kweqembu Nokuqondiswa Kwesimiso

Ukuqamba akunqumeli abameleli ngabanye kuphela kodwa futhi ukuthi yimaphi amaqembu alawula igumbi ngalinye lesishaya-mthetho negatsha eliphethe. Ohulumeni abaningi abangakwesobunxele kufanele basebenzise izinqubo eziningi ezisekela inxele, futhi ngokuphambene, futhi yenza umehluko ngempela ukuthi ubani obusayo, futhi ithonya lezimiso elilawulwayo, kamuva elithonya izimiso ngoba amaqembu azimisele futhi ayakwazi ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zezimiso ezithenjisiwe.

Ukulawula isigaba kuthinta ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezifakwayo, ezithola ukuqulwa kwekomiti, ezizenza zingene phansi ukuze kuvotelwe, futhi zisayinwe emthethweni. Iqembu elikhulu egumbini ngalinye elilawula izabelo zekomiti, limisa uhlelo lwezimemezelo zemithetho, futhi linqume ukuthi iziphi iziphakamiso ezithathwa kuqala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukushintshwa kokulawula kweqembu ngenxa yokukhetha kungaguqula isimo somthetho ngendlela ephawulekayo.

Ukuphikisa Nokuphikisa Impikiswano

Ukuvota ngempikiswano kwandisa amathuba okuba kwenziwe kwezimiso ezithandwayo, futhi uma abasekeli besimiso esithandwayo bebheka amaqembu angena kuhulumeni njengokhetha ushintsho lwesimiso bese eshintshela amavoti awo kulawomaqembu, uhulumeni kufanele athole ukusebenziseka okuqondile okungokwesimiso futhi kungabi nazindleko ezivumelanayo futhi, ngakho - ke, kufanele kube nokwenzeka ngokwengeziwe ukuba amukele lesimiso.

Lapho abavoti benza izinqumo ezisekelwe ezindabeni ezithile eziqondile, bathumela izimpawu ezicacile ezikhulwini ezikhethiwe ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezisekelwa umphakathi. Lokhu kuvota okusekelwe kumagazini kubangela izisusa zokusekela izinqumo ezithandwayo nokugwema ezithandwayo, kuqinisa ukuhlobana phakathi kwentando yomphakathi nemiphumelo yemithetho.

Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi Ngokusetshenziswa Kwezikhali

Ezifundazweni eziningi, abavoti bangathonya umthetho ngokuqondile ngezindlela zokuhlela nokuthatha ama-asend, badlulise inqubo yesiko yemithetho. Izifundazwe ezingamashumi amabili nane zivumela ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuhlela ibhola ukuze zakhe imithetho, futhi ngokwehlukana, wonke amazwe kodwa uDelaware uvumela ama-collendium afakelwe ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke.

Ezinye izinyathelo zokuvota ziqhutshwa yizakhamuzi, kuyilapho ezinye zisuka kuhulumeni abafuna ukuba abavoti banqume okuthile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi, izinhlelo zokuvota zinikeza umphakathi isiphetho ezindabeni uhulumeni angafuni ukuthatha isinyathelo ngazo. Lenqubo yedemokrasi eqondile inikeza enye indlela yokushintsha isimiso uma inqubo yemithetho ihluleka ukuxazulula izindaba ezithinta abavoti.

Indima Yombono Womphakathi Ekwakheni Isinqumo Esingokomthetho

Ngaphandle kwezinqubo ezingokomthetho zokhetho nokuvota, umbono womphakathi ufeza indima eqhubekayo ekulolongeni ukuziphatha kwemithetho. Abaqondisi bemithetho baqondisa imizwa yomphakathi ngemikhankaso yokuhlola, ngezingxoxo zezokuxhumana, ngemihlangano yamahholo, nangezindaba, besebenzisa lokhu kwaziswa ukuze baqondise izinqumo zabo emthethweni osele.

Abefundisi bezombangazwe bathonya ngentshiseko umuzwa womphakathi, bakha ubuhlobo obunamandla lapho abashaya izishaya - mthetho besabela futhi bethonya khona umbono womphakathi. Lobu buhlobo obuqondiswe ngokwezigaba bubangela ukuba kube nzima ukumelela intando yeningi kodwa bubonisa iqiniso lokuthi izishaya - mthetho zanamuhla zisebenza kanjani.

Abameli kumelwe balinganisele izinhlobonhlobo, ngezinye izikhathi ukucindezela okungqubuzanayo: izinqubo zabo siqu, ukwethembeka kweqembu, izimfuno zabo, iqoqo lezithakazelo, kanye namathemba abo siqu okukhetha. Isisindo esinikezwa isici ngasinye siyahluka kuye ngokuqondene nendaba, ukulondeka kommisi-mthetho, kanye nobukhulu bombono womphakathi.

Ukungafani Phakathi Kwezinhlelo Zokubusa Nezombuso

Nakuba isakhiwo esiyisisekelo senqubo yomthetho sifana kumazinga kahulumeni nombuso, kunomehluko obalulekile othinta indlela ukuvota okuguqula ngayo imiphumela yezimiso. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zivame ukuba nemithetho ehlukene ngokuphathelene nobude besiqephu, isakhiwo samakomiti, kanye namandla ombusi.

Izishaya - mthetho zaseMelika zengamela izici ezinkulu nezibalulekile zesimiso, kodwa zithola ukunakekela okuncane ngokumangalisayo engxoxweni yesizwe, futhi eziningi zezindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu nezinombango kwezombangazwe zaseMelika zilawulwa ngokuphelele izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuphatha izifo eziwumqedazwe, ukunakekela kwezempilo, imfundo, ukulawula izibhamu, nokukhipha isisu.

Ukuvota kwezwe kungaba nemiphumela esheshayo nebonakalayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke ngoba ohulumeni bamazwe balawula izinqubo eziningi ezithinta izakhamuzi ngokuqondile, kusukela ekutholeni imali yemfundo nasekutholeni ukunakekelwa kwezemfundo ekuhluleleni kobugebengu nezokusikelwa kwendawo. Uhulumeni nokhetho lwendawo kungaba nemiphumela emikhulu kakhulu ekuphileni kwethu kunokhetho lukahulumeni ezindaweni eziningi zezimiso.

Umehluko Phakathi Kwendlu NeSigele

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa izindima nezinqubo ezihlukile zendlu yabameleli neSigele, futhi lokhu kungafani kuthinta indlela umthetho ohamba ngayo egumbini ngalinye. Indlu kuphela engasungula umthetho wenzuzo, futhi iSigele kuphela esiqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano ezivumayo.

Lokhu kuhlukanisa komthetho-sisekelo kusho ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile zomthetho kumelwe ziqale ezindaweni ezithile, zithinte izibalo ezingokomthetho zabamisi-mthetho namaqembu afuna isithakazelo afuna ukuqhubekisela phambili izimiso ezithile. Indima yeSigele ekuqinisekiseni ukumiswa komongameli inikeza ithonya eliyingqayizivele ekumisweni kwemithetho ngokulawula kwayo abaholayo izikhundla eziphethe futhi basebenze ehubeni lezwe.

Imijikelezo ehlukene yezindawo zokhetho zombili ithinta futhi ukuziphatha komthetho. Amalungu endlu abhekana nokukhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili, enze ukucindezela kokhetho okungapheli futhi akwenze ukuba athathe inguquko emphinjeni wesikhashana emphakathini. Izimboni zisebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha, ziwanika amandla amaningi ngenxa yemiphumela esheshayo yokukhetha futhi ziwavumele ukuba athathe imibono emide ngezindaba zenqubo.

Umphumela Wemithetho Nemithetho

Imithetho engokomthetho elawula inqubo yomthetho ithonya kakhulu ukuthi yiziphi izikweletu eziba umthetho nokuthi ukuvota kuyini imiphumela yenqubo. Lemithetho inquma ukuthi kuhlelwe kanjani ukuba kucatshangelwe izikweleti, ukuthi kusingathwa kanjani ukulungisa, nokuthi yimiphi imikhawulo yamavoti edingekayo ukuze idlule.

KuyiSigele, i-finbuster ivumela abambalwa abanama-senester ukuba bavimbele umthetho ngaphandle kokuba ama-senet angu-60 evota ukuba aqede impikiswano. Lemfuneko enkulu kakhulu isho ukuthi umthetho obaluleke kakhulu udinga ukusekela kwe-bipartisan, unika iqembu elincane ithonya eliqinile ezimisweni zemithetho. Ngokuhlukile, indlu ivumela iqembu elikhulu ukuba liqhubekisele phambili umthetho ngokusekela okulula, nakuba lokhu kungashintsha kuye ngemithetho eqondile ethathwayo yemithetho ethile yemithetho ethile ethathwayo.

Izabelo zamakomiti nezikhundla zobuholi zilawulwa iqembu elikhulu egumbini ngalinye, linikeza amandla amakhulu okuhlela uhlelo lwezishaya - mthetho. Izihlalo zamakomiti zinquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezithola ukuthethwa kwecala, yiziphi ofakazi ababizwa ukuba bazifakazele, futhi uma kuhlelwa izikweleti zamakomiti zokuvota. Lamandla okugcina isango asho ukuthi izikweleti eziningi azinakekeli ngokungathi sína, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyini noma zisekelwa umphakathi.

Indima Yezinkolo Zezombangazwe Enqubweni Yomthetho

Amaqembu ezombangazwe anendima eyinhloko ekuhleleni umsebenzi wokushaya umthetho nasekuguquleni ukhetho lube imiphumela yezimiso. Isinyathelo sombuso sihlelwa futhi siqondiswe abaholi beqembu egumbini ngalinye, abaye bakhethwa amalungu e - caucus yabo siqu.

Umholi weqembu ulawula uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho, unqume ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezithola isikhathi esiphansi futhi zihlela amavoti eqembu engokomthetho oyinhloko. Lokhu kubambisana kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni isimiso seqembu esiza kuqala nasekulondolozeni ubunye beqembu, kodwa kungadala ukungezwani lapho izikhundla zeqembu zingqubuzana nezithandwa amalungu alo.

Amandla eqembu lokuyala ayahlukahluka ezimisweni zezombangazwe ezihlukene zezikhathi. Kuleyo-Congress ye-U.S., ukuvota kweqembu kuye kwanda, lapho amalungu eqembu ngalinye evota ndawonye emthetho omkhulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kuthinta indlela ukuvota okushintshela ngayo enkambisweni, njengoba iziphathimandla ezincane zingaqhubeki phambili izihlokwana zeqembu elincane ngaphandle kokusekela okuncane.

Amaqembu Anesithakazelo Nokuzilibazisa

Amaqembu anesithakazelo nabagqugquzeli bamaqembu afuna ukuvelela benza indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokushaya umthetho, basebenzela ukuthonya izikweletu eziqalayo, indlela ezibhalwe ngayo nendlela abashaya umthetho abavota ngayo. La maqembu anikeza ukwaziswa kubamisi - mthetho, agqugquzela ukusekela noma ukuphikiswa komphakathi, futhi aba nesandla emikhankasweni yezombangazwe.

Ithonya lamaqembu anesithakazelo liphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nokumelelwa kwentando yeningi. Uma amaqembu enzalo agcwele inzuzo ekwazi ukufinyelela ngokungenakulinganiswa kuma-prigit, ukuhlobana phakathi kokuvota nemiphumela yenqubo kungaba buthaka. Nokho, amaqembu enzalo futhi afeza imisebenzi ebalulekile, anikeza ubuchwepheshe ezindabeni zenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi amelela izimemezelo ezingase zingabe ziphumeleli.

Amavoter angamelana nethonya lenzalo ngezindlela eziningana: abasekela abavolontiya abenqaba izinhlobo ezithile zeminikelo yomkhankaso, basekele inguquko yezezimali, futhi bahileleke ekusebenziseni izimpande zotshani ukuze babonise ukusekela komphakathi okukhulu ezimisweni ezithile. Ukuphumelela kwalamacebo kuyahlukahluka, kodwa bamelela izindlela zokuthi ukuvota nokubopha inqubo yemithetho kungalolonga inqubo ngaphandle kokukhetha nje abameleli.

Indima kaMongameli ekuqondiseni imithetho

UMongameli unethonya enqubweni yomthetho, futhi uMongameli utusa uhlelo lwemali lwaminyaka yonke lwezinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi uvame ukusikisela umthetho. Lamandla ahlelayo avumela uMongameli ukuba agxilise ukunakekela kobuthakathi obukhethekile futhi akhiphe amakhambi ezimiso ezithile.

Ithonya lomongameli lidlulela ngalé kwemithetho engokomthetho njengeveto. Abameli basebenzisa izinkulumo zomphakathi, ukubonakala kwemithombo yezindaba, kanye nokunxenxa okuqondile kwabashaya umthetho ukuze bakhe ukusekela kwabo okuza kuqala. Iqembu loMongameli livame ukusebenza ukuze lithuthukise uhlelo lwemithetho yezomthetho yezomthetho, kuyilapho iqembu eliphikisayo lingase lifune ukuyivimbela noma ukuveza ezinye izinto ezingekho.

Umbuso kaMongameli uveza impoqo enkulu esenzweni sobuphoqo, njengoba izishayamthetho kumelwe zicabangele ukuthi umthetho ohlongozwayo ungadonsa ukusekela kukamongameli noma, hluleka ukuthi ungafinyelela inani eliyisithathu sobuningi elidingekayo ekunqobeni i-veto. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukukhetha komongameli kunemiphumela ejulile lapho izimiso zingamiswa khona, ngisho nalapho lelo qembu lilawula iSishaya-Mkhandlu ngaphambi nangemva kokhetho.

Ukufezwa Nokuhlakanipha Kwabantu Abasebenza Ebuthweni Lase - Australia

Inqubo yomthetho ayipheli lapho isikweleti sisayinwa emthethweni. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlangano eziphethe kuhilela izinqumo eziningi mayelana nendlela yokuchaza ulimi lwe-state, iziqondiso okufanele zithathwe, nendlela yokuphoqelela umthetho. Lezi zinqumo zokumisa zingalithinta kakhulu ithonya langempela lezwe lomthetho.

Izimo eziphuthumayo zivame ukuba nokuhlakanipha okukhulu ekusebenziseni imithetho, ikakhulukazi uma umthetho uhlanganisa ulimi olubanzi noma oludidayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lo mthetho ofanayo ungasetshenziswa ngokungafani kuye ngokuthi ubani olawula igatsha eliphethe futhi uhole izinhlangano ezihlobene. Ngakho ukuthunywa kokhetho lukamongameli akuthinti nje ukuthi yimiphi imithetho emiswayo emisha kodwa futhi isebenza kanjani imithetho ekhona.

Ukuphathwa kwe-Congression kwamandla ezinhlangano kunikeza enye indlela yokulawula imiphumela yokuvota. Abameli bangabamba ukuthethwa kwecala, imibiko yesicelo, futhi basongele ukunqanda ukuxhaswa kwezimali zezinhlangano ezisebenzisa imithetho ngendlela ephikisana nenjongo yenhlangano. Ukulawula kweqembu elikhulu izihlalo zamakomiti namandla amakhomanisi kwenza lokhu kuqondisa kube ngcono, kuhlanganisa imiphumela yokukhetha eqhubekayo ekufezekeni kwezimiso.

Indima Yokwahlulela Ekwahluleleni

Lapho izinkantolo zikhipha umthetho njengengavumelani nemithetho noma zichaza imithetho ngendlela engalindelekile, ziphumelela ekuhleleni isimiso sokulungisa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izishaya - mthetho zihloseni.

Inkulumo ithinta ikomiti yamajaji ngenqubo yokumiswa. Abameli bahulumeni abamisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, futhi iSigele siqinisekisa lokhu kumiswa kwamagama. Abahluleli abamiswe ngomongameli abahlukene bavame ukuba namafilosofi okwahlulela ahlukene, athinta indlela abachaza ngayo umthetho noMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuvota kunezimiphumela ezithatha isikhathi eside ezimisweni ngokhetho lwezigebengu, njengoba abahluleli besebenza ukuphila kwabo konke.

Ukuxhumana phakathi komthetho nokubukezwa kokwahlulela kwakha amandla ayinkimbinkimbi lapho izishaya - mthetho kumelwe zibheke phambili khona ukuthi izinkantolo zingakuchaza noma zikuphikele ukumiswa kwazo. Lokhu kulindela kungathinta indlela izindleko ezibhalwa ngayo nokuthi yiziphi izinqubo eziphishekelwayo, kwenezela okunye ukuhlobana phakathi kwemiphumela yokuvota nezimiso.

Izinselele Zokumelela Intando Yeningi

Nakuba inqubo yomthetho iklanyelwe ukuguqula ukuvota kube yimiphumela yenqubo, izici eziningi zinganciphisa ukuhlobana. I-Gerrymandering, lapho imingcele yesifunda sokulawula i-propati ye-gconcial idonselwa khona ekusekeleni isigaba esisodwa, ingavumela iqembu ukuba lilondoloze ukulawula kwemithetho ngisho nalapho lithola amavoti ambalwa kakhulu. Lokhu kuguqulwa komfanekiso kuthinta izinhlelo ezimiswayo futhi kunganciphisa ukusabela kwemithetho embonweni womphakathi wonke.

Ukucindezelwa kwevoter kanye nemingcele yokuhlanganyela ekuvotelweni nakho kuthinta indlela inqubo yokuhlela ebonisa ngayo ukuthandwa umphakathi. Uma amaqembu athile ebhekene nezithiyo zokuvota /na ngemithetho ye-ID evimbelayo, izindawo zokuvota ezilinganiselwe, noma ezinye izithiyo ezilinganiselwe .) Ukukhetha kwawo okusemthethweni kungamelelwa emiphumeleni yemithetho.

Ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe liphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi izishayamthetho ziyasabela yini kakhulu kubanikeli abacebile kunabavoti abavamile. Imithetho yezezimali yenkampano izama ukusingatha lezizinkathazo, kodwa ukuphumelela kwalezimiso kusekhona. Abaqondisi bangasabela kulezinselele ngokusekela inguquko yezezimali yezezimali, basekele abanqaba izinhlobo ezithile zeminikelo, futhi bahlanganyele ezikhungweni zotshani ezihlela ukubonakalisa ukusekela okukhulu komphakathi emikhankasweni ethile.

Isivumelwano Esingaphezu Komsebenzi

Nakuba ukuvota kuyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, ezinye izinhlobo zokuthembisana uhulumeni zithonya nenqubo yomphakathi. Ukuxhumana nabameleli abakhethiwe, ukufakazela ekuqulweni kwecala, ukuhlanganyela ezinkathini zokukhulumela imithetho ehlongozwayo, nokuhlanganyela ekuvukeleni ngokuthula konke kunikeza izakhamuzi izindlela zokuthonya isimiso phakathi nokhetho.

Lezi zindlela zokuthembisana zingaba ezibaluleke ngokukhethekile ekuthonyeni imininingwane yomthetho nokusetshenziswa kwawo.

Amaqembu ahleliwe akhuthaza amazwi ngamanye ngokuhlela ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi nokunikeza ukwaziswa ngentuthuko yemithetho. Ngokujoyina noma ukusekela lawo maqembu, abavoti bangathuthukisa ithonya labo ngaphandle kwebhokisi levoti futhi balondoloze ukucindezela kwabashaya umthetho ukuba baxazulule izindaba ezithile.

Ukubaluleka Kokunikeza Abanye Ulwazi

Ukuze ukuvota kuguqulele ngokuphumelelayo emiphumeleni yezimiso efiselekayo, abavoti badinga ukwaziswa ngezikhundla zabazohlolwa, amarekhodi emithetho, nemiphumela engase ibe khona yokukhetha okuhlukile kwezimiso. Lokhu kwakha indima ebalulekile emithonjeni yezindaba, emfundweni yomphakathi, nasengxoxweni yezombangazwe ekusekeleni ukubusa kwentando yeningi.

Abavoli babhekana nezinselele ekutholeni nasekulungiseni ukwaziswa okudingekayo ukuze benze izinqumo eziwulwazi. Ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwezindaba eziningi zesimiso, umthamo wokwaziswa okukhona, kanye nokusakazeka kokwaziswa okunganembile konke kwenza umsebenzi wokuvota ngolwazi. Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, abavoti abachitha isikhathi ezingxabanweni zokuqonda futhi izikhundla zabazofuna ukuvota bangcono ukuba basebenzise amavoti abo ukuze bathuthukise inqubo yabo ethandwayo.

Abaqondisi bamavoti, abavoti, abavoti, izinhlangano ezihlola iqiniso, nezinhlelo zemfundo zomphakathi konke kusekela ukuvota okunolwazi ngokunikeza ukwaziswa okufinyelekayo nokunokwethenjelwa mayelana nabazohlolwa. Ukuhlanganyela kulemithombo kusiza abavoti ukuba baqonde ukuthi ukukhetha kwabo kuyoyithinta kanjani inqubo yomthetho nezimiso.

Imiphumela Emide Yezimemezelo Zokuqamba Eqeleni

Imiphumela yokuvota emthetho idlulela ngalé kwemiphumela esheshayo yokhetho. Ukumiswa kokwahlulela, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, kunemiphumela ehlala amashumi eminyaka. Izimiso ezimiswe kwesinye isiqephu zingahlela izimpikiswano zezimiso zesikhathi esizayo futhi zinqande ukumiswa kwemithetho. Imifelandawo yezombangazwe eyakhelwe ezimpikiswaneni ezithile ingaqhubeka ibhekene nemijikelezo eminingi yokukhetha, ethinta izimiso eziphila.

Ukuncoma kuthinta futhi amasiko ezombangazwe nezimiso ezibumba ukuziphatha kwemithetho. Uma abavoti bevuza njalo izinhlobo ezithile zokuziphatha − njengokubambisana kwe-bipartisan noma ukunamathela ezithembisweni zomkhankaso — bakha izisusa zokuba abashicileli bemithetho bahlanganyele kulezo zenzo. Ngokuphambene, uma abavoti bebekezelela noma bevuza ukuziphatha okunezinkinga, bavumela ukuqhubekela phambili.

Umphumela oqhubekayo wokhetho oluningi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uthonya indlela yonke yesimiso kanye nohlobo lwezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Nakuba amavoti ngamanye engase abonakale enethonya elilinganiselwe, ithonya elikhudlwana lezigidi zamavoti phakathi nokhetho oluningi linquma isimo esiyisisekelo sokubusa nesimiso.

Isiphetho: Ukuxhumana Okubalulekile Phakathi Komthetho Nomthetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kokuvota nomthetho buyinkimbinkimbi, busebenza ngezindlela eziningi futhi bulawulwa amathonya ahlukahlukene. Ukuvota kunquma ukuthi ubani ophethe ihhovisi, yiliphi elilawula igumbi ngalinye negatsha eliphethe, futhi kudala izinqubo zokulandisa ezithonya indlela abashaya imithetho abaziphatha ngayo kuyo yonke imibandela yabo. Lemiphumela ihlanganisa ukuguqula ukuvota kube yimiphumela yezimiso, nakuba ukuxhumana kumelelwa yimithetho yemithetho, amaqembu anamandla, umsebenzi wesithakazelo, nezinye izici.

Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlobana kwembula ukuthi kungani izindaba zokuvota nendlela izakhamuzi ezingayithonya ngayo imithetho ebusa umphakathi. Nakuba kungekho noyedwa onqumayo ukuthi kuyoba nemiphumela enqubweni, umphumela oweqisayo wokuvota ulolonga inqubo yomthetho ngezindlela ezijulile. Ngokuhlanganyela okhethweni, ngokuhlala waziswe ngentuthuko yomthetho, nangokuhlanganyela kwezinye izindlela zokuhlanganyela komphakathi, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi inqubo yokushaya umthetho iveza izindinganiso zazo futhi ixazulule izinkathazo zazo.

Inqubo yokushaya umthetho iklanyelwe ukuba ingabi nalukululeki, idinga izigaba eziningi zokubukeza nokuvunyelwa ngaphambi kokuba iziphakamiso zibe umthetho. Lokhu kuhlola kufeza izinjongo ezibalulekile, kuhlanganise nokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uthathwa ngokucophelela, uvikela amalungelo amancane, futhi uvimbela izinqumo ezisheshayo. Nokho, kusho futhi ukuthi ukuguqula ukuvota kushintshela ezimisweni kudinga isineke nokuthembisana ngokuqhubekayo.

Kulabo abafuna ukuthonya umthetho, ukuvota kubalulekile kodwa akwanele. Ukuthembisana okuphumelelayo kwezakhamuzi kudinga ukuqonda indlela inqubo yomthetho esebenza ngayo, ukuhlala benolwazi ngomthetho osele umisiwe, ukuxhumana nabameleli abakhethiwe, nokusekela izinhlangano ezisekela izimiso ezifiselekayo. Ngokuhlanganisa ukuvota nezinye izinhlobo zezivumelwano, izakhamuzi zingandisa ithonya lazo emithethweni ebumba umphakathi.

Inqubo yentando yeningi ixhomeke ekuthatheni isinyathelo ngokuzikhandla, ekutholeni ulwazi lwezakhamuzi. Lapho abavoti beqonda indlela umthetho ohamba ngayo ngohulumeni nendlela amavoti abo ayithonya ngayo lenqubo, bahlonyiselwe kangcono ukusebenzisa amalungelo abo entando yeningi ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu kuqonda akusekeli nje ukugunyazwa komuntu ngamunye kodwa futhi impilo yezinhlangano zentando yeningi kanye nezinga lokubusa.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngenqubo yomthetho nendlela yokusebenza ngayo, vakashela i-Conrer.gov ukuze uthole ukwaziswa mayelana nomthetho kahulumeni, noma ukuhlolwa kwemithombo enjenge Vala I-Opt Foundation[ enikeza imfundo yomphakathi. Ngokuhlala ufundile futhi uthembise, isakhamuzi ngasinye singafeza indima enenjongo ekulolongeni imithetho ebusa umphakathi wethu.