Isingeniso

Lapho kuqalwa icala lomphakathi, kokubili izinhlangothi nenkantolo kulindele ukuthi abahluleli bayokhipha isinqumo ngamabomu futhi baphindisele esinye ngenye indlela. Kodwa amajaji akhiwa abantu abanemibono engafani, futhi ngezinye izikhathi lokho kungafani akunakwenzeka ukubuyisana. Umphumela uba i-avhol jaji ewubul'umthetho iÔ isimo lapho abagcini bengenakufinyelela khona esindinganisweni esingokomthetho esidingekayo. Kunoma ubani ofunda isimiso somthetho noma ohilelekile ekulingeni, ukuqonda okwenzeka ngemva kwejaji elile lika-jaji ekuqulweni komphakathi kubalulekile. Lesi sihloko sihlola abamele ukuhlelwa komthetho, ukukhethwa okukhona ezinhlangothini, nokuqala kabusha kwendaba engafanele ngemva kokuqulwa.

Ijaji elilengisiwe linemiphumela emikhulu kokubili abamangalelwa nabamangalelwa. Aliyixazululi lempikiswano, futhi aliyilweli nhlangothi zombili. Kunalokho, lishiya impikiswano imile, liphoqelela abameleli ukuba banqume ukuthi bazosebenzisa isikhathi nemali eyengeziwe ekuqulweni okusha noma bafune ezinye izinqumo. Ekupheleni kwalesi sihloko, uyoba nombono ocacile wokuthi inqubo engokomthetho isingatha kanjani ijaji lomphakathi elilahliwe futhi iziphi izingqiniso ezizosetshenziswa.

Iyini Inqaba Ekuqulweni Kwamacala Omphakathi?

Ijaji elilengiwe, elaziwa nangokuthi liyijaji elinqunyiweyo, liqala lapho abahluleli benkantolo yecala lomphakathi bengenakufinyelela isinqumo esihlangabezana nomnyango odingekayo. Emacaleni ezwe, iFederal Procedure [ ifuna isinqumo esihlangene ngaphandle kokuba amaqembu avumelana ngenye indlela. Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni, nakuba, zivumela izinqumo ngecala iMithelo] noma [[FLT:] u-FLT] u-jmar-or [[FLT] [iffoct:] uma i-inter [ist:5] uma ishologo.[#2]; isibonelo, esihlanu kweyisithupha kweziyisithupha, noma kwengu-6, kweyishumi nambili ebonke, i-ishumi elinesishiya, i-ehlulelo, ize ngisho nenani elidiyo, i-osekudingeka.

Ngokungafani namacala obugebengu lapho ijaji elilengisiwe lishiya ummangalelwa engaboshelwanga noma akhululwe (ukuvumela inkantolo ngaphandle kwezindaba eziyingozi ezimbili), amacala omphakathi awahileli isivikelo somthetho-mthetho esimbaxambili. Ngakho, imiphumela yejaji elilengayo ixhomeke ekutheni ikhona futhi ingokwezomnotho. Icala aliphenduli, futhi i-pecttiff ̱ ukumangalela akuvinjelwa yinoma isiphi isahlulelo sangaphambili.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kwesigebengu Nezigebengu Zangaphakathi

  • Isigaba sokunqanda: izigebengu zobugebengu kumelwe zihlangane ezimisweni eminingi; izigijimi zomphakathi zinganquma ngeningi.
  • Icala elikabili: Icala ngemva kokuba ijaji elilengisiwe livunyelwe; akukho zingozi eziphindwe kabili emacaleni omphakathi.
  • I-Bride yobufakazi:[ Amacala omphakathi adinga ukucatshangelwa kobufakazi, ngezinye izikhathi obungenza ukukholisa kwabasizi bejaji kube okucashile.
  • Izenzo:[ Imicimbi yomphakathi elengayo ihlanganisa imali noma ukukhululeka, hhayi inkululeko, ngakho imiphumela engokomzwelo nengokwesiko iyahluka.

Indlela I - hong Esetshenziswa Ngayo

Inqubo eholela eqenjini labasizi bejaji elilengiswe eqenjini iqala ngemva kokuba inkantolo iyale abahluleli ngomthetho futhi ibathumele emacaleni ngamabomu. Ukukhipha isigwebo kungathatha amahora noma izinsuku, kuye ngokuthi leli cala liyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani. Umahluleli uvame ukuyala abahluleli ukuba bazame ukufinyelela isinqumo, kodwa akudingeki ukuba bahlehlise izinkolelo zabo eziqotho.

Lapho abahluleli bebika ukuthi abahluleli abakwazi ukufinyelela isinqumo, umahluleli angathatha izinyathelo eziningana ngaphambi kokumemezela icala elingalungile. Ithuluzi elivamile yi- Allen accel [ (ebizwa futhi ngokuthi i-dynamite command noma iziqondiso zokwenezela), elinxusa abajaji ukuba baphinde bahlole izikhundla zabo futhi bazame ukufinyelela isahlulelo. Icala lika-Allen lisetshenziswa kokubili ukuqulwa kwecala lezelele, kodwa ukusebenza kwalo ezinkantolo zomphakathi kungahluka-hluka. Uma ijaji lihlala lifile ngemva kokwamukela iziyalezo ezinjalo, uma ijaji liyosho ikomiti cishe isho ukuthi ayiqondisile kahle.

Ukuphulwa Kwekhanda Elifile Ngokwahlulela

Abahluleli banokukhetha okuningana lapho bebhekene nejaji eliboshwe ngecala:

  • hlela ngokuqhubekayo ukucabangisisa: Umahluleli angacela amajaji ukuba abuyele egumbini lokuhloma futhi aqhubeke exoxa ngobufakazi.
  • nikeza iziyalezo zokuthasiselwa: Umahluleli angacacisa umthetho, ukukhetha, noma imiphumela yejaji elilengiswe.
  • Bambi bacela uma isikhathi esengeziwe singasiza: Abanye abahluleli bavumela amajaji ukuba amise isikhathi esimisiwe sokufinyelela isinqumo.
  • Ijaji: Umahluleli angabuza ijaji ngalinye ngasese ukuthi ukucabangisisa okwengeziwe kungaba nokukhiqiza yini.

Uma ingekho kuleyomizamo ephula i-offoll, ijaji lizoyimemezela ngokomthetho icala elingalungile futhi liphumele emajajini. ukukhululwa kuyiphuzu elibucayi: kusukela kulowomzuzu, icala liphinde libuyele esimweni salo sangaphambi kwenqubo, lithathe isikhathi nengcebo eseyichithiwe kakade.

Imiphumela Engokomthetho Yejaji Eliyi - Hungry: Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Okunganembile

Uma ijaji lingenakukwazi ukufinyelela isinqumo enkantolo yomphakathi, ijaji limemezela inkantolo ngenxa yejaji elilengiswe. Ukuqulwa kwecala kusho ukuthi icala liphelile ngaphandle kokwahlulela kokugcina ngalokhu. Ngokomthetho, icala lifana njengokungathi icala alizange livele livele. Amaqembu abuyiselwa ezikhundleni aye abekwe kuzo ngaphambi kokuba icala liqale, futhi akukho ziphetho eziqotho noma ezingokomthetho eziwabophayo.

Icala elingalungile aliyichazi [[FLT: 0] futhi ummangalelwa angaqala i-jucata (i-canamistpreclusion) noma i-estoppel (inquisio yecala). Lokho kusho ukuthi i-patrantiff ingayibuyisela icala elifanayo noma ifune icala elisha, futhi ummangalelwa angaphakamisa izivikelo ezifanayo. Imiphumela kuphela esebenzayo: izindleko zovivinyo lokuqala zilahlekile, futhi amaqembu kumelwe aqale.

Izicelo Ze - Plaintiff

Kumuntu osohlwini, abahluleli abalengiwe ngokuvamile basuke bethikamekile. Basebenzise isikhathi, imali, namandla angokomzwelo ukuze banikeze icala labo, kodwa bangabe besanquma. Ngemva kokuqulwa ngephutha, umlindi kumelwe anqume ukuthi:

  • Icela ukwahlulela futhi [ ngokuhlela ukunyakaza nenkantolo, ngokuvamile phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe (umz., izinsuku ezingu-30).
  • [ Icala [ ngokuzithandela, okungase kube nobandlululo noma ngaphandle kobandlululo kuye ngemithetho yesiteji nenkantolo.
  • Isakhiwo se- nommangalelwa, usebenzisa imiphumela yokuqulwa kwecala (noma ukuntuleka kwalo) njengengcina.
  • [ Appal? phawula: Akukho kwahlulela kokugcina okungathandeka uma kuvela amaphutha. Okuwukuphela kwesicelo esingaba khona uma umahluleli enza iphutha ekumemezeleni amaphutha, okuyivelakancane.

I - cattoff ’ isinqumo sixhomeke ekuqineni kobufakazi bayo, emalini etholakalayo, nasethubeni lokufinyelela isinqumo esihle ekuqulweni kwesibili.

Izimfuno Zomlweli

Ummangalelwa ecaleni lomphakathi akakhululwa yijaji elilengiswe ephahlweni. Bahlala bechayeke ngokugcwele ekumangalelweni okufanayo. Ngemva kokumangalelwa ngecala elibi, ummangalelwa kumelwe anqume ukuthi:

  • [[UMTL:0] I-Defend futhi[ enkantolo futhi, okusho ukuphindaphinda yonke inqubo yokuzinza.
  • Ukufuna indawo [ ukugwema izindleko nokungaqiniseki kolunye uvivinyo.
  • Icebo lokuxosha icala [ ngezizathu ze-procedtura uma kungenzeka (umz., umthetho wemigoqo yezinkinga noma ezinye izikhuseli zokuvuma okungenzeka ukuthi ziphakanyiswe ngaphambili).

Kubamangalelwa, ijaji elilengiswe lingabhekwa njengokunqoba okuncane, ikakhulukazi uma icala lalibuthakathaka noma i - caltiff ̱ ubufakazi babungakholeki. Nokho, alizuzi; limane nje libuye libuye livuselele ibhodi.

Kwenzekani Ngokulandelayo?

Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala elingalungile, inkantolo ihlela ingqungquthela yesikhundla. Kulelocala, umahluleli umisa usuku olusha lokuqulwa kwecala noma abuze izigaba ukuthi zihlose ukuthatha isikhathi esingakanani. I-epixel yokuqulwa kabusha ingahlukahluka kakhulu: ezinye izinkantolo zihlela izinsuku phakathi nezinyanga, kuyilapho ukubekwa kwemininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi kungathatha unyaka noma ngaphezulu.

Isinyathelo esiyinhloko se-procedural singesobuphindu (ngokuvamile i-paltiff) ukuze ibhalise imvume yokulungisa icala lokuqulwa kwecala. Inkantolo izonikeza ukunyakaza ngaphandle kokuba kunesiqobo esingokomthetho, njengesivumelwano senhlawulo noma ukuxoshwa kwecala.

Izici Ezibangela Isinqumo Sokuphinde Siphinde Sisebenze

Akuwona wonke amajaji alengayo aholela enkantolo ephinde yaqulwa.

  • Ubufakazi: Uma i-pacttiff ̱ ibuthakathaka, bangase bangabethemba umphumela wesibili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma abahluleli bethambekele kakhulu endleleni eyodwa (umz., 9-3 ku-pecttiff kodwa hhayi ngokwanele iningi elifunekayo), i-peactff ingakhuthazwa ukuba izame futhi.
  • Ikhambi lomphakathi liyabiza. Ofakazi abakhokhelwayo, izimali, nenkokhelo yommeli zenezela. Abathathi bangase baphethe ngokuthi ukululama okungase kwenzeke akukuthetheleli okunye ukuqulwa kwecala.
  • Isikhathi: I-Litigation ingaqhubekeka iminyaka eminingi. Ukuhlolwa futhi kusho ezinye izinyanga ezimbalwa noma ngaphezulu, ezingase zingamukeleki emicimbini efuna ukuvalwa.
  • [ I-"i-omory Toll:[[FT:1] Ukucindezeleka kovivinyo akuyona into engathiya.] Abanye abantu, ikakhulukazi abantu ngabanye, banganquma ukuhlala ukuze baqhubeke.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Impikiswano: amadokisi asedokisini angabambezela ukuqulwa futhi. Inkathi yokulinda ingaphoqelela amaqembu ukuba angene eqenjini.

Izindawo Zokuhlala Ezingavikelekile Ngemva Kweholidi

Ijaji elilengiswe livame ukwenza ifasitela lokuhlalisana. Zombili izinhlangothi manje ziye zabona ubufakazi obunikezwa embusweni wezehluleli, futhi zinomqondo wejaji i-’ ukuthambekela (ngezingxoxo zangemva kwejaji noma imvume ekhululekile evela kumajaji). Lokhu kwaziswa okusha kungavala igebe phakathi kwezikhundla zezindawo zokuhlala. Amacala amaningi aphumela ekubeni ijaji elilengiswe ekugcineni lihlale phambi kokuba icala lesibili liqale.

Umlamuleli ongathathi hlangothi angasiza amaqembu ukuba ahlaziye icala ngokunengqondo futhi ahlole ukuvumelana ngaphandle kokubeka engozini omunye umsizi wejaji olengiswe noma isinqumo esibuhlungu.

Amasu Okugwema Impicabadala

Ama-athorney nhlangothi zombili anezisusa zokugwema i-avareji elendiwe. I-oflock ngokuvamile ayithandeki ngoba ishiya umphumela ungaqinisekile futhi iphoqelela ukuba amalungu abuyele emuva ku-skwele. Ku-pallant, i-coffanter ivame ukulahlekelwa ngenxa yokuthi abamangalelwa abahluleka ukukhokhisa isahlulelo. Kubamangalelwa, ijaji elilengisweyo lingaba ngcono kunejaji elilahliwe i-̱ isinqumo, kodwa sibi kakhulu kunesinqumo sokuvikela ngoba icala liyaqhubeka.

Nakhu amanye amasu asetshenziswa abameli ukunciphisa ingozi yokuba ijaji elilengiswe ecaleni lomphakathi:

  • Ukukhetha Okumangalisayo: Phakathi nosizi, abameli bangabona futhi basuse abangase babe abajaji ababonakala bengenakuvumelana noma bengafuni ukuyekethisa. Ukukhetha abajaji abangasebenzisa icebo futhi balandele umthetho kunciphisa ithuba lokufa.
  • Ukucacisa nokuhlanganisa iMiboniso: Ukufaka ubufakazi noma izimpikiswano ezididayo kufaka ukungavumelani phakathi kwejaji. Indaba ehlelwe kahle ngenkolelo-mbono ecacile yenza kube lula ngabajaji ukuba bafinyelele ukuvumelana.
  • [ Intshukumo-yobugqila:[ Ukuhamba e-limine ukukhipha ubufakazi bokukhetha noma obungabalulekile kungavimbela iziphazamiso ezingadala ukwahlukana phakathi kwabasizi.
  • Imiyalo: Ukucela iziyalezo eziqondile eziqondisa amajaji ukuthi angabuhlola kanjani ubufakazi noma asebenzise umthetho kungawasiza ukuba ahlale elandelana. Kwezinye izifunda-zwe, abameli bangacela iziyalezo ezikhumbuza abagcini-jaji ngomsebenzi wabo ukuze bazame ukufinyelela isinqumo.
  • Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela Ezikhethekile: Ifomu lesinqumo esikhethekile licela abahluleli ukuba baphendule imibuzo ethile eyiqiniso kunokuba baphendule isinqumo esivamile. Lendlela ehlelwe kahle ngezinye izikhathi ingasiza abasizi ukuba bathole isisekelo esifanayo ezindabeni ngazinye ngisho noma bengavumelani ngomphumela wonke.

Naphezu kwalamacebo, amanye amacala asondelene ngempela noma ahilela izinkolelo eziqinile zejaji ezingenakuvinjelwa.

Ukuhlakanipha Nokwaziswa Okungokomthetho

Ukuqonda uhlelo olungokomthetho olungemva kwejaji elilengiswe kudinga ukubheka imithetho elawula ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi. Icala likahulumeni, igunya elifanele yile . Umthetho u-Federal Guide of Civil Procedure 48, okhuluma ngenani lejaji nemfuneko yesinqumo. Umthetho uthi ngaphandle kokuba amaqembu asho okuhlukile, isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane futhi sibuyiselwe yijaji lamalungu okungenani ayisithupha. Uma ijaji lingayi ngokomthetho, inkantolo ingamemezela ukuqulwa okungafaneleki.

Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni zinemithetho yazo siqu. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia ivumela izinqumo ezintathu kwezine emacaleni omphakathi (9 kwayishumi nanye), kanti iNew York idinga izibopho ezinhlanu ezithatha isinyathelo somphakathi (10). iMelikan Bar Association inikeza ukucaciswa okuwusizo kwemiyalo yamajaji. ikhipha i-ABA̱ isekela imithombo yemfundo yomphakathi enkantolo yomphakathi esemthethweni.

Omunye umthombo onegunya yi- Cornell Legin Information Institute, echaza umqondo wokuhlelwa kwemithetho engalungile ngokuningiliziwe. Ungafunda incazelo yabo e- LII's Mistrist [[. Imithetho yesifunda, i-National Center ye-State Courts[ iqoqa izimfuneko zesinqumo somthetho. imicimbi yokucwaninga kwezehlulelo lwejaji ikhasi ngezibalo nangemikhuba engcono kakhulu.

Okokugcina, uma ufunda inqubo engokomthetho, i-FLT inikeza incwadi yamajaji ebhentshi ehlanganisa isiqondiso sokusingatha amajaji afileyo. Ingcaphuno ingatholakala [ engosini ye FJC . Lemithombo igcizelela ukuthi nakuba ilengiswe amajaji ayivelakancane kakhulu ekulingweni komphakathi (ekhona mhlawumbe emicimbini engu 2-5%), ithonya lawo emicimbini nasemithethweni yokwahlulela libalulekile.

Isiphetho

Ijaji elilengiswe ecaleni lomphakathi yisiphetho esifile esiphinde sibuyele ewashini le-ligitation. Uma abahluleli bengenakufinyelela inani elidingekayo noma isilinganiso, umahluleli umemezela iphutha, ashiye icala ngaphandle kwesinqumo. Umphethi unelungelo lokuphishekela ukuqulwa okusha, kodwa kumelwe ahlole izindleko, izingozi, nezinzuzo zokwenza kanjalo. Abavikeli, nakuba bengenakuziqeda, bangabopha ijaji elilengisweyo ukuba lilwele ukungenela isigwebo esilungile.

Ukuqonda amandla ejaji elilengisiwe kusiza abahluleli, abafundi, nothisha ukuba baqaphele ukulinganisela okuntekenteke phakathi kokugcina nokulunga esimisweni sobulungisa. Ithuba lesondo elifile ligcizelela ukubaluleka kobufakazi obuqinile, ukuphumelela, nokusebenza kwesinqumo esingokomthetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi icala liphela ngokuqulwa kabusha, ngokuhlaziywa, noma ngokuxoshwa, abahluleli abalengi basebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi isimiso sokwahlulela somphakathi, nakuba singaphelele, sinikeza amathuba amaningi okuxazulula izimpikiswano ̬ ngisho nalapho imizamo yokuqala ihluleka.