Iziphathi zikhethwa ukuba zimelele isifundazwe esichazwe kahle esigungwini esiphezulu sendlu yomthetho we-badamaral, isakhiwo esisetshenziswa izizwe eziningi ukunikeza ukumelelwa okulinganiselwe nokuhlolwa okungacunuli kwezindaba zesizwe. Nakuba amagunya athile nezindlela zokukhetha zihluka ezweni, umsebenzi oyinhloko we-senetor uwukumelela indawo echaza indawo ethile njengokungathi isifundazwe, isifundazwe, noma indawo. Ngokuhlangene nendlu ephansi (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi iNdlu ye-Arecreators noma iNdroom of Commons), ikha ikha i- ukuhlola okunelisayo ngamandla empatho yesikhulu futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uhlolwa ngokucophelela ngokwemibono eminingi. Ukuqonda ukuthi izikhulu zesifunda zesifundazwe nokuthi yini ebalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi imishini yanamuhla, ikakhulukazi ezimisweni ezisegumbini eliphezulu ezisebenza ngokumelene nokubusa ngokulawula.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yesikhulu

Umsebenzi we-senator ungahlanganiswa ube yimisebenzi emine eyinhloko: ukuhlanganisa , ukushumayezana [, [[FLT:]], [[FLT]] ukuphathwa kwecala [[[FLT:], [[FLT],5], kanye [imvume] nemvume [[[FLTLT:7]]. Izindawo zonke zithwala ubunzima obubalulekile ekulungiseni isimiso sombuso nokugcina izinga lamandla phakathi kukahulumeni. Umsebenzi wansuku zonke uhilela ukubukeza izikweleta, ukuhlangana, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa, nokuhlanganisa, nokuvota, nokuvola izindaba, nokuvola ezindabeni ezithinta izigidi zezigidi zabantu.

Indima Yomthetho

Abaquli bahileleke ngokuqondile enqubweni yokwenza imithetho. Balungisa izikweleti, baxhasa umthetho, futhi basebenza nozakwabo ukuze bakhe ukuvumelana. Ngokungafani namalungu endlu ephansi, abasizi bavame ukusebenzisa amagama amade, avumela ukuba bathathe umbono owesikhathi eside ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinjengomthetho owodwa, ukuvikela kwesizwe, nokulungisa impilo. ISigele sinamandla okuqeda noma ukwenqaba izikweletu ezidluliswa yigumbi eliphansi, iphoqelela inqubo yengxoxo eyaziwa ngokuthi “ukuvumelana” ukuveza uhlelo lokugcina. Lesi simiso sokushaya umthetho sivimbela noma isiphi isimiso esisodwa somthetho ukuba silawule inqubo yokwenza umthetho futhi sidingenze.

Isici esiyinhloko sendima yomthetho yikhono lokuthatha i-filibuster kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi iSigele sase-United States, lapho i-senetor ingakhuluma khona ngokungenasiphelo ukuze ibambezele ukuvota. Lelithuluzi le-procedual, nakuba liphikisana, ligcizelela umklamo weSigele njengendikimba ethatha indinganiso ebaluleke kakhulu ngesivinini. I-Senator futhi ihlanganyela “ephawu” phakathi kwamakomiti, lapho isikisela khona ukushintsha kwemali ngaphambi kokuba ifike egumbini eligcwele.

Ukumelelwa Kwalabo Abakhulumayo

Abahlaziyi bamelela abantu bazo zonke izifunda zabo, hhayi nje isifunda esisodwa. Lokhu kuhlola okukhulu kunikeza izikhulu umbono ohlukile ezindabeni zendawo ezinjengokulima, ukukhiqiza amandla, ukufuduka, nezakhiwo ezingokwezisekeni. Ihhovisi lomphathi lisingatha izinkulungwane zezicelo zezakhamuzi unyaka ngamunye, kusukela ekusizeni ngezinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuveza imibono ngokugcinwa komthetho. Amahholo edolobha, izinkundla zomphakathi, kanye nemihlangano yabaholi bendawo ziyizingxenye ezivamile zesimiso se-sensene. Ithemba liwukuthi izinkampani zezokusekela imithetho ezuzisa indawo yabo ngesikhathi esifanayo zicabangela isithakazelo sombuso wezwe.

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni njenge-United States, Australia, ne-Brazil, iSigele siqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe amancane amelelwa ngendlela efanayo, sivimbela imibuso enani elikhulu ukuba ilawule uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, izikhulu ezimbili zikahulumeni wase-U.S. zikhetha izifunda ezimbili kungakhathaliseki inani labantu, zinika uWyoming (cishe izakhamuzi ezingu-580 000) amandla okuvota njenge-California (nezakhamuzi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-39). Lesi sakhiwo siklanyelwe ukuvikela ubukhosi bezwe nezithakazelo zesifunda.

Ukuqondisa Izinkonzo Zikahulumeni

Abaqondisi banemisebenzi yokuqondisa egxekayo, bahlola indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezimisa ngayo imithetho futhi zisebenzise ngayo imali yokukhokha intela. Ngezimemezelo zamakomiti, abameli babuza omabhalane, iziphathi zezinhlangano, nezinye izikhulu ngezenzo zabo. Bangafaka amabhukwana eposi futhi baphoqelele ubufakazi, baqinisekise ukuthi ukubonakala nokuziphendulela. Ukuphenya kuyinto eshiywe indle, ukukhwabanisa, noma ukuxhaphaza ngokuvamile kuqale eSigeqeleni, futhi abameli bangatusa noma ngisho nokuphoqesha ukususwa kwezikhulu ezihlulekayo ukuyenza.

Lendima yokwengamela ihlanganisa nenqubo ye- yamajikijolo. Abaqondisi bavumela ukusetshenziswa kwemali ngonyaka futhi banganezela izimo ekuhlawulisweni, baqondise indlela izimali ezisetshenziswa ngayo. Babuye babukeze ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni futhi bangadinga izinhlangano ukubika ngemiphumela ethile. Ngaphandle kwale kuhlolwa, izinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe zingasebenza ngokuhlola kancane.

Iseluleko Nokuvuma: Ukuqinisekiswa Kokunqunyelwa

Ezimisweni eziningi zobumongameli, iSigele sinamandla akhethekile okuqinisekisa noma ukulahla ukumiswa kwesikhulu esiphethe noma ukwahlulela. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amajaji eNkantolo ePhakeme, amajaji kahulumeni, amanxusa, namalungu ekhathekhabethe. Indima yeSigele “empeleni nasemvumeni” iqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli ngeke kamuva agcwalise izikhundla eziphakeme ngokungafaneleki noma ngokuphikisana. Iziphathi zihlola isizinda, izimfanelo, nefilosofi yokwahlulela ye-agconent nganye ngokuzwa kwezwi eliphelele.

Inqubo yokuqinisekisa ingaba yeyezombangazwe kakhulu, njengoba kuboniswa eNkantolo ePhakeme ephikisayo eUnited States. Abakhokhi kumelwe balinganisele ikhono, izimiso, kanye nomqondo womuntu nezidingo zezwe. Lombuso uyingxenye eyinhloko yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, uvimbela umphathi ukuba abeke i-jaji noma ukuphathwa abaqotho.

Inqubo Yokukhetha Endleleni Yokuhlukanisa

Indlela abameleli abakhethwa ngayo iyahlukahluka ezizweni zonke, kodwa izimiso eziningi zentando yeningi zidinga inqubo yokukhetha eqondile noma engaqondile ngemibandela emisiwe.

Izinga Elinqunyiwe Nokukhetha Okusha

Iziphathi zisebenza amagama amade kunamalungu endlu ephansi. E-United States, izinyunyana zisebenzisa ama-gamente aneminyaka eyisithupha, nengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zeSigele esi phezulu ukuze sikhethe njalo eminyakeni emibili. Lesi simiso esishaqisayo siqinisekisa ukuthi iSigele sigcina inkumbulo yenhlangano futhi asichayekeki kakhulu ekushintsheni okungalindelekile emphakathini. I-Australia ilandela indlela efanayo ngeminyaka eyisithupha ye-Gabene, ingxenye yayo ikhethiwe njalo eminyakeni emithathu. Ngokungafani, iSishaya i-Canadian Canadian iyamiswa, ayikhethwa, futhi ayikhethwanga amalungu akhonza kuze kube neminyaka engu-75 ubudala.

Ukhetho olusha luklanyelwe ukuqhubekisela phambili. Ngisho noma ukhetho lwamagagasi luvulela elinye iqembu embusweni, iSigele asinakugumbuqelwa ngokuphelele emjikelezweni owodwa. Lokhu kuqina kuvumela abasizi ukuba bagxile ezinkingeni zenqubo zasikhathi eside ngaphandle kokucindezela kokuzihlela ngokushesha.

Izimfuneko Nomkhankaso

Amasheya kumelwe ahlangabezane nobudala, ubuzwe, kanye nokuhlala okuvame ukuba okuqinile kunakumalungu aphansi endlu. E-United States, ishenethi kumelwe ukuba ineminyaka engama-30 ubudala, isakhamuzi iminyaka engu-9, kanye nezakhamuzi zikahulumeni ezimelelayo. Lezi zimfuneko zibonisa ukulindela ukuthi abasekeni banokuhlangenwe nakho okungaphezulu ekuphileni nokuvuthwa.

Ukuzama ukulwela iSigele kuwumsebenzi omkhulu, ohlanganisa ukuqoqa imali, ukubonakala kwemithombo yezindaba, nokuhlela izimpande zotshani. Izinhlanga zezigele zivame ukudonsa ukunakwa kwesizwe nokusetshenziswa okuphawulekayo ngoba isihlalo ngasinye sinamandla amakhulu. Ezizweni ezincane, abazohlomisa izintambo bangase bathembele kakhulu ekuxhumaneni kwabantu, kuyilapho ezizweni ezinkulu, ukukhangisa kwethelevishini nokuthola imishini yezibalo kubusa. Uma bekhethiwe, izinkampani kumelwe zilinganisele imisebenzi yazo yezomthetho nesidingo sasikhathi sonke sokuxhumana novoti.

Isimiso Sekomiti

Umsebenzi omningi wenkampani yezokuxhumana uyenzeka emakomitini, amaqembu amancane asebenza ezicini ezithile ezingokomthetho. AmaKomiti avumela abasizi ukuba bakhe ubuchwepheshe, babukeze umthetho ngokujule, futhi baphathe izindaba ezisukela ezindabeni zokusebenzelana kwamazwe angaphandle kuya esimisweni sendawo ezungezile.

Izinhlobo Zamakomiti

Amakomiti ahlukaniswa ngokwezigaba ezintathu: amakomiti amile, angakhetha amakomiti , kanye amakomiti ahlangene. Amakomiti akhona ayizindikimba ezihlala njalo eziphethe izindawo ezingokomthetho eziphindaphindwayo ezinjengezezimali, ezolimo, ezokuzivikela, nezingathakazelelwa. Khetha amakomiti angesikhashana futhi agxile ekuhlolweni noma empikisisweni, njengokuhlakanipha noma ukuguga. Ikomiti ehlangene ihlanganisa amalungu asemagumbini omphakathi nezinkonzo ezifana nentela noma izinkonzo zomtapotimende.

I-senetor ngayinye isebenza emakomitini amaningi, ngokuvamile akhethwa ngokusekelwe ebuchwephesheni bawo, ezithakazelweni zikahulumeni, noma ekuholeni kweqembu. Ngokwesibonelo, inxusa elivela esifundeni sokulima cishe liyofuna isikhundla ekomitini yezolimo. Izabelo zamakomiti zixoxwa abaholi beqembu, kodwa abakhulu banendima enkulu. Umphathi wekomiti unethonya elikhulu ngokuthi yiziphi izikweletu eziqhubekela phambili futhi yiziphi ofakazi ababizwayo.

Ukuzwa Nokuphawula

AmaKomiti athatha ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi ukuze aqoqe ukwaziswa kochwepheshe, abagcini bezimali, nezikhulu zikahulumeni. La makhambi ayingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo yomthetho, anikeza abasekeli ukuba babuze imibuzo enzima. Ngokwesibonelo, ikomiti yeSigele ehlola ukuqhekeka kokwaziswa ingabiza abaphathi benkampani yezobuchwepheshe ukuba bachaze ukuhluleka kwabo kwezokuphepha.

Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, amakomiti ayaqhubeka “ephawule” lapho ephikisana khona futhi elungisa khona umugqa wezimemezelo. Yilapho kuvela khona umsebenzi wangempela womthetho wokulungisa. Abaqondisi bangahlongoza ukulungisa, ukuxoxa, futhi ekugcineni bavote ukuthumela incwadi egcwele. Umthetho ongenakuyidlulisa ikomiti awuvamile ukucatshangelwa yiSigeqe esigcwele, okwenza ukuba ikomiti ivume isinyathelo sokugcina isango esigxekayo.

Izinkampani Nokuhlukana Kwamandla

ISigele siyisisekelo sokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ezimisweni ze - bidamaral. Imithwalo yaso yemfanelo eyingqayizivele inikeza ukuhlola kokubili endlini ephansi yemithetho negatsha eliphethe.

Ama - expoir

Ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukumiswa, iSigele singakhipha ama-vetoes angomongameli kanye nama-parence ayizi-3 amabili kwezinye izimiso, futhi e-United States, kumele ivumelane ngevoti engu-3 ezimbili. Lokhu kunikeza iSigele indima eqondile enkambisweni yakwamanye amazwe. ISigele futhi sinamandla okunqanda futhi sisuse izikhulu eziphethe, kuhlanganise nomongameli. Nakuba indlu ephansi ifaka amafafa, iqhuba ukuqulwa nokuvota. Le nqubo iye yasetshenziswa kancane kodwa imele njengesithiyo esinamandla ekunqandeni ukuziphatha okubi.

Indima Ekufuneni Imali

Eminyangweni yase-U.S., iNdlu yabameleli inamandla okuphela (iletha amacala), kuyilapho iSigele sinamandla okuzama ukugunyaza. Kudingeka amavoti ayizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu eSigqebeni ukuba abophe futhi asuse isikhulu. Lomnyango ophakeme uqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhipha isigwebo kugcinelwe izono ezingathi sína futhi akusetshenziswa njengethuluzi le-costars. Abahlabeleli bathatha lo msebenzi ngokungathi sína, njengoba benza njengabagcini bejaji e-Cesi-judicial.

Linganisela Nendlu Engezansi

ISigele sisebenza futhi njengesesheke endlu ephansi. Ngenxa yokuthi amajenali amelela wonke amazwe futhi asebenzisa amagama amade, ngokuvamile avikeleka kakhulu ekucindezeleni komphakathi kunamalungu endlu. Lokhu kuvumela iSigele ukuba senqabe izikweleti ze-populist ezingase zidluliswe ngokushesha ngekamelo eliphansi. Ngokuphambene, i House ingavimbela ukuhlehliswa kweSigele, iphoqelele ukuhlehlisa. Le mithetho enamandla iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho obalulekile uveza ukuvumelana okukhulu.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando KweSigele

Umqondo we-senate usukela emuva eRoma lasendulo, lapho iSigele sasiwumkhandlu wabadala abeluleka izimantshi. Nakuba iSigele samaRoma sasingenagunya eliqondile lobudemokrasi, sanikeza ukuqhubekeka nokuhlangenwe nakho. Izinqumo zanamuhla zavela eBritish House of Lords, kodwa abasunguli be-United States basungula isibonelo esisha: igumbi eliphezulu elikhethwe elimelelwe umbuso. Lokhu kwaba yikhomba likamthetho wentando yeningi olandelayo.

Kulo lonke ikhulu le-19 nelama-20, izimemezelo zazuza igunya elingokomthetho eliqondile eliqondiswe ngentando yeningi njengoba ukhetho luthathelwa indawo ukumiswa emazweni amaningi.

Ukungafani Kwezimiso Zezombangazwe

Nakuba igama elithi “isici” livamile, amandla nezindlela zokukhetha zihluka kakhulu emhlabeni wonke.

ISigele Sase - United States

ISigele sase-U.S. kulindelekile ukuthi iyigumbi eliphezulu elinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Sinamandla akhethekile okuqinisekisa ukumiswa, izivumelwano ze-raféct, futhi sizama ukunikeza iziphakamiso. Ngamalungu ayikhulu (kukabili kuhulumeni), iyindikimba ebonakalayo kakhulu lapho abasizi ngabanye bengaba nethonya elikhulu khona. Iwebhusayithi yegele elingokomthetho [ inikeza ingcebo yokwaziswa ngama-senameta nangezinqubo zamanje.

Isigele sase - Australia

ISigele sase-Australia siveza futhi ukumelelwa okulinganayo kwesifundazwe ngasinye (12 ama-senator sifundazwe ngasinye) kanye nezigebengu ezimbili ezivela emasimini. Sisebenza njengegumbi lokubukeza elinamandla, ngokuvamile livimbela noma likhipha umthetho owenziwe eNdlu yabameleli. ISigele sase-Australia sikhethwa ngokusebenzisa imimelelo elinganayo, eyenza ukuba amalungu amancane athole izihlalo futhi adale indikimba yemithetho ehlukene kakhulu.

ISigele SaseCanada

ISigele saseCanada simiswa uMbusi - jikelele ngokweseluleko soMphathi omkhulu. Iziqulo zisebenza kuze kube yilapho zineminyaka engu-75 futhi zihloselwe ukunikeza umqondo wesibili ohluzekile, kodwa isimo esimisiwe siye saholela ekumangalelweni ngokuhlukanisa imibuso. Izinguquko zamuva ziye zazama ukwenza lenqubo izimele ngokwengeziwe, kodwa iSigele saseCanada sisenamandla angenamandla kakhulu kunabanye baseMelika noma base-Australia.

Ezinye Izifanekiso

Amazwe amaningi aye aqeda iziphakamiso zawo noma aziguqula. Ngokwesibonelo, iSigele sase-Ireland (Senad Éirean) sinombuso olinganiselwe futhi ngokwengxenye simiswe. Indlu yoLords iUnited Kingdom ibekwa futhi iye yalahlekelwa ingxenye enkulu yamandla ayo. Ngokuphambene, iBundesrat ayiyona indikimba ekhethiwe kodwa imelela ohulumeni bezwe. Ukuqonda lokhu kushintshashintshana kubonisa ukuthi indima yabalweli abakhona ayimiswanga; iqala esikweni ngasinye sezombangazwe.

Isiphetho

Izinkampani zinesikhundla esibalulekile ekubusweni kwentando yeningi, zinikeza ukuhleleka, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nokwesifunda esilingana nendlu ephansi. Noma ngomthetho ohlelwayo, ngezokwengamela izinhlangano, ukuqinisekisa izikhulu, noma ukumelela izimemezelo, umsebenzi wazo uhlela imithetho nezimiso ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Nakuba amandla akhethekile esimiso sokubusa ngokwentando yentando yeningi ehlukahluka ngokwezwe, isimiso esiyisisekelo sifana: igumbi eliphezulu elihlola ngokucophelela nangokusebenza njengendlela yokuhlola isikhulu nendlu ephansi kakhulu ye-poplucist. Izakhamuzi, ukuqonda indima yama-senator azo kuyisiteji yokuqala ukuwabeka enqubweni enenjongo engokwezombangazwe. [FoctalF], ukunikeza incazelo ebanzi yemisebe. [2]