Isingeniso: Isisekelo se-Foundation polity yase-India

I-Indiya isebenza njengenyunyana kahulumeni ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wayo, lapho ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni oyinhloko nohulumeni bezwe buyinkimbinkimbi futhi bunamandla. Lobu buhlobo buchazwa ngokuhlukana okucacile kwemibuso, kodwa futhi nangezindawo ezihlukene, izingxoxo zezombangazwe, nezincazelo zokwahlulela. Ukuqonda lobu buhlobo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela i-Indiya ebusa ngayo inani layo elikhulu nelihlukene, iphatha ngayo imithombo yayo, futhi izixabanisa. Umbuso awumi; uvela ngezenzo zomthetho, iziphendulo zemithetho, nangalo lwezombangazwe ezishintshayo.

Isakhelo somthetho-sisekelo se-central- State Relations

I-Indiya Constitution yamisa isimiso sombuso esinemibono eqinile. Izihloko 245 kuya ku 255 ziveza ukuhlangana kwemithetho, kuyilapho izihloko 256 kuya ku 263 zihlanganisa ubuhlobo obusekugcineni, neZiphakamiso 264 kuya ku 293. Izinhlu ezintathu eziyinhloko ngaphansi kwe- IShedyuli ye- ichaza amandla emithetho: Uhlelo lwe-Ubumbano, uLuhlu lwezwe, noLuhlu lwe-Connucial. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibuso emisha emisha esemthethweni yabelwa ePhalamendeni le-Uni (FOctal 248).

Uhlu Lwe - Union, Uhlu LoMbuso, Nohlu Lwamanje

[[FLT: 0] UHlu lwe-Union luqukethe izihloko ezingu-79 (njengamanje) lapho iPhalamende kuphela lingahlanganisa khona i-memonsis(defense, amandla e-athomu, izindaba zangaphandle, izindaba zangaphandle, ukubhaka, izitimela, nokuxhumana.] Uhlu lwezwe[[[FLT:]] ekuqaleni lalinezi-6, kodwa ngemva kweSigqi samashumi amane semithetho, kodwa ngemva kwe-43, i-Remendement nezinye izinguquko, ihlanganisa ukuhleleka komphakathi, isayensi, isayensi yezolimo, uhulumeni, uhulumeni, [[FLT]] UHluhlu lweNUlwe lweNU.[FLT] (47] izihloko zombuso) zivumela kokubili i-Union Union nohulumeni ukuba kwenziwe imithetho, imfundo yezemfundo, amahlathi, umphakathi, ukulawulwa kwezemthetho, nokulawulwa kwemithetho phakathi kwe-U.

Amandla Okuvuselela Izindlu

Noma isiphi isenzakalo esingahlelwanga kunoma yisiphi isimiso, njengomthetho we-inthanethi, ukufihla imininingwane, noma ubuchwepheshe obuvelayo, singaphansi kwegunya elibukhali lePhalamende le-Union. Lokhu kunikeza uhulumeni omkhulu ikhono lokumisa izihloko ezintsha ezingase zingacatshangelwa phakathi nokuqanjwa komthetho-sisekelo. Lelilungiselelo livame ukuba yisiqalo sempikiswano uma imibuso iphikisa ukuthi izindawo ezisanda kubekwa umthetho zifanele zingaphansi koHlelo lwezwe.

Ubuhlobo Bezisebenzi Nezikhundla Eziphethe

Imibuso ephethe ye-Union nezifunda i-R66 idinga izifundazwe ezivumelana nemithetho ye-Union, futhi i-Union inganikeza iziqondiso zokuqinisekisa ukuthobela. ISiphakamiso 257 sinikeza i-Union igunya lokunikeza iziqondiso ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amandla ayo aphethe awakuvimbeli ukusebenzisa amandla e-Union. UMbusi, omiswe nguMongameli (emsebenzi, i-Union Council of Ministry), usebenza njengenhloko yesifundazwe kodwa usebenza njengesibopho esibalulekile phakathi kwe-Centre nezwe. Amandla oMbusi okugcina isibambiso se-mthetho sobunhloko-mthetho ngaphansi kweSiphakathi 200 uyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqondisa.

Izivumelwano zezezimali: I-Fiscal Tug-of-yempi

Ubuhlobo bezimali phakathi kwe-Centre nezifunda bubuswa yiZigaba 268 kuya ku-293. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ukwahlukana okucacile kwentela: intela ethile iqoqwa yi-Union (umz., intela yenhlangano, imisebenzi yemali, intela yemali, ngaphandle kweholo lokulima), kuyilapho ezinye ziqoqwa ngezindawo (umz., inzuzo yomhlaba, umsebenzi wezitembu, ukukhishwa kwempahla yombuso). Nokho, i-Centre iqoqa isilinganiso esikhulu senkokhelo futhi isakaza isabelo emazweni.

Inhlangano Yezimali

ISiphakamiso 280 sigunyaza ukumiswa kweKhomishane ye- ye-FLT njalo eminyakeni emihlanu ukutusa ukusakazwa kwenetha lentela phakathi kwe-Union nezifunda. Ukutuswa kweKhomishane yezezimali kubaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni ukulinganisela. i-website yezezimali ye-Indiya inikeza imininingwane yemisebenzi yangaphambili neyamanje. IKhomishane yezezimali (2021-2026) itusa ukususwa kwenani lama-41% lentela ephakathi ezifundazweni, ukuncishiswa kusuka ku-4% ngenxa yokudalwa kwe-Union of Microme of Jamu ne-Kamirmirm.

Intela Yezimpahla Nezinkonzo (GST)

Isethulo se- GTS ngo-2017] kwakuyinguquko engokobuningi eyayihloselwe ukwakha intengo yesizwe ehlangene. I-GST iyilungiselelo lentela eliphindiwe: i-GST Ephakathi (CGST) ne-SST (SGST) neSizwe ihlelwe ngokuhlangene (izindawo ze-intra-state, kuyilapho i-GST) isebenza ekuhlanganiseni iminikelo yesizwe. I-GST, eqanjwe yi-Uniwe ye-Union State General neHMphathi yezezimali, inquma amazinga, izigaba, ukukhulula, ukuhoxa, nokunga inqubo yokuphatha. Nakuba i-GST iye yathuthukisa ukukhokhwasa nokuqa ibhizinisi, futhi iye yaba umthombo wengxabano phakathi kwezindawo eziphakathi kwe-Centreal. [FFF]

Grants-in-Aid

Ngaphandle kwentela yojijeko, i-Centre inikeza imvume yokusho ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 275 (izipho ezithengwa ngomfundisi) nangaphansi kwezinye izinqubo (umz., i-Plonement itusa futhi izinhlelo ezixhaswe phakathi nendawo ezinjenge-Ayushman Bharat[ kanye [FLT]]PM-KISTAN). I-PM-KANTY][FLT][FLT][FLT][F:3] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT])] itusa futhi ukunikeza izindikimba zendawo ye-ficialgaties.

Imishini Yokulungisa Ukubambisana Nezingxabano

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza imingcele ecacile, ukubambisana kubalulekile ukuze kuqondiswe. Izwe laseNdiya linezinhlangano eziningana nezindawo zokuhlela ukubambisana kwezinhlangano zohulumeni.

Inter-side Council

ISiphakamiso 263 sivumela uMongameli ukuba amise uMkhandlu weSizwe ukuze ahlole futhi axoxe ngezihloko zesithakazelo esifanayo. UMkhandlu wadalwa ngo-1990 ngaphansi komphathi wengosi kaNgqongqo enguNdunankulu futhi uhlanganisa iNgqongqoshe, i-Union Minister, i-Union Syster, nabaphathi bezindawo zokuhlangana. Isebenza njenge-um yengxoxo yobudlelwane bomphakathi wezwe, ukuxhumanisa izinqubo, nokulungisa izingxabano. I-Sifunda-Sifunda-Sifunda-Siko soMkhamu [ iqukethe iziphakathi nezokutusa.

INITI Aayog

Ngo-2015, i-NITI Aayog yathatha indawo ye-NCOM ukuze ithuthukise uhulumeni wobunani ngokuhlela ngezansi. Ngokungafani ne-Planning Commission, eyabela izimali zokuhlela ukuhlela ukubusa, iNITI Aayog isebenza njengetanki elicabangayo, ikhuthaza ukuthatha iqhaza ekuhleleni izimiso. Ihlela imihlangano neNkosa Eyinhloko, ilungisa amabhukwana okubona, kanye namasuntswana. Nakuba i-NITI Aayog iye yathuthukisa ukubophela kwesivumelwano, kusho ukuthi izinhlelo ezixhaswayo zisezingeni eliphezulu.

Indima yombusi neSiphakamiso 356

UMbusi, njengenhloko yomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, angatusa uMthetho [[FLT]] (i-Atyle 356]] uma uhulumeni kahulumeni ungakwazi ukusebenza ngokwelungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Lelilungiselelo liye laphikiswa futhi lasetshenziswa kabi ukuxosha ohulumeni abaholwa amaqembu aphikisayo. Indaba ye-Bommai [1994]) yabeka imingcele eqinile ekusetshenzisweni kabi kweSiphakamiso 356, isho ukuthi ukwaneliseka kukaMongameli kumelwe kusekelwe entweni eqondile nokuthi isimemezelo sikahulumeni singabukezwa ngokwezokwahlulela. I-Sarkaria Commission (1988) ne-Pch0) yenza ukutusa kokusetshenziswa kwe-Ediction 356.

Izindawo Ezinkulu Zengxabano

Lezi zingxabano ngokuvamile zibonisa ukungafani kwezombangazwe, ukuncintisana ngezinzuzo, nokuchazwa okuhlukahlukene kwezimiso zikahulumeni.

Ukungenela Ngokweqile Kwemithetho Nokwehliswa Kwemithetho

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zinikeza imithetho ezihlokoni oHlwini lweZwe, kodwa uMbusi angagcina izikweletu ezithile ukuze kuhlolwe uMongameli. Uma umthetho kahulumeni uvumelanisa umthetho oyinhloko wesihloko soHlelo lwe-Connetic noma uma uthinta imibuso ye-Union, uhulumeni oyinhloko ungakuvimbela ngokuphumelelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, imibuso eminingana iye yadlulisela izikweleti zokulawula ukugembula, utshwala, noma indawo, ukuze kuphela uMbusi ayibambe, kuholele ekuxabaniseni kwezombangazwe.

Ukuxabana Kwamanzi Omfula

Amanzi ayisihloko sombuso (Uluhlu II, ukungena 17), kodwa i-Union ingahlanganisa amanzi omfula aphakathi kwezwe ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 262. Ibeka isnabe ngokuhlanganyela amanzi emifula njenga i-Cavery, ] Krishna[[FLT][FLT]], [[FFOLT]]] [[FOLT]], [inga] ama-adi phakathi kwezimo ezikhona kanye nephakathi. I-Diffat Disputbunal [[4]]] [imperst Countssss [irced Requencessss], [ilokhu kuphikisaname , i-'inquit proced transtiveltive.'ignetic trativetic procial.

Umthetho Nohlelo: Amabutho Ayinhloko Embusweni WoMbuso

Ukuhleleka komphakathi namaphoyisa kuyizikhonzi zikahulumeni. Nokho, i-Centre ingathumela amabutho ahlomile amaphoyisa anjenge-CRPF [CAPF] [ama-BSF] ezizweni ngesicelo sikahulumeni noma ngenhloso yayo lapho uhulumeni noma i-Kashmir, i-Manipur, neNtshona ntshonalanga imelene nokusetshenziswa kwamabutho aphakathi, ikubona njengokuphikiswa kwenkululeko yawo. Ingxabano ikhulu kakhulu ezizweni ezingokobuswayo noma izinxushunxushunxushunxu, njenge-Jam no-Kashmir, Manipur, ne-West Bengal.

ICentral Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Nemvume

ICBI, esebenza ngaphansi kwe-Delhi Special Police Accordiation Act, 1946, ingahlola amacala kuphela ngaphansi kwesifundazwe ngemvume kahulumeni ngaphansi kweSiqeshana 6 soMthetho. Izifunda zikahulumeni eziningi njengeNtshonalanga Bengal, iMaharashtra, ne-Chattisgarh ziye zavala imvume yazo, zilinganisela ikhono likaCBI lokuhlola amacala ngaphandle komyalo wenkantolo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezimpini ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe ezisezikhundleni zezinhlangano eziyinhloko zokuphenyiswa.

Ukulinganiselwa Kokwaziswa Okuhlangene

Ukususwa kwe-demigamende(-ukudonsa i-Lok Sabha ne-compation yesifundazwe okusekelwe emananini − iyimpikiswano ephikisanayo. Umthetho-sisekelo unqanda ukunqanyulwa kuze kube ngemva konyaka ka-2026 Census. Izizwe zaseNingizimu, ezinenani elihamba kancane lokukhula kwenani labantu kanye namarekhodi angcono okuhlela umkhaya, ukwesaba ukulahlekelwa izihlalo zephalamende ezindaweni ezisenyakatho. Lendaba iye yaba yimpikiswano enkulu ephakathi nendawo, ngokufuna ukuba ukumelelwa kuqhubeke kusekelwe ku-1971 Cencas noma ukuba iqhwa linwebe ngaphezulu. I-Centre i-sethi yendaba iyakuthinta ukulingana okuphawulekayo kwezombangazwe.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okuphathelene Nokubambisana Nobumbano Oluhlangene

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, iNdiya iye yasuka eqenjini lombuso elilawulayo nomthetho wamazwe akhona, yaya esibonelweni esibambisana kakhulu, nakuba ukucindezeleka kusasele.

Ukubambisana Kwezigaba Zomphakathi

[[QTL:0] UMkhandlu we-GOUST uyisibonelo esiyinhloko sobuzwe obubambisanayo, lapho izinqumo zithathwa khona ngu 75% (inani lesithathu levoti, isho ukuthi iqoqo libamba ama-3 amabili-mitha). Ama-mpompompo anjenge- Agunya lokuphatha kwenhlekelele yesizwe (NDMA) kanye [FLT] ne- I-TYYYYYY , ibandakanya ukuhlelwa nokuxhaswa kweminyango. Isizwe esisodwa] ne-RFLT] nohlelo [FFLT:] Inombolo ye-ANT [FULT] [FUT]

Inhlangano Encintisanayo

I-NITI Ayayog ikhuthaza ukuncintisana kwe-unityism ngokwezimo eziphezulu zempilo, imfundo, ukulula kokwenza ibhizinisi, ukusungula, nokuthuthukisa okuqinile. i-Temptic Litungs Index kanye ne[FLT]School Education Security Index [[] ikhuthaza ukuba kuqhutshwe izikhundla zezelo eziphezulu nezipho ezisekelwe ekusebenzeni. Nakuba lokhu kuye kwabhebhethezela izinguquko, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi kulimaza izimo ezimpofu futhi akunakwangalingani.

Imishini Ephakathi Kahulumeni Ne - autonomy

Isu elixhaswe kakhulu (CSS) liveza ingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo lokuhlela uhlelo lwezwe. Udwebo olufana noSuku lokudla , PM [AwaseYahoya, [[FLT]], [[FLT]] SSWH [[[FRAT]][FRATY][FLTY]][FLT]], futhi [[FLT]] i-flgrand Livelication Mis Mission [[ ibeke amakhabethelo okulawula okulawula okulandela, ukushiya igumbi elincane lokuguqula indawo. [FFLT][FFLT][9] Comssionssionssions, izama ukwandisa intela yentela yokwenyunyu 42] kodwa i-'isime. Imposolongo sezelelwe i-'isiti ayiyokusetshenziswa phakathi kweminye.

Indima Yokwahlulela Enxuseni Lezindawo

INkantolo Ephakeme yaseNdiya isebenza njengomsizi wokugcina wezingxabano phakathi kweSikhungo nezifunda. ISiphakamiso 131 sifaka igunya lokuqala eNkantolo Ephakeme ngenxa yezingxabano ezinjalo. Icala eliqanjiwe lihlanganisa iSigono seNtshonalanga ye-Bengal vs Union of India (1963)[[FLT]]] ekusakazeni amandla omthetho, kanye [[FLT:] S.R. i-Bomai ecaleni [1994)[FLT] elinqanda ukusetshenziswa kabi kwe-Akhawunti 356. Inkantolo ichaza ukukhuphuka koluhlu lwemithetho yemithetho, kanye nezingalo zemibuso. Izehlakalo zamuva [[FT] CT] Creentsss ukuhlela ukuhlolwa kwe-(20:3] izikhathi ze-FT) ezithenwa yi-GOctive.[5]

Izindawo Zokuhlala Nezindawo Zokuhlala

Ukuhlukahluka kwezwe laseNdiya kudinga ukuvumelana nohulumeni. Ukusungulwa kwezifunda ezintsha ngo-(Telangane) ngo-2014, kanye no-Jarkand, uCharkasishard, u-Uttarankhand, nezindawo ezintathu ezintsha zokuhlangana ngo-2019 (Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh) kuveza ukusabela kweCentre ezifinyelelweni zendawo. Nokho, kudinga ukuba umbuso uvele ezindaweni ezinjenge Vidarbhaha, Saurashtra, Bodoland, neGorkhaland kuhlale kungaphelisiwe. Indlela ye-Centre i-ocle i-oclaclish ihleli phakathi kokunikeza umbuso umsebenzi kanye nokuhlela amalungiselelo okukhethekile.

Isimo sesigaba esikhethekile

Ngokomlando, izifunda ezinendawo yamagquma, i-despice, noma indawo ekhethekile etholiwe ukuma kwesigaba esikhethekile kusuka eKhomishani yokuhlela, ehlanganisa usizo oluphezulu kanye nenhlawulo. I-Profence Commission ye 14th Inqanda umehluko nokuncishiswa kwentela, kodwa izifunda eziningi njenge-Andhradesh ne-Bihar ziyaqhubeka zifuna izimpahla ezikhethekile zezimali. Ingxoxo mayelana nesimo esikhethekile izihloko eziphindaphindwayo ezingxoxweni zesifunda sezwe.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nombono Wesikhathi Esizayo

Izihloko zangesikhathi zinjengethi Imithetho elawulayo (2020-2021) yaholela ezimpini ezinkulu phakathi kwe-Centre nohulumeni bakaHunab, i-Haryana, nezinye. Ukuphinda imithetho kwabonisa imingcele yegunya elikhulu lapho imibuso nezinhlangano zezenhlalo zisundula emuva. COVID-19 umqedazwe [ futhi kwavivinya ubuhlobo be-Prount: i-creecement's reconforensivement (March 2020) ngaphansi kwe-Act yeNkangalatement Act ephethe yempilweni yomphakathi, iholela ezingxabeni zokuvimbela ukubambisana kwezindawo zomphakathi. [[FLT]

I- Commission yePuncichhi (2010)] itusa (2010) ukuhlanganisa ukwenza uMbusi angakhethi, ukulinganisela ukusetshenziswa koMthetho kaMongameli, nokumisa indlela yokuxabana ngamanzi-----------eyenziwa ngokwengxenye. Ukuthambekela kokusetshenziswa kwe-Punchhi kuqapheleke ngaphansi kohulumeni abahlukahlukene, kodwa imibuso iye yagcizelela kakhulu indawo yayo yokuzimela nokulawula ngamathuluzi eqeshini nakukhokha i-komiti yokwahlulela.

Njengoba i-Indiya iqhubekela onyakeni wayo wekhulu lokuzimela, ukuhlangana kwesifundazwe kungokonyaka wekhulu kuyoba nezimbazo ezintathu: ukuzimisela [ukukhulula izimali ezinikezelwe], ukucacisa okungaqondakaliyo [[ [ukuhlanganisa iSemiteon yesayensi entsha], [[FTY:4]] ukuthemba okunemibandela, [ukusebenzisa kabi kwezombangazwe kwababusi nezinhlangano eziphethe)]. Ukuqinisa uMkhandlu we-Steinst, njalo kuthuthukisa uMkhandlu we-GST, nokusebenzisa i-Punch Comment ingathuthukisa ukutusa kobuthelelana. Kodwa, ukuvumelana nemibono yezombangazwe neyodwa ne-India.

Kubafundi nabafundisi abafunda i-polity yaseNdiya, imithombo eyinhloko enjenge uMthetho-sisekelo wase-Indiya nemibiko evela PRS Legislative Research[ ibalulekile ekuqondeni amandla anamandla. Ukulingana phakathi kwezifunda eziqinile ne-authomu kuhlala kuyisici esichaza uhambo lwe-Indiya.