Isingeniso: Unjini Wokubusa KwaseMelika

Ubuhlobo phakathi kweSishaya-mthetho noMongameli abusona isici sombuso we-United States; yinjini elawula idemokrasi yaseMelika. Lokhu kusebenza okunamandla phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho nezikhulu kuhlelwe ngamabomu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla anikezwa, aphiwa, futhi alinganiswayo. Akukho muntu ongabusa isimo sezombangazwe ngaphandle kokubheka iziqondiso ezingokomthetho. Abafundi nabafundisi bezezezezwe, ukuqonda lobubuhlobo kubalulekile ngoba bumi cishe zonke izici zesimiso sombuso, kusukela ekungeneleni kwempilo nentela ukuya ekungeneleni kwempi kwamanye amazwe. Umusi wokubambisana nokuxabana phakathi kweCapitol Hill neWhite House uchaza okuhlangenwe nakho kwezombangazwe kwaseMelika.

Ubuhlobo buyinkinga eklanywe ngenhloso. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo babesaba igunya elilinganiselwe, besanda kulwa nenguquko ngokumelene nombuso wenkosi. Nokho futhi baqaphela isidingo sokuba isikhulu esinamandla sihole isizwe. Umphumela waba isimiso sezinhlangano ezihlukene ezihlanganisa imibuso ehlangene, zidala isenzo sokulinganisela esihlala njalo esidinga ukuxoxisana, ukuyekethisa, nokuxabana. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimpande ezingokomlando, amandla omthetho-sisekelo, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, nezinselele zamanje ezichaza lobubuhlobo obubalulekile.

Umlando Ongokomlando: Isisekelo Sobunzima Obungalawuleki

Umsuka wobuhlobo phakathi koKhongolo noMongameli ungatholakala ngokuqondile eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo wango-1787. Izihambeli zahlangana ePhiladelphia zinomsebenzi ophuthumayo wokuthatha indawo yeZihloko ezibuthakathaka zokuHlaziyana ngokufaka uhlelo oluqinile kakhulu lukahulumeni wezwe. Impikiswano eyinhloko yayigxile ekutheni amandla okugqoka isikhulu esisodwa nokuthi zingaqiniseka kanjani ukuthi amandla ahlala enecala lentando yabantu yokushaya umthetho.

UJames Madison, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi uBaba woMthetho-sisekelo, waphikisa kuFederalist No. 51 ukuthi isakhiwo sikahulumeni kumelwe sinikeze "izixwayiso zokusiza" ngokumelene nobushiqela. Wabhala ukuthi "isikhundla kumelwe sibekwe ukuze simelane nokufuna ukuvelela" lesi simiso sasifuna ukuba igatsha ngalinye libe nakho kokubili izindlela kanye nesisusa sokumelana nokugxambukela kwabanye. Umthetho-sisekelo owavela eMhlanganweni wawuhlanganisa lombono ngokunika uKhongolo amandla okulawula imibuso kanye noMongameli amandla okwenza leyo mithetho, kanye neziphathimandla ezihleliwe eziklanyelwe ukubambisana.

Impikiswano Nokuqoshwa Kwemidanti

[[FLT: 0] I-Federalist Papers, ikakhulukazi izinombolo 47 kuya ku-51 ezibhalwe ngu-Madison, zanikeza isivikelo semibono ngokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. U-Alexander Hamilton, kuFederalist No. 70, elwelwa "isikhulu esiqinile" njengesibalulekile emandleni kahulumeni, isivikelo ekuhlaseleni kwamanye amazwe, kanye nokuqondisa okuqhubekayo kwemithetho. I-Anti-Féderalists, nokho, nokho, yabesatshwa ukuthi i-Facestering ingenze i-bastoms profecrance. Le projectivesting ayiphelanga nge-ractiotious. [FF] i-Progconstrigtion:[3]

Izenzakalo Ezibalulekile Ezingokomlando

Lobu buhlobo buye bavela ngezenzakalo ezibalulekile eziye zahlola futhi zalungisa imingcele yalo:

  • Izinketho zokuqala:[ George Washington wamisa inqubo yokuhlola umongameli noMkhandlu wezivumelwano nokumisa, emisa indinganiso yenhlonipho phakathi kwe-branch.
  • Impi yomphakathi ne-constructon: indlela ka-Abraham Lincoln yokusebenzisa amandla aphezulu phakathi nesikhathi sempi, kuhlanganise nokumisa i-habeas corpus nokukhipha i-Emancipation Proclation, igunya lobumongameli elikhuliswe ngokuphawulekayo. ISishaya-Mkhandlu sasabela phakathi nokumiswa kwemigoqo kanye nokumisa amandla aso phezu kwemibuso yaseNingizimu enqotshiwe.
  • Inkathi eqhubekekayo neNew Deal:[FLT: 1] Abameli uTheodore Roosevelt noFranklin D. Roosevelt balungisa futhi igatsha eliphethe, nomthetho we-FDR's New Develop ofuna ukubambisana okungakaze kubonwe futhi kuxabane neSishaya-mfantu. Ukumelana kokuqala kweNkantolo yeNkantolo ePhakeme kanye nokuvunyelwa kwezinhlelo zeNew Deal kwaphawula inguquko ebucayi ekulinganiseleni kwegunya.
  • ISigqibo seMpi seSigqizo sika 1973: Sadlula phezu koMongameli Nixon's's with withroot ngemva kweMpi yaseVietnam, lomthetho wafuna ukulinganisela igunya lobumongameli ngokwefuna ukuqashelwa kwengqungquthela nokuvunyelwa kwebutho lempi. Isewumthetho ophikiswayo nophikisanayo, ebonisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo ngemibuso yempi.
  • IQhosha leNkantolo Ephakeme: Izinqumo zeLandmark ziye zabuchaza ngokwengeziwe ubuhlobo. United States v. Curtiss-Woright Rhwebarport. [196], iNkantolo yaqaphela igunya lobumongameli elibanzi ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe. [[FLT:]] Intsha efunda i-Stechmown & Tube Co. v. Sater[[FLT:] [1952] ibeke amandla kamongameli ngokushaya uMongameli u-Truman's's's ukuhlasela izigayo zensimbi phakathi nempi yase-Korea. Ingxenye ye-paneyoku

Lezi zingqopha - mlando zibonisa ukuthi ubuhlobo phakathi koMkhandlu noMongameli buyashintsha lapho kuvela izinkinga, izinhlangano zezombusazwe nezincazelo ezingokomthetho, ngaso sonke isikhathi bubuyela ezinkingeni eziyisisekelo ezakhelwe eMthethweni.

Amandla Omhlangano: Ianchor Engokomthetho

ISishaya-mthetho-sisekelo esinemithetho ebalulekile evumela ukuba ihlole igunya nomthetho-zwe kaMongameli. Lemibuso ihlukaniswa ngokuyinhloko eSigabeni I soMthetho-sisekelo futhi imelela ukubonakaliswa okuqondile kobukhosi obuthandwayo ngohulumeni omelele.

Igunya Lomthetho

UKhomishane unamandla okudala imithetho ebusa isizwe. Wonke amandla omthetho anikezwa nguMthetho-sisekelo abekwe eKhondlelweni, okusho ukuthi uMongameli akanakwenza umthetho we-statism. Lo mbuso uyisisekelo sethonya lombuso. UMongameli angamisa umthetho, njengoba ubonwa ekhelini likaHulumeni le-Union, kodwa iKhomishane kuphela ekwazi ukudlulisa izikweleti emthethweni. Lokhu kwenza i-Congress Congress ikwazi ukusekela izinqumiso zemithetho, kusukela emithethweni yentela ukuya ezimithethweni zendawo ezungezile. Inqubo yemithetho ngokwayo ithatha ijubane futhi ifuna ukuba i-biversimential ye-prezial noma isigqephu somthetho.

Amandla Okuthenga

Isiphakamiso I silawula imali nentela kahulumeni. ISiphakamiso 8 sinikeza uMkhandlu amandla okubeka nokuqoqa izintela, ukuboleka imali, nezimali ezifanele. Lokhu "amandla esikhwama" mhlawumbe kuwukuhlolwa okukhulu kakhulu komphathi wesikhwama. Ayikho imali engathathwa ku-Ethermary ngaphandle kokuhlelwa umthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uMongameli akanakuxhasa noma isiphi isimiso, isinyathelo, noma impi ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yinhlangano. Amakomiti e-Congregation, ikakhulukazi amaKomiti a-Appries kuwo womabili amakamu, asebenzisa ithonya elikhulu ekusebenziseni imali yomthetho. Uma kuphakama ukuphikisana, usongo lokuvinjelwa komthetho kuba ukubonakaliswa kwangempela nangoko kwaleli gunya.

Ukugada Nokuphenya

IKhomishane ingahlola futhi yengamele izenzo zegatsha eliphethe. Lo msebenzi wokwengamela uboniswa yimibuso yemithetho yeSishaya-mthetho soMkhandlu futhi uye waqinisekiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme. Amakomiti e-Congregational alalela, akhipha izihloko eziphansi, futhi afune ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokwethembeka nangempumelelo. Lokhu kuqondisa kungaba yithuluzi elinamandla lokuziphendulela, ukudalula indle, ukukhohlisa, nokuxhaphaza phakathi kwegatsha elikhulu. Ukuphenya okukhulu, kusukela e-watergate caress kusuka ekuphengululeni kwe-watergate kusuka ekuhlolweni kwe-water Committee, kubonisa indlela ukuqondisa kwe-komiti ephethe okungalungisayo okungalungisa umbono womphakathi nokushukumisa ngayo ushintsho lwezombangazwe.

Amandla Okuzikhandla

UKhomishane unamandla okukhipha uMongameli, uMongameli, umongameli, nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni ze "Izimo Zokungalungi, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme kanye nezingakhokhi." Indlu yabameleli inegunya lokukhipha imvume ngevoti elula nje, kuyilapho iSigele siqhuba icala futhi singabekwa icala ngecala futhi sisuswe isigwebo esingaphezulu kakhulu. Ukungagunyazwa kuyikhambi eliyikhohla eliqinile neqalile. Nakuba kuthoswe kakhulu yindlu yabameli abathathu kuphela i-U. Abaphathi be-U. bangaphansi be-Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDurback (w). Akukho lutho oluye lwalahlwayo futhi lwasuswa yisigedegeqe. Amandla asebenza njengekhambiso elibusweni elibusweni elibuswayo elimelene nokuziphatha okubi kwezikhulu.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kwesigele Nokuncishiswa Kwesivumelwano

ISigele siphethe amagunya akhethekile ahlola uMongameli ngokuqhubekayo. ISiphakamiso II sifuna ukuba iSigele sinikeze "imvume nemvume" ekumiseni umongameli, kuhlanganise nonobhala bamakhathense, amajaji kahulumeni, amanxusa, namajaji eNkantolo ePhakeme. ISigele kumelwe futhi sivume izivumelwano zokufakela ngamalungu amabili-ntathu. Lokhu kwenza iSigele sisebenzise iziqondiso zegatsha eliphethe i-compatel ne-oplomment. Inqubo yokuqinisekisa iye yaba yimpi eyandayo emashumini eminyaka amuva, ngokulibala okukhulu kanye nezimpi ze-R748 zibe yinqubo.

Amandla KaMongameli: Unjini Ophethe

UMongameli futhi unamandla aqinile omthetho-sisekelo nomthetho-mthetho abangela ukubusa okuphumelelayo nokunikeza isixwayiso kumaphakele emithetho. Lamandla, ahlelwe eSiphakamiso II, aklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa amandla, ukuthumela, nobunye egatsheni eliphethe.

Amandla E - Veto

UMongameli angawukhipha umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu. ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 7 ifuna ukuba zonke izikweleti zidluliselwe kuMongameli neSigele ukuze zivunyelwe. Uma uMongameli engawufuni, angabuyisela isibambiso ngezindlela zokuphikisa, ngokuphumelelayo. UKhongolo lungakhipha umthetho nge-veto kuphela ngenani eliyisithathu lamagumbi, isiqobo esiphezulu esihlanganayo. Amandla anika uMongameli amandla aqondile nanamandla okumisa umthetho. Usongo nje lweveto lungaphoqa uKhomishane nolwenzelo lokuvikela umongameli. [[FLT:] Umongameli [FLFL:] umbangomthetho [FFLD] [FLD] [FFLD]

Izimiso Neziqondiso Eziphethe

UMongameli angakhipha iziyalo eziphethe, imemorial tranda, nezimemezelo ezinamandla ehhovisi eliphethe igatsha. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungasho ngokucacile iziyalezo eziphetheyo, uthola emandleni oMongameli II ukuba "aqaphele ukuba imithetho iqedwe ngokwethembeka" iziyalezo eziphetheyo zivumela uMongameli ukuba aqondise izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngendlela yokuchaza nokusebenzisa imithetho. Ziyithuluzi elinamandla lokuthuthukisa isimiso ngaphandle kokulinda umthetho. Nokho, zingaphansi kokubukezwa kwezehlulele futhi zingabuyiselwa umthetho olandelayo noma zithathelwe indawo. Ukusetshenziswa kwemiyalo yezikhulu kuye kwakhula kakhulu kuyi-Preadecialsmes, iphakamisa izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphatheleneze mayelana nomphathi benkampani.

Umholi Wezomthetho Wakwamanye Amazwe

UMongameli uhola ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe futhi angaxoxa ngezivumelwano. UMthetho-sisekelo ukhetha uMongameli njengommeleli oyinhloko we-United States ebuhlotsheni bomhlaba wonke. UMongameli wamukela amanxusa, uxoxa, futhi ukhonza njengomphathi omkhulu wesizwe. Nakuba izivumelwano zidinga ukugunyazwa kweSigele, uMongameli angangena ezivumelwaneni eziphethe namazwe angaphandle ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yiSigebengu, anikeze ithuluzi elivumelanayo lokuxhumana. UMongameli futhi unamandla okuqaphela ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe nokumisa indlela yokuthembisana kwezizwe ngezivumelwano.

Umkhuzi-kakhulu-i-Chief

UMongameli wengamela amabutho ahlomile. ISiphakamiso II simisa uMongameli njengoMkhuzi weButho neNdlu yempi yase-United States. Lo mbuso unikeza uMongameli amandla okulawula amabutho ezempi, uvumela ukusabela okusheshayo ekusongelelweni nasekuqondiseni kwezempi. Nokho, uKhongolo lunamandla okumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho empi, futhi unikeze ibutho lempi imithombo yamabutho. Le ngxenye yempi iye yaba umthombo ophikelelayo. Ababusi baseLincoln ukuya kuBiden baye basebenzisa amabutho ezempi ngaphandle kokukhipha isimemezelo sangokomthetho sempi, bekhuluma ngegunya labo eliphethe isikhulu, kuyilapho uKhomishane ngokuvamile bephikisana nemithetho yalelogunya.

Ukunqunywa Nokususwa Kwamandla

UMongameli umisa izikhulu eziyinhloko ze-United States, ezigunyazwe iSigele, futhi ezinamandla okususa izikhulu eziningi zegatsha eziphethe. Lombuso wokumisa uvumela uMongameli ukuba alolonge ukuhola kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kusukela kuMnyango woBulunga kuya ku-Evironmental Protection Agency. Amandla okususa, nakuba engekho ngokuphelele, anika uMongameli amandla aphawulekayo ekuthatheni imithetho. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi uMongameli kumelwe abe negunya elithile lokususa umsebenzi wakhe womthetho wokunakekela ukuthi imithetho iqedwe ngokwethembeka.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Umklamo We - Equilibraum

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela yinqubo ebalulekile ebusa ubuhlobo phakathi kweSishaya-mthetho noMongameli. Iqinisekisa ukuthi womabili amagatsha anamandla okulinganisela amandla ombuso womunye nomunye, avimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba libe yigunya. Lobu buciko obulinganayo yikona okwenza isimiso sokwakha esihluke kakhulu ezimisweni zephalamende lapho amagatsha aphethe nawamapropati efakwa khona.

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

UKhongolose unamathuluzi amaningi okuhlola uMongameli:

  • O ukushayeka i-Vtoes:[ Isikhongozeli singadlula i-parenti ye-veto ngenani eliyizintathu ezimbili emagumbini womabili, siphoqelela umthetho emagumbini womthetho ngokumelene kukaMongameli.
  • [ Ukulawula kokuguqula: Umkhandlu unganqaba ukusekela izinyathelo zobuphathi, noma uhlanganisa izimo ekuchazeni okucindezela isenzo somongameli.
  • [ I-Revisective Reversal:[ Congress ingadlulisa umthetho omusha wokuqeda iziyalezo zokuqondisa noma imithetho yezinhlangano.
  • [ Ukuhlanganisa nokususa: Izikhomba-mbuso zingamsusa uMongameli ngenxa yobugebengu obukhulu kanye namaphutha.
  • Ukuqinisekisa: ISigele singakwenqaba noma sibambezele ukumiswa kukamongameli, sivimbele uMongameli ekugcwaliseni izikhundla eziyinhloko.
  • [ I-Ratiation: ISigele singanqaba ukugunyaza izivumelwano ezixoxwe nguMongameli.
  • Ukudlulisa Ukuzwa:[ UKhongolose lungahlola izenzo zegatsha eliphethe futhi luphoqelele ubufakazi namadokhumende.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Icala

UMongameli ubheka noMkhandlu:

  • Ukulawula:[ UMongameli angamisa umthetho, aphoqelele uMkhandlu ukuba ufeze impumelelo enkulu kakhulu ukudlulisa isikweleti.
  • [ Izinhlelo ezisebenzayo:[ UMongameli angaqondisa igatsha eliphetheyo ukuba lisebenzise uhlelo ngezindlela ezingase zingadingi umthetho omusha.
  • Isimo somanyano:[ UMongameli angamisa umthetho futhi alungise uhlelo lwesimiso sezwe.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Izabelo nama-Reprieeve:[[[FL:1] uMongameli anganikeza ukuthethelela, abeke izinkolelo nezigwebo eceleni.
  • [ Ilungelo elisebenzayo:[ UMongameli angagodla ukwaziswa koMkhandlu ngenxa yesidingo sokufihla imfihlo ekuhlolweni kwesikhulu, nakuba lelilungelo lingaphelele.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Njengomshini Olinganiselayo

Nakuba ingahloli ngqo i-Congress noma uMongameli, igatsha lokwahlulela lifeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukulinganisela. INkantolo Ephakeme ingabusa izenzo zobuphathi noma imithetho ehlangene. La mandla okuhlola kokwahlulela asungulwe bury v. Madison[FL:1] [1863] [1853] [i-Cliv] [i-amandla angaphandle] anikeza isiphakamisi sengxabano phakathi kwamagatsha. Icala eliyinhloko elinjenge [[FLT:] United States v. [i-FLT]][FLT] [12] [7]] [4] [i], elilinganisela ilungelo lomphathi, .Cliv] eDolobhethini laseNew York [FFFF:5], [ikthelela, [ike], [indelkthe projectictienum], [iedium-metics], i-medium-mediart, ye-fic

Izinkinga Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ziyasivimbela Isenzo Sokulinganisela

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ubuhlobo phakathi koMkhandlu noMongameli buye babhekana nobunzima obukhulu obuye babekela inselele umklamo wokuqala walesi simiso. Lezimpikiswano zamanje ziphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nempilo yentando yeningi yaseMelika kanye nekusasa lobuhlobo obuqinile phakathi kwesimiso.

I - partisan Polaryation

Ukwanda kokuhlukana kwezombangazwe kuye kwenza ukubambisana phakathi kweSishaya-mthetho noMongameli kwaba nzima kakhulu. Uma umongameli noMkhandlu belawulwa amaqembu ahlukene, ngokuvamile kuba nemiphumela. Kodwa ngisho noma iqembu elifanayo lilawula womabili amagatsha, amaqembu angaphakathi phakathi kweqembu angavimbela ukubusa okuphumelelayo. Ukuphakama kwemibono, lapho amaqembu ehlangene kakhulu futhi amelene kakhulu, kuye kwanciphisa indawo yokuhlehla. Lokhu kubangela ukuba kungenele impi, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwe-Relibbester eGavel, okudinga ukumiswa kwemithetho eminingi. Ngokomphumela, umongameli ushintsha kakhulu ukunciphisa iziyalezo zezikhulu zezokuphatha nokuthatha isinyathelo esizimele kanye nesingahlangani ukuze afeze izinhloso zawo, futhi kuqhube isilinganiso semithetho ye-mthetho.

Ukuhleleka Kwezisebenzi Nezinkathazo Zokuhlasela Ngokweqile

Ukusetshenziswa kweziqondiso kuye kwakhula ngokuphawulekayo kumongameli wanamuhla. Omongameli abavela kuwo womabili amaqembu baye basebenzisa iziyalezo eziphetheyo ukusingatha izindaba ezisukela ekushintsheni kwezokufuduka nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuya emalungelweni omphakathi nakumthetho wezomnotho. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kumelela ukuphaphazanyiswa kwezikhulu, kudlula inqubo yomthetho-mthetho nokwehlisa indima ye-Congress Congress. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi iziqondiso zezikhulu ziyithuluzi elidingekayo kumongameli ukuze afeze imisebenzi yakhe enqubeni ye-omfantractal. Ingxoxo ivame ukugxila ekutheni uhlelo oluthile luwela emandleni omthetho omthetho omthetho omthetho omthetho owenziwe yigunya noma omthetho kaMongameli ogunyazwe noma owe-Hulumente. Uguqulo lwezenzo zobuphathiswa-kazwe ngempathi ngayinye, udala umjikele wokunweba we-omjikelezo weSiphaka seSiphaka se-Ceqeqe II.

Ukuvinjelwa Uhulumeni Nezimpi Zokusebenzisa Imali

Ukungavumelani ngezimpikiswano zemali ezikhona kuholele ekuvinjelweni ngokuphindaphindiwe kukahulumeni, kubonakalisa izigxobo eziphakeme zamandla esikhwama. Uma iSishaya-mthetho noMongameli bengenakuvumelana ngezindleko zokulawula, ukuxhasa izinhlangano zikahulumeni kuyahluleka, kuholela ekuncipheni kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni nasekuncishisweni kwemisebenzi eminingi kahulumeni. Ukuvinjelwa kuphoqelela izindleko ezinkulu zezomnotho futhi kuphazamise ukuphila kwezigidi zamaMelika. Izenzakalo ezinjalo zigcizelela ukungasebenzi okungaphakama lapho ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuwohloka kuphenduka kube yingxabano eqondile. U. Umlando, ukuvinjelwa okuthatha izinsuku ezingu-35 kusukela ngoDecember 2018 kuya kuJanuwari 2019, kugxile ekuxazululeni izimali ngenxa yokuxhasa udonga lomngcele. Izenzakalo ezinjalo zigcizelela isidingo sezindlela zokulungisa izingxabano ezikhona ukuze kuxazululwane.

Impikiswano Yempi Iyaqhubeka

Ukwahlukana kwamandla empi phakathi kweSishaya-Mkhandlu noMongameli kuhlala kungelinye lamazwe aphikisana kakhulu ebuhlotsheni obuphakathi kwe-Bhunga. ISigqi soMkhosi weMpi sango-1937 sasihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uMongameli akanakufaka izikhali zempi eU.S. amabutho alwa ngaphandle kwemvume yokuhlomisa. Nokho, umongameli ngamunye kusukela iNixon uye waqinisekisa ukuthi isinqumo se-Nixon siye saphula igunya lawo elingokomthetho njengoMyaleli-Chiko-mfa. Izenzo zempi eLibya, i-Siriya, futhi kwezinye izindawo azikwazanga ukuhlanganisa nemvume elinganiselwe noma ukumiswa kwemithetho eqondile, i-impoqo yomthetho nezombangazwe, iqhube izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ezingokomthetho zempi ezikhona ngemva kokuhlasela okudlulele phambili kwe-September 11, 2001 kuye kwasetshenziswa ukuthethelela imisebenzi yempi ukudlula indawo yayo yokuqala, ukuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelenekwayo. [Umbiko we-Active Congressiontions) [Frions Courtion on Auncitions)]

Ukuqinisekiswa Kwezimpi Nokunqunywa Kokwahlulela

Inqubo yokugunyazwa kweSigele seSigele iye yaba isikhungo esiyinhloko sobudlelwano phakathi kwamagatsha. Ukumiswa kwemithetho eqinile yokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi eNkantolo Ephakeme, kuye kwaguqula inqubo yokuqinisekisa yaba umncintiswano ophakeme. Ukwenqaba kweSigele ukuba kubekwe izikhalazelo zeMerick Garland ngo-2016, kulandelwa ukuqinisekiswa okusheshayo kuka-Amy Coney Barrett ngo-2020, okubonisa ukuwohloka kwemithetho engokwesiko. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekufuneni inqubo yokulungisa inqubo yokuqinisekisa, kuhlanganise neziphakamiso zokulinganisela ubude bemisho yokwahlulela noma ukwandisa ubukhulu beNkanto Ephakeme. Impi yokuqinisekisa ibonisa ukuqina okugcwele ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwe-interbranch nokwenyuka kwemibuzo ephathelene-ukuzibusa kwe-judinary.

Isiphetho: Ukuphakama Okuhlala Njalo Kwesimo Esidala

Ubuhlobo phakathi koMkhandlu noMongameli buyisenzo esiyinkimbinkimbi sokulinganisela esisalokhu sibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwentando yeningi yaseMelika. Umklamo wama-framers, ukusungula izinhlangano ezihlukene ezihlanganisa imibuso, uye wabonakala unamandla aphawulekayo phakathi kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka. Ukushukuma phakathi kwamagatsha akusona isici sesimiso; kuyisici. Kuphoqelela ukuba kuxoxiswe, kuyekelelwe, futhi kuxazululwe, kunciphise inqubo yomthetho futhi kuyenze kube nzima nganoma yisiphi isiphi icebo lokumisa noma isiphi icebo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngokushesha.

Ukuqonda lokhu okunamandla kusiza abafundi nothisha ukuba baqonde ukuthi kungani uhulumeni waseMelika uthanda ukuphikisana futhi uhamba kancane. Ukuhlola nokulinganisela kwaklanyelwe ukuvimbela ubushiqela, hhayi ukuqinisekisa ukuphumelela. Enkathini yokwehlukana okukhulu noshintsho olusheshayo, ubuhlobo phakathi koKhongolo-kanye noMongameli buzoqhubeka buvivinywa. Umbuzo oyinhloko uyaqhubeka ukuthi izakhiwo zezinhlangano ezakhiwa ngo 1787 zihlala zikhona yini futhi zihamba kancane. Ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuklanyelwa kwesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi samashumi amabili angaphezulu. Impendulo ixhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwabaholi emagatsheni omabili ukusekela imithetho engokomthetho, ukuhlonipha igunya elingokomthetho lelinye igatsha, futhi ukusebenza ndawonye ekuxazululeni izinselele zesizwe. Isenzo sokulinganisela asilungiseki nhlobo lwezwe laseMelika, ukunaka nokunakekela okungapheli.