Ukuqonda Ukulinganisela Kwamandla

Umqondo wokulinganisela kwamandla uyisisekelo sokwakheka koMthetho-sisekelo we-United States. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa likahulumeni elinamandla kakhulu, elilondoloza amalungelo nenkululeko yezakhamuzi. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo baklama isimiso lapho igunya lihlukaniswa khona phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ahlukene, ngalinye elinezibopho zalo siqu zemithwalo yemfanelo nokulinganiselwa. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwamandla ngenhloso kuvimbela noma iliphi iqembu noma umuntu ukuba athole igunya elinganqandeki, isifundo esifundwa emakhulwini eminyaka ukubusa kwenkosi yaseYurophu nokuhlangenwe nakho kwemibuso yempi yaseYurophu ngaphansi kokubusa kweBrithani.

Ekujuleni kwayo, ukulinganisela kwamandla akuyona nje indlela ecatshangelwayo kodwa isisekelo esisebenzayo sokubusa. Kubonisa ukungabaza okujulile kwabalawuli begunya eliqinile nenkolelo yabo yokuthi imvelo yomuntu, uma inganqanyulwa, ithambekele ekukhohlakaleni nasekuphathweni. Ngokudala amagatsha ahlukene okumelwe abambisana ukuze alawule ngokuphumelelayo, uMthetho-sisekelo umisa izinga elinamandla lapho isifiso sesifiso sisenziwa khona ukulwa nesifiso sokuvelela, njengoba uJames Madison aphikisa ngokudumelana kobuFederalist No. 51.

Amagatsha Amathathu Nendima Yawo Ehlukile

Ukulingana kwamandla kubhekisela ekusakazeni igunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni: i-avigition, umphathi, nokwahlulela. Igatsha ngalinye linezigunya zalo nemithwalo yalo ehlukile, eklanyelwe ukulinganisela amandla amanye amagatsha. Lokhu kuhlukanisa akukona okuphelele. Amagatsha awahlangani futhi asebenzisana ngendlela edala isimiso sokuqondisa nokulawula. Ukuqonda indima ekhethekile yegatsha ngalinye kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi ukulinganisela kwamandla kusebenza kanjani.

Igatsha lemithetho lenza imithetho, igatsha eliphethe liyimisa, futhi igatsha lokwahlulela liyayichaza. Lesi sakhiwo sohambo oluhambayo siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu ongakha futhi aphoqelele imithetho ngaphandle kobubonisi. Abahleli badweba i-flomesquieu bathola ukuphefumulelwa ongqondo abakhanyiselweyo njengoMontesquieu, owaphikisa eMthethweni [ i-Optional of the Laws [irty] efuna ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso engohulumeni ehlukene.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho, ngokuyinhloko elakhiwe yi-Congress, linomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho. Linezindlu ezimbili: iSigele nendlu yabameleli. Indlu ngayinye inemibuso nemisebenzi ehlukile, inengxenye ekulinganiseni wonke amandla. Lesisakhiwo se-bimeral ngokwaso sasiwukuvumelana phakathi kwezifunda ezinkulu nezincane eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo, siqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili ukumelelwa kwenani labantu nesilinganiso sikahulumeni kwalondolozwa.

Indlu yabameleli, namagama ayo aneminyaka emibili, iklanyelwe ukuba isabelele ngokuqondile kubantu. Abameleli babhekene nokhetho oluvamile, olugcina benomlando ogciniwe kubantu abamelelwayo. Indlu inegunya elikhethekile lokusungula izikweleti zemali, inikeza ukulawula okuphawulekayo kwemali kahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i House inamandla okungakhokhi izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli, ukuvukela, ukufumbathisa, noma okunye ubugebengu obuphakeme.

ISigele, namagama aso aneminyaka eyisithupha, sinikeza indikimba yemithetho ekhululekile nengaguquguquki. Ama-Senter akhethwa ekuqaleni yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, nakuba iSichibiyelo se-17 sakuguqula lokhu ukuze kuqondiswe ukukhetha okuthandwayo. ISigele siphethe amandla okuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, kuhlanganise namalungu ekhathektha, amajaji asemthethweni, nabahluleli beNkantolo Ephakeme. Sibuye sifake izivumelwano ezixoxiwe nguMongameli, zifune ukuba kube nenani elikhulu eliyisithathu ukuze livunyelwe. Lemibuso inikeza iSishaya - mthetho indima ebalulekile ekulolo hlelo lokulungisa igatsha eliphethe nesimiso sakwamanye amazwe.

Zonke, izindlu ezimbili zeSishaya-Mkhandlu kumelwe zidlulisele umthetho ofanayo ngaphambi kokuba uthunyelwe kuMongameli ukuze athole imvume. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho iveza ukuvumelana okubanzi futhi ivimbela umthetho osheshayo noma ocatshangelwa kabi. Igatsha lemithetho linamandla esikhwameni semali, lilawula yonke imali esetshenziswayo nentela kahulumeni. Leligunya lokukhokha i-Callmenter lingelinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu okuhlola igatsha eliphethe.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe liholwa uMongameli wase-United States, onomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho nokuphatha umthetho wakwamanye amazwe. UMongameli futhi unamandla okukhipha umthetho weveto, osebenza njengenhlolo - hlola igatsha lomthetho. Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa iminyango nezinhlangano eziningi ezimisa imithetho kahulumeni futhi zisebenzise nezinhlelo zikahulumeni.

UMongameli usebenza njengenhloko yombuso nomphathi kahulumeni, inhlanganisela enikeza ubunye nokunquma ezikhathini zenhlekelele. UMongameli ukhethwa nge-Electoral College, isimiso esilinganisela ubukhosi obuthandwayo kanye nokumelelwa uhulumeni. Lapho esehhovisi, uMongameli unamandla okukhipha iziyalezo zokuphatha imisebenzi kahulumeni. Le mithetho inamandla omthetho kodwa kumelwe isekelwe egunyeni elikhona lemithetho noma emagunyeni omthetho.

I-veto amandla angenye yeziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu zikaMongameli eKhongolo. Uma uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho, uMongameli angawusayina, awuvumele ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kosayino, noma umthetho. U-veto uthumela incwadi emuva eKhongomeni, lapho kudingeka khona inani eliyisithathu kuzo zombili izindlu ukuba liwubuyisele. Lemfuneko enkulu yenza ingabi mbalwa, inike uMongameli amandla anele enqubweni yemithetho. Nokho, usongo lweveto lungakhuthaza futhi ukuba kuxoxiswe uMongameli ngaphambi kokudlulisa umthetho.

UMongameli ukhonza futhi njengoMkhuzi wamabutho ahlomile, enikeza ukuphatha kwempi kwezempi. Nakuba uMkhandlu unamandla okumemezela impi, uMongameli uqondisa imisebenzi yezempi futhi enze izinqumo ezigxekayo zesizwe. Lokhu kuhlukana kwemibuso yempi kuye kwaba umthombo wengxabano eqhubekayo nophikisana kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, ikakhulukazi esikhathini sanamuhla sezibopho zempi yembulunga yonke.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi isetshenziswa ngokufanele. INkantolo Ephakeme iyinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni futhi inamandla okumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ngaphandle komthetho, ngaleyo ndlela ivikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Lamandla okuhlola ashiwo ngokuqondile eMthethweni kodwa amiswa icala elivelele Marbury v. Madison (1803).

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sihlanganisa izinkantolo zesifunda, izinkantolo zecala, neNkantolo Ephakeme. Izinkantolo zesigodi ziyizinkantolo zamacala lapho kuqulwa khona kuqala, kuyilapho izinkantolo zihlola izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda. INkantolo Ephakeme inesiphetho sokugcina ngemibuzo engokomthetho-sisekelo, futhi izinqumo zayo zimisa izicathulo ezinqumayo zezinkantolo ezincane kulo lonke izwe. INkantolo izwa ingesincane kuphela icala elidluliselwe kuyo, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihilela izimpikiswano eziyinhloko zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi.

Amajaji eNkantolo ePhakeme amiswa ukuze aphile, abavumele ukuba benze izinqumo ngaphandle kokucindezela kwezombangazwe. Lokhu kuphila kubenza bavikeleke embonweni womphakathi nasemiphumela yokukhetha, kubenza bakwazi ukusekela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ngisho nalapho lezozimiso zingathandeki. Inqubo yokumiswa ngokwayo ihilela kokubili amagatsha aphethe ne-province: uMongameli uthatha izahlulelo, futhi iSigebengu siyaziqinisekisa. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumiswa kokwahlulela kubonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu nokuthi amajaji afanelekeleze futhi angakhethi.

Igatsha lokwahlulela linamandla futhi okuchaza imithetho kahulumeni nezimiso zokuphatha. Uma imithetho ingaqondakali noma iphikisana, izinkantolo zinquma incazelo yayo nokusebenza kwayo. Leligunya lokuchaza linikeza okwahlulela indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni isimiso somphakathi, nakuba icindezelwa umbhalo wemithetho noMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Samasheke Nokulinganisela

Amasheke nama-ascer abalulekile ekulinganiseni amandla. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lingaqondisa futhi lilinganise izenzo zamanye, livimbele noma iliphi igatsha ukuba libuse uhulumeni. Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi ziphekethilo kudala inqubo eshukumisayo yokuxoxisana, ukuyekethisa, nokulandisa okuchaza ukubusa kwaseMelika.

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi amasheke nezilinganiso zisebenza kanjani, kusiza ukuhlola izibonelo ezithile zobuhlobo obuphakathi kwegatsha ngalinye linamathuluzi amaningi okuhlola amanye, futhi lamathuluzi akha izimiso zokuqondisa ezidlulelanayo eziqaphe ukuxhashazwa. Ukuphumelela kwalezi zivivinyo kuxhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwegatsha ngalinye ukusebenzisa amandla alo nokuqapha komphakathi nokwezindaba.

Indlela Igatsha Ngalinye Elibheka Ngayo Abanye

ISishaya-mthetho sihlola igatsha eliphethe ngezinqubo eziningana. Amakomiti omqondisi wegatsha ahlola imisebenzi ye-Congregational, ukuqulwa kwecala, nezincwadi ezingaphansi kwe-popena nofakazi. ISishaya-mthetho siqinisekisa noma senqaba ukumiswa komongameli, kuhlanganise nonobhala bamakhabethe, iziphathi zezinhlangano, namajaji kahulumeni. UKhongolo lulawula izimali zikahulumeni, lunqume ukuthi imalini isekeni ngalinye nesimiso esiyamukelayo. Amandla okungagunyazi iziphathi ezikhundla avumela iNdlumbuso ukuba zithathe isimilo esingafanele, kanye nezinkampane zokuhlola ukuthi zithathe yini izintambo ezisebenza ehhovisi.

ISishaya-mthetho sihlola igatsha lokwahlulela ngokunquma isimo sesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nenani lamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. ISigele siqinisekisa noma silahle okwahlulela, futhi iSishaya-mthetho singakhipha abahluleli bahulumeni ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi. ISishaya-Mkhandlu futhi sinamandla okuveza ukulungisa okungokomthetho-mthetho, okungadlula izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezichaza uMthetho-sisekelo.

UMongameli uhlola uKhongolo-khampathi ngamandla ka-veto, njengoba kuxoxwe ngakho ngenhla. UMongameli angabiza futhi izikhawu ezikhethekile ze-Congress futhi, njengenhloko yegatsha eliphethe, athonye umthetho ngokunxusa, ukunxusa umphakathi, nosongo lobuPresidenti. Indima kaMongameli njengomphathi wesikhulu ivumela umphathi ukuba aqhube inqubo yangaphandle futhi axoxe, nakuba izivumelwano zidinga ukuvunyelwa kweSigele.

UMongameli uhlola igatsha lokwahlulela ngokumisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. UMongameli futhi unamandla okuthethelela nokubuyisela icala likahulumeni, elingase libuyeke isigwebo sokwahlulela. Igatsha eliphethe liphoqelela iziyalezo zenkantolo, linikeza uMongameli isinqumo endleleni izinqumo zokwahlulela ezithathwa ngayo.

Igatsha lokwahlulela lihlola kokubili i-Congress kanye noMongameli ngokuhlola kokwahlulela. Izinkantolo zingamisa imithetho edluliswa yisiKhomishane futhi isayinwe nguMongameli uma iphula umthetho. Izinkantolo zingaze futhi zilahle izenzo zezikhulu ezidlula igunya lomthetho noma lomthetho-sisekelo. Izinqumo zokwahlulela zibopha kokubili amagatsha emithetho nezikhulu, nakuba iSishaya-mthetho singalungisa imithetho esabela ezinqumweni zenkantolo.

Amandla E - Veto Nemingcele Yawo

I-veto engumongameli iyithuluzi elinamandla, kodwa inezinto ezibalulekile. I-Congress ingadlula i-veto ngo-35 abaningi kuzo zombili izindlu, ibhande eliphakeme elidinga ukubambisana kwe-bipartisan. Usongo lweveto lungamisa umthetho ngaphambi kokuba ufike edeskini likaMongameli, njengoba abenzi bomthetho belindele ukuthi uMongameli uzokwamukelani. Abameli futhi basebenzisa i-veto ngokushaya umthetho ukuze baphawule izinqumo zabo futhi bakhe ukusekela komphakathi izikhundla zabo.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-vetoes: i-veto evamile ne-veto efakwa ephaketheni. I-veto evamile yenzeka lapho uMongameli ebuyisela isikweleti esiya eSixukwini ngokuphikisa. I-veto ephakethe iyenzeka lapho uMongameli engasayini isikweleti phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi ngesikhathi i-Congress ifunwe, ibulala ngokuphumelelayo umthetho. I-pocket nevetoes aynakenziwa metho, inika uMongameli i-vetoto ephelele phakathi ne-parnationalmentment.

Ingxenye-mxeba iveto, engavumela uMongameli ukuba afake amalungiselelo akhethekile encwadi ngaphandle kokwenqaba wonke umthetho, iye yaphikiswa. INkantolo Ephakeme yashaya umngcele we-meta-font wito kahulumeni ku- Clinton v. Idolobha laseNew York[[1998], ibambe ukuthi iphule u-Claus weSimente. Nokho, ezinye izikhulu ziye zathatha izinhlelo zomgqebhedu-i-fostoto kumthetho.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nokuziphendukela Kwakho

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kungamandla ezinkantolo okumemezela imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha ezingekho emthethweni. Lombuso wamiswa ku- Marbury v. Madison, lapho uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall abhala khona ukuthi "kuyisifundazwe esiqinile nesibopho somnyango wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini." Isinqumo sagomela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe nokuthi inkantolo kumelwe iwusekele phezu kwemithetho engqubuzanayo.

Kusukela ku-Marbury v. Madison, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yenza ukuhlola kokwahlulela ezinhlalweni eziningi, ilolonga umthetho nemphakathi waseMelika. Izinqumo zeLandmark ziye zakhuluma ngamalungelo omphakathi, ukuvota, amalungelo enkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yokukhipha isisu, amalungelo emfucumfucu, namalungelo agunyazombuso. Izinqumo zeNkantolo azinazo ukugonyelwa noma ukushintsha; izinkantolo ezilandelayo zingagumbuqela izenzakalo zangaphambili, njengoba kwenzeka ku Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo (1954]), ebusa [FLD].[FLD]

Imingcele yokuhlola kokwahlulela nayo ibalulekile. Izinkantolo ziyizinhlangano ezingakwazi ukuzwa amacala aziswe kuzo amaqembu azimele. Azikwazi ukuphenya noma ukukhipha imibono ephikisayo. Ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kuxhomeke egatsheni eliphetheyo nasekuthobeleni umthetho womphakathi. Uma izinkantolo zikhipha izinqumo ezingathandeki, zifaka izingozi zezezombangazwe futhi zibekela inselele ukufaneleka kwazo.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sokulinganisela Kwamandla

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo babethonywe izibonelo ezingokomlando zokuphamba nobushiqela bukahulumeni. Bafuna ukwakha isimiso esizovikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuyilapho belondoloza uhulumeni ophumelelayo. Ukulinganisela kwamandla kwakungewona umgomo ocatshangelwayo kodwa kwakuwukusabela okuwusizo ekuhlulekeni kombuso wobukhosi kanye neZiphakamiso Zokuncintisana.

Amathonya Okukhanyiselwa

Ifilosofi yezombangazwe yokuKhanyiselwa yanikeza isisekelo sokuhlakanipha sokulinganisela kwamandla. UJohn Locke's Izivumelwano Ezimbili zikaHulumeni yaphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho uthola emvumeni yababuswayo nokuthi abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo okumelwe uhulumeni uwavikele. ULocke wasekela futhi ukwahlukana kwemibuso, uhlukanisa phakathi kwe-propatialment, umphathi, nemisebenzi engokwenzuzo kahulumeni.

I-Montesquieu's Umoya woMthetho waba nethonya eliqondile kubalawuli. UMontesquieu waphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko yezombangazwe idinga ukwahlukana kwemibuso phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu: i-province, isikhulu, ne-jaji. Waxwayisa ngokuthi uma noma imiphi imibuso emibili ihlanganiswa kumuntu oyedwa noma emzimbeni, inkululeko iyasongelwa. Ukuhlaziya kwakhe umthetho-sisekelo waseBrithani, akubona njengokuhlanganisa ukwahlukana okulinganiselwe kwemibuso, kwakufundwa kabanzi ngabasunguli baseMelika.

I-Andre Blackstone ka William Commentariers eMithethweni yaseNgilandi futhi yaklama umcabango waseMelika ongokomthetho. Blackstone wachaza umthetho-sisekelo wesiNgisi njengesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisa phakathi kweBhulumente, iNdlu yoLords, nendlu yoMbuso. Nakuba abahleli benqaba ubukhosi nezikhulu, baguqula umqondo kahulumeni olinganiselwe ku-Riphabliki.

Okuhlangenwe Nakho Kwamakoloni Nendlela Eya Ekuzimeleni

Ukusetshenziswa kabi kombuso waseBrithani kwaqokomisa isidingo sikahulumeni olinganiselayo. Izikhalo zamakoloni zazihlanganisa intela ngaphandle kokumelelwa, ukuthunjwa kwezishaya-mthetho zamakoloni, ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho evamile, nokusetshenziswa kwengxenye yesine yamabutho emizini yabantu. ISimemezelo sokuzimela sabala lezi zikhalo njengobufakazi "bokusetshenziswa kabi nokubuswa kwezwe" okuklanyelwe ukumiswa "kwenqanyulwa kwemithetho eqinile phezu kwalamazwe."

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwababusi basebukhosini ababebusa umthetho wamakoloni, kanye nokubusa kwePhalamende laseBrithani, kwafundisa amakoloni izingozi zegunya elingalawulwa. Babona ukuthi amandla agxile kakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu oyedwa noma indikimba eyodwa yemithetho, ayengasetshenziswa ekucindezeleni inkululeko nokukhipha ingcebo kwabaholi.

Ngemva kokuzimela, izifunda zamukela imithetho-mthetho yazo siqu, eminingi yayo eyayihlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlelo zemibuso nezimemezelo zamalungelo. Nokho, izihloko zeConfederation, ezabusa isizwe kusukela ngo 1781 kuya ku-1789, zakha uhulumeni obuthakathaka ophethe ongenakho igatsha elizimele noma ekwahluleleni. Lesi sakhiwo sabonakala singenamandla anele, saholela ekuntengantengantengiswa kwezomnotho, izingxabano eziphakathi kwezifundazwe, nobunzima ekuqhubeni umthetho wakwamanye amazwe.

Umhlangano Womthetho - sisekelo Nokuhlehla Okukhulu

I-Constitution of the Confederation ka-1787 yabizwa ukuba ikhulume ngobuthakathaka beZihlokwana ze-Confederation. Izihambeli zavumelana ngokushesha ukuthi uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla kakhulu udingekile, kodwa azivumelani nendlela yokuwakha. I-Virginia Plan yahlongoza uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla onesishaya-mthetho we-badamaral, umphathi okhethwe yisishaya-mthetho, nejaji elinemibuso emikhulu. I-New Jersey Plan yahlobisa isishaya-mthetho esine-amenral esinemendene yezwe elinomphathi obuthakathaka.

Ukuhlehla okukhulu, okwaziwa futhi ngokuthi iConnecticut Relaintion, kwaxazulula impikiswano ngokudala i-badamaral Congress ngokumelela iNdlu futhi kumelelwe ngokwesilinganiso kuhulumeni olinganayo eSigedeni. Lokhu kwalinganisela izithakazelo zemibuso emikhulu nemincane kuyilapho kulondoloza isimiso sobukhosi obuthandwayo. Ukuyekethisa kwasiza futhi ekuvikeleni ukumiswa koMthetho-sisekelo ngokunikeza isisekelo esasingavunyelwa yimibuso emikhulu nemincane.

Kuwo wonke umhlangano, izihambeli zaphikisana ngokuhlukaniswa okuqondile kwemibuso phakathi kwamagatsha. Zacabangela izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokukhetha ukhetho oluphethe, kuhlanganise nokhetho oluqondile, nokhetho lwezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. I-Electoral College yavela njengesephulwayo kulelo thonya lombuso elilinganiselayo lobukhosi obuthandwayo. Ukumiswa kwamajaji nguMongameli nokuqinisekiswa kweSishaya-mthetho kwakungenye yezindlela ezavumelana amandla phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe nezomthetho.

Ukulinganisela Kwegunya Kwezombangazwe ZaseMelika Zangesikhathi Esidlule

Namuhla, ukulinganisela kwegunya kusalokhu kuyisici esibucayi sentando yeningi yaseMelika. Izenzakalo zanamuhla zivame ukuvivinya lokhu kulinganisela, zembula ukubaluleka okuqhubekayo kokuhlola nokulinganisela ekuvikeleni izinhlangano zentando yeningi. Ikhulu lama - 21 liye laveza izinselele ezintsha, kuhlanganise nokuhlukana kwezindawo, ukukhula kwamandla aphethe, nezimpikiswano ngendima yejaji.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Zokulinganisela Kwamandla

Ukuhlaliswa kwezindawo kwenza isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kwaba nengxabano kakhulu. Uma amaqembu ahlukene elawula amagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni, izingxabano azinakugwenywa. UKhomishane ungasebenzisa amandla awo okuqondisa ngokunamandla ukuphenya igatsha eliphethe, kuyilapho uMongameli engase asebenzise ama-vetoes neziqondiso ukuze aqhube izinhloso zesimiso naphezu kokuphikisa kobuthakathi. Lo mncintiswano wamaqembu ungaholela ekuhleleni i-production, kodwa futhi uqinisa ukwahlukana kwemibuso ngokuvimbela noma igatsha ekulawuleni.

Ukukhula kwesifundazwe sokuphatha kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphathelene nokulinganisela kwegunya. Izinhlangano ze-Federal zihlanganisa imisebenzi yemithetho, yezikhulu, neyakwahlulela lapho zikhipha iziqondiso, ziphoqelela, futhi zifushanisa izimpikiswano. Lokhu kugcwala kwamandla egatsheni eliphethe kuye kwaholela ekubizeni ukuqondisa okukhulu kwenhlangano nokulinganisela ekuqondiseni izinhlangano. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasingatha lezi zimpikiswano ezihilela imfundiso engathembekile kanye nesakhiwo sezinhlangano ezizimele.

Iziqondiso zabaqondisi ziye zaba ithuluzi elivelele kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva. Abameli babo bobabili abaphethe baye basebenzisa iziyalo zezikhulu ukuze badlulise ukuhlelwa kwemithetho futhi basebenzise isimiso esiza kuqala ngaphandle kokunikeza isikhathi. Nakuba iziyalezo zezikhulu zivunyelwe ngokomthetho-sisekelo, kumelwe zisekelwe egunyeni elikhona noma emibusoni yomthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo ziye zabulala iziyalezo zezikhulu ezidlula lemingcele, ziqinisekisa ukubukezwa kokwahlulela njengesehlo emandleni ombuso.

Ukuqondisa Kwezindikimba Ekhulwini Lama - 21

Ukuphathwa kwe-Congregational sekuba inkundla eyinhloko yokuhlola ukulinganisela kwegunya. AmaKomiti kokubili e House naseSikhungweni Sezigelekeqe ahlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe, afuna izincwadi nobufakazi, futhi adlulisele izikhalo zomphakathi. Lokhu kuhlola kungaveza ukuziphatha okubi, umthetho, nombono womphakathi. Amandla ka-supane abalulekile ekuqondiseni okuphumelelayo, kodwa futhi aye aba umthombo wengxabano lapho igatsha eliphethe limelana nezimfuno zobubhishobhi.

Amandla okungagunyazi aye asetshenziswa kaningana emashumini eminyaka amuva, ngokuphawuleka kakhulu phakathi nokuphatha kukaBill Clinton noDonald Trump. Inqubo yokuzihlolela ngokwayo iyindlela enamandla yokuhlola ukuziphatha okubi kwezikhulu, idinga iNdlu ukuba ivote emacaleni nakuMkhandlu ukuba iqhube icala. Nakuba kungekho Presidentiyu osusiwe esikhundleni ngemposo, lenqubo isebenza njengendlela yokuvimbela nokulandisa komphakathi.

Inqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemali isalokhu iyikho ukuhlola okuyinhloko egatsheni eliphethe. ISishaya-mthetho silawula izindleko zikahulumeni futhi singasebenzisa ukugunyaza ukuqoqa imali, imingcele, noma ukunqabela ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuphatha. Usongo lokuvala uhulumeni, lapho iSivumelwano sihluleka ukudlulisa izikweleti zokuhlela, lubangela ukucindezela emagatsheni omabili ukuba adingidane futhi ahlehlise. Ukuhlelwa kwemali kuyindlela ephindelelayo yokulinganisela amandla, igatsha ngalinye liqinisa imibandela yalo engokomthetho.

INkantolo Ephakeme Nezimpikiswano Zanamuhla

INkantolo Ephakeme iyaqhubeka inendima eyinhloko ekuchazeni ukulinganisela kwegunya. Izinqumo zamuva ziye zakhuluma ngesikhundla segunya eliphetheyo, imingcele yamandla ombuso, namalungelo abantu abamelene nesenzo sikahulumeni. Ukuqanjwa kweNkantolo nenqubo yokumisa kuye kwancitshiswa kakhulu, kanye nezimpi zokuqinisekisa ezibonisa ukuhlukana kwemibono emphakathini waseMelika.

Amacala ahilela igunya lomongameli aye avivinya imingcele yamandla aphezulu. INkantolo iye yanquma ezindabeni ezinjengokuboshwa kwamabutho alwa nezitha, ukusetshenziswa kwebutho lezempi kwelinye izwe, kanye nokuba yiqiniso kwemithetho yabaqondisi. Trump v. United States [2024], iNkantolo yakhuluma ngenani lobuphekula kumacala obugebengu, isinqumo esinemiphumela emikhulu yokulandisa ngecala lomphathi.

INkantolo futhi iye yakhuluma ngokulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni wezwe nezwe.Federalism, ukuhlukana kombuso phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni, kungesinye isici sokulinganisela kwamandla abekwe eMthethweni. INkantolo iye yasekela igunya likahulumeni kwezinye izingxenye kuyilapho iwulinganisela kwezinye, ibonisa ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kobukhosi bukahulumeni nohulumeni.

Okwenza Ukuba Kube Nokulinganisela Kwamandla Ezindaba Zezakhamuzi

Lapho ukulinganisela kugcinwa, abantu bayavikelwa ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni ngokungemthetho, futhi ukuhlanganyela kwabo ezinqubweni zentando yeningi kunenjongo.

Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ekulinganiseni amandla ngokuvota, zithintane nabameleli bazo, zihlanganyele ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi, futhi zisekele izinhlangano ezisekela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqashwa kwezakhamuzi okunolwazi nokukhuthele kubalulekile ekulondolozweni kwemishini nokulinganisela. Abahleli baqaphela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wodwa awunakuyivikela inkululeko; wawudinga ukuqapha kwabantu ngokwabo.

Imithombo yezindaba futhi inendima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukulinganisela kwegunya. Iphephandaba elikhululekile nelizimele lihlola izenzo zikahulumeni, litshela umphakathi, futhi libeke izikhulu icala. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela imithombo yezindaba ekucushweni kukahulumeni, sivumela izintatheli ukuba zibike ngemisebenzi yesikhulu, yezomthetho, neyakwahlulela. Umphakathi osuzinzile uhlonyiswe kangcono ukuhlola ukusebenza kwegatsha ngalinye nokufuna ukulandisa.

Isiphetho

Ukulingana kwamandla kuyitshe lesisekelo loMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha likahulumeni elingabusa. Lesi simiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi silondoloze ubuqotho bokubusa kwentando yeningi. Abakhi besimiso bakha isimiso esinamandla esidinga ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo, ukuhlehliswa, nokungamele phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu. Nakuba ukulinganisela kwamandla kuvame ukuvivinywa yimpi yezombangazwe noshintsho lwenhlangano, izimiso zaso eziyisisekelo zisalokhu zisebenza namuhla njengango1787.

Ukuqonda ukulinganisela kwamandla kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika. Izakhamuzi eziyaziyo indlela isimiso esisebenza ngayo zikulungele kangcono ukunikeza abameleli bazo icala namalungelo abo. Ukulinganisela kwamandla kuxhomeke ekubopheni isizukulwane ngasinye.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-pal Relations [[FLT: 0] ye-National Archives ukuze uthole umbhalo ogcwele womthetho-sisekelo kanye nezinguquko zawo. I-website yeNkantolo yeNkantolo [ inikeza ukufinyelela izinqumo nezinto ezingokomlando. [[FLT:]] Libarbary of Congress [[[[FLT]:5]] inikeza imithombo yomlando nomlando womthetho womthetho. Lemithombo inikeza ukuqonda okujule kakhulu kokuthisisa amandla asebenza ekusebenzeni nasekuzingeniseni kwayo futhi ivele kanjani esikhathini.