Ukuchaza Ububusi BoMbuso Emongweni Wanamuhla

Ubukhosi buyisimiso esiyisisekelo esinikeza umbuso ophelele nowokugcina igunya phezu kwendawo yawo, inani labantu, nezindaba zangaphakathi. Emfundisweni yezombangazwe yasendulo, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwekhulu lekhulu lekhulu leshumi elinesihlanu leminyaka eWestphalia, ubukhosi basho ukuthi akukho mandla angaphandle angaphazamisa izindaba zombuso. Namuhla, lomqondo uye washintsha ukuze uhlanganise kokubili ubukhosi bangaphakathi nekhono lokuyala ukulalela nokuphoqelela imithetho esifundeni (nemithetho yangaphandle), okuhilela ukuqashelwa ezinye izifunda zomhlaba. Ukuqonda indlela lezizici ezimbili ezibaluleke ngayo ekuqondeni izakhamuzi ezingokomthetho neziwusizo.

Imibuso yanamuhla ezimele ichazwa ngezimfanelo ezine eziyinhloko: indawo echazwe, inani labantu elihlala njalo, uhulumeni ophumelelayo, nekhono lokungena ebudlelwaneni namanye amazwe. Kulesi simiso, uhulumeni unegunya lodwa ekusetshenzisweni okungokomthetho, ukuqoqa izintela, ukuphatha ubulungisa, nokunikeza izimpahla zomphakathi. Nokho, izinga laleligunya alilinganiselwe noma linganqandeki. Izivumelwano zezizwe zomhlaba, kanye nethonya elikhulayo labadlali abangokwabantu abavamile. Lesi sihloko sihlola imibuso ethile ebusa izakhamuzi zayo, imingcele engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe kuleyomibuso, futhi impikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana nendawo lapho umgqa wamandla egunya nenkululeko ephakathi kwezwe ngalinye kufanele ithathwe khona.

Amandla Ombuso E phezu Kwezakhamuzi Zawo

Ubukhosi buvela emagatsheni amathathu avelele kahulumeni − i-legislative, isikhulu, ne-jaji (inye yayo esebenzisa amandla ahlukile athinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi ngokuqondile. Ngaphaya kwala magatsha, isho futhi lokho ososayensi bezombangazwe abakubiza ngokuthi “amandla abusayo” (igunya lokulawula impilo, ukulondeka, nokuziphatha) kanye ne-“indawo eqinile yokuthatha impahla ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi ngokukhokhelwa). Izigaba ezilandelayo zinikeza imininingwane enqunyiweyo.

Amandla Okushaya Imithetho: Ukwenza Imithetho

Isishaya-mthetho (noma yiphalamende, ingqungquthela, noma ingqungquthela) simisa imithetho ebophayo echaza ukuziphatha okuvumelekile, ukwabelana imithombo yempahla, nokumisa amalungelo nemisebenzi. Izimiso eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ubugebengu nesijeziso[ – Ukuveza izenzo ezinjengokweba, ukuhlasela, noma ukukhwabanisa nokunikeza izijeziso ezinjengenkokhelo, ukuboshwa, noma inkonzo yomphakathi.
  • [ Intengo - Ukufaka intela eholweni, embonini, ekuthengiseni, nakwezohwebo ukuze kuxhaswe izinkonzo zomphakathi, izisekelo, nezinhlelo zezenhlalo.
  • Umthetho wezezomnotho – ukubeka imithetho yezentengiselwano, yebhange, yemisebenzi, yezokuhweba, yokuvikela indawo ezungezile, neyokuphepha kwabathengi.
  • Inkambiso ye- engokomthetho – Ukulwela ukuzuza inhlalakahle, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, nosizo lwezindlu, kanye nokumisa iholo elilinganiselwe nezimo zokusebenza.
  • Ukuthutha nokufuduka - Ukunquma okufanelekela njengesakhamuzi, indlela abafuduki abakwazi ngayo ukwenza imvelo, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezingase zihlale noma zixoshwe.

Amandla okulawula awenziki ngokuphelele; ngokuvamile aboshwa umthetho - sisekelo noma imvume yamalungelo evikela inkululeko eyisisekelo (imvume, inkolo, ingqungquthela) futhi enqabela imithetho evimbelayo, isijeziso sonya, noma ukuphenya okungadingekile. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokuqala Se - U.S. sivimbela iSishaya - mthetho ukuba senze imithetho yokuthi imvume yokukhuluma, ngisho noma iningi lemithetho yemithetho efisa ukwenza kanjalo.

Amandla Abaqondisi: Ukunikeza Nokukhonza

Igatsha eliphethe eliholwa umongameli, undunankulu, noma umbusi-kakhulu (___inegunya lokuphoqelela imithetho, ukumisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni, nokuphatha izikhundla zomphakathi. Imisebenzi yezikhulu zekhorali ihlanganisa:

  • [[[NT:0] Imithetho yokuphoqelela - Ukuqondisa amaphoyisa, ukulawulwa kwemingcele, nezinhlangano eziqondisayo ukuba zibambe abaphuli nokugcina ukuhleleka.
  • [ Abaphathi be-Public – izikole ezigijimayo, izibhedlela, izimiso zokuhamba, nemishini esebenzayo; ukukhipha amalayisense nemvume; ukuqoqa izintela.
  • [ Ukuzivikela kwesizwe nokulondeka [ – ukulondoloza amabutho ahlomile, ukuqapha, nokusabela ezisongweni ezinjengobuphekula noma izinhlekelele zemvelo.
  • Inkambiso ye- u-Valtina – i-Pilisa izivumelwano, imelela umbuso ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke, nokulawula ukungena nokuphuma kwabantu nezimpahla emingceleni.
  • [ Amandla omthetho - Phakathi nezinkinga (impi, izinxushunxushu zombango, impi), izikhulu zingakhipha imithetho, ukubeka imithetho yezikhathi zomthetho, noma ukumisa amalungelo athile, nakuba kungaphansi kokubukezwa komthetho kwamuva.

Igunya eliphethe livame ukubonakala kakhulu ezakhamuzini, njengoba lisebenzelana ngokuqondile nokuphila kwansuku zonke (kusukela ekukhipheni amalayisense okukhokhela intela. Izinga lokuqondisa abaqondisi abakhokhelwayo elijabulelayo lihluka kakhulu. Kwamanye amazwe, iziyalezo zokuqondisa zingaphinde zisetshenziswe ngaphandle kwenqubo yomthetho, kanti kwamanye, umphathi ucindezelwa kakhulu yimpatho yempatho nomthetho wokuphatha.

Amandla Okwahlulela: Ukuhumusha Nokubeka Icala

Ijadiary − izinkantolo nezinkantolo − zinamandla okuchaza imithetho, ukuxazulula izingxabano, nokunquma ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni ziwumthetho-sisekelo. Imibuso yokwahlulela ethinta izakhamuzi ihlanganisa:

  • [ I-actrinication - Ukuphathwa kwezilingo zokunquma icala noma ubumsulwa nokufaka imisho engokomthetho.
  • I-Civil impikiswano yesinqumo [ - - Ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwabantu, amabhizinisi, noma phakathi kwezakhamuzi nombuso (umzk., izingxabano zesivumelwano, izilinganiso zempahla, amatopiti).
  • [ Ukubukeza okungokwengxenye [[[FLT: 1] - Ukuhlola izenzo zemithetho nezikhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zivumelana nomthetho-sisekelo namalungelo ayisisekelo.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye – Ispage myalelo wokunqanda izenzo zikahulumeni ezingekho emthethweni, ukunikeza i-habeas corpus ukubekela ijele inselele, kanye nokukhokhwa kwenani ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo.
  • Isinqumo sempikiswano esi-acternive coption – Ukukhuthaza ukuhlanganisa, uku-rbitration, nezinye izindlela ezingezona ezivamile zokunciphisa izinqanda-mthetho zenkantolo futhi zinikeze amakhambi ngokushesha.

Ijaji elizimele libhekwa kabanzi njengesisekelo somthetho. Uma izinkantolo zingakhethi futhi zifinyeleleka, izakhamuzi zithola isixwayiso esiqotho kuhulumeni ophakele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho ijaji lithotyelwa noma lithotyelwa isikhulu, amandla ezwe angaphelelwa yizimiso futhi amalungelo ezakhamuzi anciphe.

Ukubusa Kwangaphandle: Ukwehluka Okunemiphumela

Political theorists distinguish between internal sovereignty—the state’s exclusive authority within its borders—and external sovereignty—its independence from outside interference. Internal sovereignty allows the state to enact binding laws on all persons and property within its territory. External sovereignty, by contrast, concerns how the state interacts with other sovereign states and international bodies. The erosion of external sovereignty through globalization, supranational unions (like the European Union), and international human rights law has major implications for the powers states can exercise over citizens.

Ngokwesibonelo, lapho izwe lijoyina i - International Criminal Court, lidela ingxenye yelungelo lalo lobukhosi ukuba lifake izakhamuzi zalo siqu emacaleni empi. Ngokufanayo, izivumelwano zezohwebo zifuna ukuba kushintshwe imithetho yasekhaya − njengezindinganiso zendawo ezungezile noma imithetho yempahla engokwengqondo. / Isithiyo sokudluliselwa kwamandla engokomthetho silulaza ukulandisa kwentando yeningi ngenxa yokuhluleka ukulawula izinqumo ezenziwa kude. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kobukhosi kungathuthukisa amalungelo ezakhamuzini nenhlalakahle yayo ngokuphumelelayo kunesenzo sesizwe esihlukene.

Ukulinganiselwa EMbusweni KaHulumeni: UMthetho - sisekelo, Amalungelo, NoMthetho Wezizwe Zonke

Zonke izimo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinamandla kangakanani, zisebenza ngaphansi kwemigoqo elinganisela igunya lazo phezu kwezakhamuzi.

Iziphakamiso Zomthetho - sisekelo Nezincwadi Zamalungelo

Izifunda eziningi zinemithetho ebhaliwe ebala amalungelo ayisisekelo futhi imisa uhlelo lukahulumeni. Imingcele eyisisekelo yomthetho - sisekelo zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuhlukanisa amagunya – ukukhipha igunya phakathi kwesikhulu, i-dividial, i-provincial, kanye namagatsha okwahlulela ukuze kungabikho gatsha elilodwa elilawula kakhulu.
  • I-Federalism noma ukuthotshiswa - Ukumisa amagunya athile ezingxenyeni ezisezweni (amazwe, izifundazwe, omasipala) ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuxhashazwa.
  • [ Isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi – iqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, umhlangano, ukucindezela, kanye nendawo yomuntu yendabuko; ivikela ekuziphindiseleni, ingozi eziphindwe kabili, nesijeziso esingalingani.
  • Inqubo elindelekile nezindawo zokuvikela - Ukubuza isaziso esilungile, ukuzwa ngokungakhethi, ilungelo lokululeka, kanye nokunxusa phambi kombuso kungaphuca umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla.
  • ukhetho lwe-Periodic nokulandisa [ - Isekela lokuthi abaholi babhekene nokucusumbulwa okuvamile futhi ukuthi izakhamuzi zinezimiso zokususa izikhulu eziphambukile.

Imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo iphoqelelwa yinkantolo ephezulu noma yomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukucubungula koMthetho eMthethweni weCornell kuqokomisa indlela ukubukeza kokwahlulela eUnited States okuvumela ngayo izinkantolo ukuba zilahle imithetho engqubuzana namalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo.

Umthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Emhlabeni Wonke

Izivumelwano zezizwe zonke − njengale Isimemezelo esihlangene samalungelo abantu , iSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo omphakathi nawezombangazwe, ne-European Convention on Human Rights (umz.imposiso ezibopheleleni zezwe zokuhlonipha, ukuvikela, nokugcwalisa amalungelo athile. Lezi zinsimbi zinquma ubukhosi ngokumisa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe okufanele izimiso zasekhaya zihlangabezane nazo. Ngesivumelwano, abantu bangancenga ngisho nezindikimba zezizwe zomhlaba wonke (umz., iNkantolo yaseYurophu Yenkululeko Yamalungelo Abantu) ukubekela inselele izenzo zabo siqu zikahulumeni.

Ukungezwani phakathi kobukhosi namalungelo abantu kukhulu kakhulu ezindabeni zokulondeka kwesizwe. Ngemva kuka-9/11, amazwe amaningi andisa amandla okuqapha, ukuboshwa ngaphandle kokuthethwa kwecala, nemingcele yokukhuluma, ezithethelela njengezidingo ezizimele. Abasekeli bamalungelo abantu baphikisa ngokuthi izinyathelo ezinjalo ziphula umthetho wezizwe zonke nokuthi ubukhosi beqiniso busetshenziswa ngokuvikela izakhamuzi, hhayi ngokunciphisa inkululeko yazo.

Umthetho Wezizwe Zonke Nemitshingo

Ngaphandle kwezivumelwano, izimiso ezithile zomthetho wezizwe zonke ovamile, (nezezinga eliphansi), ngaphezu kwakho konke, zihlanganisa zonke izifundazwe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zivunyelwe kanjani. Umthetho we-Jus cogens unqabela ukuqothulwa kohlanga, ukuhlukunyezwa, ubugqila, ubandlululo oluhleliwe, nobugebengu kubantu. Akukho mbuso ozimele ongathethelela imikhuba enjalo ngokuzisholo ukuthi unegunya langaphakathi. Lokhu kuveza isisekelo esingakholeki esihloniphekayo sesithunzi somuntu, ngisho nohulumeni onamandla kunabo bonke ongenakusephula ngokomthetho.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Zobukhosi BukaHulumeni Namalungelo Ezakhamuzi

Ikhulu lama - 20 leminyaka liye laletha ukucindezela okungakaze kubonwe ngemibono engokwesiko yobukhosi bombuso.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nokugeleza Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Inhloko - dolobha, izimpahla, ulwazi, nabantu banqamula imingcele ngokushelela okukhulu. Izinkampani zembulunga yonke, izimakethe zezezimali, kanye namapulatifomu emishini kulinganisela ikhono likahulumeni lokulawula umsebenzi wezomnotho, ukuvikela izimboni zendawo, noma ukulawula ukuqhubekeka kokwaziswa. Izakhamuzi zingazithoba emithethweni yakwamanye amazwe lapho zisebenzisa izinkonzo zamazwe noma zihambela amazwe. Ukunyuka kwezezimali ezihloniphekile kubangela ukuba intela intengo ingabi ngcono kanye nobukhosi bemali ingabi namali.

Ubukhosi Bezinombolo Nokwanda Kwazo

Kule nkathi yemishini, uhulumeni uthi unegunya nge - Internet nangalokho okufundiswayo, lokhu kuye kwaholela emithethweni edinga ukufakwa kokwaziswa kwendawo, ukulinganisela nokubambisana okuphoqelelwe nomthetho. Nakuba ezinye izinyathelo zihloselwe ukuvikela imfihlo noma ukulondeka kwesizwe, ezinye zisiza ukuba abantu baqaphe futhi zivimbele ukuqapha. Ukulinganisela phakathi kobukhosi bamanani nezindawo eziyisisekelo kuhlala kuphikiswana kakhulu.

Ukuthuthwa Kwezizwe Ngezizwe: Isibonelo Se - EU

I-European Union imelela ukuhlola okunesifiso esikhulu kakhulu ekubuseni. Izifunda zezwe ziye zadlulisela igunya phezu kwesimiso semali, ukuhwebelana, ukuncintisana, ezolimo, ngisho nezici zomthetho wobugebengu ezisezinhlanganweni ze-EU. Izimiso neziqondiso ze-EU zinemiphumela eqondile ezimisweni zomthetho wesizwe, futhi iNkantolo yobulungisa yaseYurophu ingalawula imithetho yobuzwe. Lokhu kuye kwathuthukisa amathuba angokongahambi kwezakhamuzi futhi kwabangela ukunqamuka kwemizwana, njengoba kuboniswa eBrexit futhi ezingxabanweni zokuthutha nokubusa komthetho eHungary nasePoland. Isibonelo se-EU sibonisa ukuthi ubukhosi bungahlanganwa ngaphandle kokubhujiswa, kodwa futhi kuphakamisa nombuzo wokuthi ukuhlanganyela okunjalo kungaphumelela kangakanani ukulawulwa kwentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Ubuzwe Njengobukhosi Obuhlanganyelwa Ezweni

Amazwe amaningi, kuhlanganise ne-United States, iCanada, iJalimane, neNdiya, ahlukanisa ubukhosi phakathi kukahulumeni ophethe nezifunda. Lesi sakhiwo sikahulumeni silinganisela amandla ombuso wezinga ngalinye: uhulumeni wezwe unegunya ezindaweni ezithile (isimiso sangaphandle, inqubo yemali), imali), kuyilapho amazwe noma amasifundazwe ekwazi ukulawula imfundo, amaphoyisa endawo, ukusetshenziswa kwendawo, kanye nezinkonzo eziningi zomphakathi. Ngaleyondlela izakhamuzi zibhekana nobukhosi ngezindlela ezimbili, ngezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo (njengeSiphendulo seshumi se-U.S.) i-gaderalism ingavikela amaqembu amancane nezindinganiso zendawo kodwa futhi ingadala izingxabano, njengemithetho ephikisana nemithetho kahulumeni yentshono, ukuthutha, noma ukunakekelwa kwempilo.

Ubuhlobo Besifunda Sezakhamuzi: Amalungelo, Imisebenzi, Nesivumelwano Sezenhlalo

Ubukhosi bukahulumeni abuyona indlela eyodwa yokusebenzisa amandla. Kuhlanganisa nezibopho ezakhamuzini, ezisekelwe emibonweni yesivumelwano sezenhlalo. Izakhamuzi zona, zikweleta umbuso imisebenzi ethethelela igunya lazo lobuhlobo.

Ukuba Izakhamuzi Namalungelo Akho

Isibopho esingokomthetho phakathi komuntu nezwe. Inikeza inqwaba yamalungelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuvota, lokuphatha isikhundla somphakathi, ukuthola isivikelo sobuzwe phesheya, nokuthola izinzuzo zomphakathi. Ifaka nemisebenzi, njengokulalela imithetho, ukukhokha izintela, nokukhonza enkantolo noma kwezempi lapho kudingeka. Amazwe anenkululeko enkulu yokuchaza izimfuneko zesizwe, kodwa umthetho wezizwe zonke unciphisa ubuzwe nemithetho encishisiwe.

Ukukhokha Intela Nesibopho Sokunikela

Mhlawumbe ukubonakaliswa okuqinile kokubusa kukahulumeni phezu kwezakhamuzi kungumbuso wokukhokha intela. Intela yenza uhulumeni ukwazi ukunikeza izimpahla zomphakathi − i-defense, isisekelo semfundo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo (ukuthi abantu abakwazi ukuzikhokha ngempumelelo. Ukugunyazwa kwentela kuxhomeke emvumeni yentando yeningi nasekuqondiseni okuhle. Uma izakhamuzi zibheka isimiso sentela njengesingalungile noma uhulumeni njengokhohlakele, zingamelana, ziholele ekubaleni intela noma ngisho nasekungalalelini komphakathi. Izimpikiswano zanamuhla ngokuphathelene nentela, ukugwenywa kwentela yezenkampani, ukugwenywa kwentela, nokukhokha intela, futhi izikhungozo zentela zibonisa ukuthi intela ihlala iyinkundla eyinhloko yobukhosi.

Inkonzo Yesizwe Nezibopho Zezempi

Izifunda eziningi zifuna izakhamuzi ukuba zenze inkonzo yezempi noma yesizwe. Lesibopho siphoqelela ngokuqondile emikhosini yabantu ngabanye, siphoqelela intsha ukuba inikele izinyanga noma iminyaka emisebenzini echazwe uhulumeni. Ukubhalisa ngokuvamile kuyathethelelwa ngezizathu zesizwe zokuzivikela nobunye bomphakathi, kodwa futhi kungaphikisana lapho kusetshenziswa ukuvimbela ukuphikisana noma lapho kusetshenziswa ngokuthanda. Amanye amazwe aye athathela kuyo yonke imikhosi efuna inkululeko, kodwa amandla ayisisekelo ombuso okuphoqelela inkonzo ngezikhathi eziphuthumayo ahlala eyilungelo elikhulu.

Ukulinganisela Amandla Ezweni Elishintshayo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kobukhosi bombuso namalungelo ombuso bunamandla, buye bavuselelwa njalo kwezombangazwe, umthetho, kanye nokushintsha kwezenhlalo. Nakuba amazwe ephethe amandla amakhulu − ukuhlanganisa, ukuphoqelela, ukufushanisa, intela, kanye nokudinga inkonzo (imibuso iboshelwe kakhulu imithetho-sisekelo, umthetho wezizwe zonke, nombono womphakathi. Isakhamuzi sanamuhla asiyona indaba ethatha ihlombe kodwa sihlanganyela ngentshiseko ekuhloleni imvume namalungelo ohulumeni.

Ukuqonda lemibuso kanye nemingcele yayo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukulawula ukuphila komphakathi, ukusekela inguquko, noma nje ukuqonda indlela ukubusa okushintsha ngayo ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Njengoba kuvela ubuchwepheshe obusha, izinselele zembulunga yonke, nezinhlangano zezombangazwe, impikiswano yokuthi umbuso kufanele ube negunya elingakanani iyokhula. Inselele yezinhlangano zentando yeningi iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubukhosi bukhonza abantu, hhayi enye indlela.

Ukuze ifundwe ngokuqhubekayo ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, i-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy angenwe kuBusa inikeza ukucubungula okubanzi, kuyilapho i-UN Rights Admists ikhasi [ imininingwane yezimiso zomthetho ezihlela ukuziphatha kwezakhamuzi.