Isingeniso: Indlela Engenamthetho Yoshintsho Lomthetho - sisekelo

UKUHLOLA umthetho-sisekelo kungenye yezenzo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezingathathwa yisizwe. Lenqubo inzima ngamabomu, iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zencwadi eyisisekelo yomthetho zibonisa ukuvumelana okubanzi nokuhlala njalo kunokuvumelana okuthatha isikhathi eside kwezombangazwe. Kusukela ekuhlongozeni ukudingwa, iqophelo ngalinye liklanywe ngokucophelela ukulinganisela isidingo sokuzinza kanye nekhono lokuziphendukela kwemvelo okudingekile. Lesihloko sikhomba uhambo oluvamile lokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, ukuhlola izinqubo, izimfuneko, nezinselele ezilawula lenqubo ebalulekile.

Ukuqina okuyinhloko emklamweni womthetho-sisekelo kuphakathi kokuzinza nokuvumelana nezimo. Umthetho-sisekelo oqinile ungaphelelwa isikhathi, kuyilapho umuntu engakwazi ukuvumelana nezimo ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo nezakhiwo. Ngakho - ke, inqubo yokulungisa imelela indawo ephakathi: iyakwazi ukufezeka kodwa ayilula. Ukuqonda loluhambo kukhanyisa ukuzimisela kwesizwe ukubusa umthetho, ukucubungula kwentando yeningi, nobukhosi obuthandwayo.

Ukumiswa Kwesinqumo: Ukumisa ISichibiyelo Ngokuhamba

Inqubo yokulungisa iqala ngesicelo esingokomthetho. Igunya lokuhlongoza ukulungisa labelwa ngokucophelela, ngokuvame kakhulu liphumule nabameleli abakhethiwe noma, kwezinye izifunda, abantu ngokwabo ngezindlela zokwakha. Isihlongozo simisa izinga nomyalo woshintsho olungase lube khona.

Imithombo Yesichibiyelo

Ezimisweni eziningi zentando yeningi, isiphakamiso singaqala kumthetho wesizwe. Ilungu lephalamende noma iqembu lezishayamthetho limisa ukubuyiselwa komkhakha, obekubekwa evotini. Umnyango ofunekayo ngokuvamile uphakeme: unyuko olukhulu lwama-3-ntathu noma ama-3-asescs elungu elikhona nelivota. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izicelo ezikhona nezikhona kuphela ezinengxenye enkulu yesiphambano. Isibonelo, i- United States ifuna ukuvota okubilizayo okuphindwe kathathu eGaseGeneracties naseSikhungweni esihlongozwe ukuba kuthunyelwe emazweni okufunwa i-ractive.

Amanye amazwe anikeza ezinye izindlela. Indiya [[FLT]], izinguquko zingasungulwa kuphela kunoma yimuphi umnyango wePhalamende. Alikho inyathelo elithandwayo elikhona ezingeni lesizwe. Ngokuphambene, Switzland[ namazwe amaningana ase-U.S. avumela isakhi sokunqabela, lapho inani elanele lezicelo lingaphoqamba i-endex ye-gconal i-endment. Lezizimiso ze-democracy zigunyaza izakhamuzi ukuba ziphume emgceni we-grouni ye-gnognognog, nakuba ziphakamisa futhi ukukhathazeka ngemithetho eminingi kanye nesivikelo selungelo elincane.

Indima Yemihlangano Yomthetho - sisekelo

Indlela yesibili ejwayelekile umhlangano womthetho-sisekelo. Kwamanye amazwe, umhlangano okhethekile uhlelwa ngenjongo yokulungisa noma yokuhlela umthetho-mthetho omusha. ISiphakamiso V soMyalo we-U.S. silungiselela umhlangano uma iziphakamiso zemithetho zomthetho ezimbili ezisebenzayo ze-od joints, nakuba lendlela ingakaze isetshenziswe ezingeni likahulumeni. Imihlangano ivame kakhulu phakathi nenkathi yoshintsho oluyisisekelo lwezombangazwe, njengasemuva kokwakhiwa kabusha noma ukushintshwa kombuso. uMthetho-mthetho-mthetho waseAfrika waseNingizimu ye-Afrika ka-1996] wavela emhlanganweni ohlangene ohlangene owawuxoxa ngezinkulumo zokubusa kwentando yeningi ngemva kobandlululo.

Izindlela zomhlangano ngokuvamile zivumela ukuba kucatshangelwe ngokunzulu futhi kuhlelwe inguquko ebanzi. Izihambeli zingase zikhethwe ngokukhethekile kulo msebenzi, futhi lenqubo ingathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka.

Izimfuneko Zobungqabavu Nendlela Ezihlelwe Ngayo

Imfuneko yokuthola isilinganiso esikhulu esithathelwanayo ayiboboshiwe. Ifeza izinjongo eziningi: iphoqelela ukuvumelana okukhulu, inqanda ukuguqulwa okungenamsebenzi, futhi ivikela umthetho-sisekelo ukuba ungashintshwa kalula kakhulu yiningi lesikhashana. Ngokwesibonelo, iJalimane idinga ama-mitathu amabili kuyo yomibili iBundestag ne Bundestrat ekulungiseni uMthetho wayo oyisisekelo. Le-backet ibonisa isibopho sangemva kwempi sokuzinza kwedemokratismu nesivikelo sesithunzi somuntu, esibambeke futhi esingalungiseki. Ngokufanayo, umthetho-sisekelo [[FLT:] Australia [[FLT]] udinga ukuba kube khona ububanzi kuzo zombili izindlu zePhalamendeme.

Imingcele eqondile iyahluka. Amanye amazwe afuna amalungu avamile awo wonke, kuyilapho amanye edinga amalungu aphindwe kabili noma amakota amathathu. Imfuneko eqinile, lapho kudingeka ukuvumelana okwengeziwe, kodwa futhi kuba nzima kakhulu ukuvuselela umthetho-sisekelo ukuze kuhlangane nezinguquko zezindinganiso zezenhlalo noma izidingo.

Inqubo Yokugunyazwa: Ukuzikhethela, Impikiswano Nokucwengisiswa

Uma nje isilungiso somthetho-sisekelo sesihlongoziwe, singena esigabeni sokuvunyelwa. Lesigaba sivame ukuqhutshwa yisishaya-mthetho, ngokuvamile sihilela ukufundwa kaningi, ukuqulwa kwezindaba, nokuxoxa nomphakathi. Umgomo ukucwengisisa isihlongozo, ukuhlola ukubambisana kwaso, futhi silinganise ukusekela kwezombangazwe nomphakathi.

Ukuzinqumela Nokucwaninga Kwekomiti

Indikimba yemithetho ivame ukwabela ikomiti ehlongozwayo ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo, njengekomiti yezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo. Le komiti ihlola imiphumela engokomthetho yokulungisa, ukungqubuzana kwayo namalungiselelo akhona, nokuvumelana kwamalungelo ayisisekelo. Ukuzwa kungabekwa lapho ochwepheshe, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nezikhulu zikahulumeni zinikeza ubufakazi. Le nqubo yenezela ungwengwelezelo lwezobuchwepheshe nezimiso ukuze kungabi nankulumo ephelele ephansi.

Kwamanye amazwe, umkhandlu onikezelwe womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma ikhomishane inikeza imibono ephikisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Punion ePhalathi yoMyalelo-mthetho yaseFrench ukubukeza okuhlongozwayo kokulungisa ukuvumelana kwemiyalo ngaphambi kokuba ibekwe eMkhandlwini noma e-arenteum. Izindikimba ezinjalo zisiza ekuvikeleni ubuqotho benqubo kodwa zingaletha nezingalibazi.

Isimiso Sezokuxhumana

Inani lamagumbi okumisa ahilelekile kakhulu inqubo yokwamukelwa. Ezimisweni ze-bidamaral, zombili izindlu kumelwe zivumelane, ngokuvamile ngobukhulu obufanayo. Lemfuneko ehlukene inezela ebunzimeni, njengoba ukulungisa kumelwe kuqondise izakhiwo zezombangazwe ezihlukene nezindawo eziphambili zegumbi ngalinye. i-U.S. idinga ulimi olufanayo oludluliswa ngama-32 kulezo zindawo zombili ezindlu ne-Gabhethe. Emazweni anjenge- Ama-Canada, ama-antement angadinga ukuvunyelwa yi-palement yombuso nenani elicalo lezifunda, kuye ngesihloko sendaba.

Izinqubo ezingavumelaniyo, njengalezo eziku iNew Zealand noma [[FTLT:2] Demark, zilandela isigaba sokuvumela. Nokho, izithiyo ze-procedtural zihlala ziphezulu: ngokuvamile, imvume ezikhawulezisweni ezimbili zephalamende ezilandelanayo kanye nokhetho olulandelanayo iyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuvunyelwa okuthandwayo. Lokhu kushintsha ngokushesha uma kusavumela ukutholwa ekugcineni.

Ukulungisa Nokuhlehla

Phakathi nenqubo yokuvunywa, ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo kuhlelwa ukubukezwa. Abameli bangasikisela ukulungisa ukuthatha izivumelwano, okuholela ekuxoxisaneni nasekuyekeni. Leli qophelo libalulekile ekwakheni imifelandawo ebanzi. Nokho, futhi liyingozi ekunciphiseni inhloso yokuqala noma ukuletha abagibeli abangahlangene nomthetho. Imithetho eminingi ifuna ukuba izinguquko zivele ziphele kwezendaba, nakuba umthetho ushintsha.

Kwezinye izifunda, indikimba efakayo ingavumela inguquko ethunyelwa endikimbeni yesibili ukuba ivume ukuvumelana. Uma kuphakama ukungaboni ngaso linye, ikomiti yengqungquthela ingazihlanganisa. Umbhalo wokugcina ophumayo kumelwe uzuze ubumnandi obudingekayo kuwo womabili amakamu ngaphambi kokuba iqhubeke ihlanekelele.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemisebe: Ukuvumelana Kokugcina Okuqinisekisayo

Ukukhishwa kwemisebe kuyisinyathelo esiphethe esiguqula isiphakamiso somthetho-mthetho sibe ilungiselelo elibophayo lomthetho-mthetho. Lesigaba sivame ukuhlanganisa ukuvota okuqondile okwenziwa umphakathi (i-rendentem) noma ukuvota okwenziwa izishaya-mthetho zesizwe noma imihlangano emikhulu. Indlela ekhethwe iveza indlela yezwe yokuthintana nombuso nobukhosi obuthandwayo.

Intando Yeningi Nentando Yeningi Eqondile

Amazwe amaningi adinga i-arhendendum ukuze athole i-ratiation. Lena indlela eqondile yokuthola ukusekelwa komphakathi. I-tempendum ingadinga iningi elivamile noma inani eliphindwe kabili, njengaku- Australia, lapho ukuthunyelwa okuhlongozwayo kumelwe kuzuze khona iningi lamavoti ezweni lonke kanye namavoti amaningi ezindaweni eziningi (ezine kweziyisithupha). Lemfuneko yombuso iqinisekisa ukuthi ukubuyiselwa akubekwanga ndawo ebanzi ngokumelene nentando yabangenayo.

I-Referenda ingabiza futhi ifuna ukuhlelwa. I-voterclov, umkhankaso wezimali, kanye nezinga lengxoxo yomphakathi konke kuthonya umphumela. Abaphikisi bangase baphikise ngokuthi imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi yomthetho-sisekelo ayifaneleki ukuba ivotelwe kalula, ngoba umphakathi ungase untule ulwazi olwanele. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo ekugcineni kufanele uthathe ukufaneleka kwawo kubantu, futhi i-arendendum iyinkulumo emsulwa yaleso simiso.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ireland iphethe izithembu eziningi ezilungisweni zomthetho-mthetho, kusukela ekulinganani komshado kuya kumalungelo okukhipha isisu. Levota ngokuvamile iye yabonisa ukushintsha kwezindinganiso zomphakathi futhi yabangela ukuthembisana okukhulu emphakathini. Imfuneko yeningi labantu, ihlangene nombuzo ocacile, yenza inqubo yokulungisa i-Irish yafinyeleleka ngokuqhathaniswa.

Isifundazwe Noma Ukukhishwa Kwezindawo

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, ukuhlawuliswa ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngezishaya-mthetho zesizwe noma ngemihlangano ekhethekile. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. usho ukuthi izinguquko kumelwe zigunyazwe ngama-amentawo ombuso amathathu (38 kwangamashumi amane) noma ngemihlangano kahulumeni egunyaza. Indlela yomthetho womthetho isetshenziswa ngokumangalisayo. Ivoti yombuso ngamunye ekulungiseni i-antement; uma idlula, umbuso uthathwa njenge-ravince.

Lendlela inciphe inqubo yokuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinkundla eziningi zezombangazwe, yenza kube nzima ngekhodi elilodwa lokucindezela ukuba linciphe. Nokho, ingaphuthumisa futhi ukudilizwa iminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka, njengoba kuboniswa ngeSichibiyelo samalungelo [ [ELT], esahlongozwa ngo1972] kodwa muva nje sahlangabezana nomnyango wezifunda ezingu-38, nakuba sekudlule iminyaka ephelile.

Ezinye izimiso zikahulumeni zidinga ukuvunyelwa yisilinganiso esithile sohulumeni besifundazwe noma bombuso. Indiya, izinguquko ezithinta isakhiwo sikahulumeni kumele ziqiniswe cishe yingxenye yezindlu zomthetho. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izifunda zinezwi ezinguqulweni ezithinta amandla azo.

Imingcele Yesikhathi Nezinombolo Ezifile

Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulungiswa kokungahlali njalo, imibuso eminingi ibeka imingcele yesikhathi ukuze ithathe i-translation. I-Congress yase-U.S. ivame ukumisa isikhathi seminyaka eyisikhombisa phakathi kwesinqumo esigunyaziwe. Inkathi ye-ERA ekuqaleni yayiyiminyaka eyisikhombisa, kamuva yafinyelela kweyishumi, kodwa ukubuyiselwa akuqinisekiswanga ngesikhathi. Iziphakamiso zamuva, njenge-D.C. Voiting Rights Refectionment, yaphela ngemva kweminyaka engu-7.

Imingcele yesikhathi yenza ukuphuthuma kodwa futhi ingaba nempikiswano. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi bacindezela ukucubungula kwentando yeningi okungeyonjongo futhi bangase bashintshwe ngokuphindwayo (njengase-ERA). Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kwezikhathi ezimisiwe, inqubo yokulungisa ingeke igxile futhi ukuhlehliswa kungahlala kuhleli.

Izinselele Nezikhawu: Iqiniso Lezinqumo Zezombangazwe

Ukushintsha kwezombangazwe, ukungenela kokwahlulela, nezimo zengqondo zomphakathi eziguquguqukayo konke kungaphazamisa intuthuko. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani ezinye izinguquko ziphumelela kanti ezinye ziyahluleka.

Ukwehla Kwemibono Yezombangazwe Nokuvaleka Kwemizwa

Ezindaweni ezihlukene kakhulu, ukufinyelela izakhiwo ezinkulu ezidingekayo ukuze kuhlongozwe futhi kuhlanekezelwe kuba nzima kakhulu. Izigwebo ezithinta izindaba zomphakathi eziphikisanayo − njengokungcolisa ifulege, izimali zomkhankaso, noma umshado — ngokuvamile kuba yizibhedlela zempi. IU.S. ayikadlulisi ukuncishiswa komthetho - sisekelo kusukela ngo 1992 (ISichibiyelo sama - 27 ngokuqondene nenkokhelo yenhlangano), ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokwehlukana kwabathakazelisi.

Ukuhlaziywa futhi kuthinta ukuvuselelwa kwe-retiation entengisweni yesifundazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvuselelwa okuthola ukusekelwa okukhulu kwesizwe kungase kuhluleke ukufinyelela emngceleni odingekayo wama-3-4 uma ingekho ukusekelwa yi-bipartisan ezifundazweni eziyisihluthulelo. ISichibiyelo semisebenzi Yabantwana [[ sahlongozwa ngo-1924, ngokwesibonelo, ekugcineni sagunyazwa yizifundazwe ezingu-28 kuphela, sifinyezwa kakhulu kukuphikiswa okudingekayo okungu 36.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Kwezinqumo

Emazweni amaningi, izinkantolo zinegunya lokuhlola izakhi noma inqubo yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo. Lombuso waziwa ngokuthi "imfundiso yesisekelo sesizinda" eNdiya, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ukuthi izici ezithile eziyinhloko zoMthetho-sisekelo (njengesimiso sokungavumelani nezwe, idemokrasi, nokubusa komthetho) azinakulungiswa ngisho nangendlela ephakeme kakhulu. Izimfundiso ezifanayo zikhona eJalimane, eBrazil, nase-South Africa.

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kungalungisa okuye kwadlula zonke izithiyo zomthetho nokwehla. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ePhakeme yaseIndian ishaye izingxenye zeSichibiyelo sekhulu se-99 sokumisa iSivumelwano se-National Judicial Commission, isekela ukuthi sephula isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuzimela komthetho. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi inqubo yokulungisa ayihlangene kwezombangazwe kuphela kodwa futhi futhi iphathelene nokuthembeka komthetho.

Ukuhlanganyela Emphakathini Nokukhathala Ngezinjini

Ama-referendom axhomeke kukhetho olunolwazi noluthembiswe. Uma abavoti bedidekile noma bengenandaba, ukubuya kungase kube phansi, futhi amaqembu esithakazelo esikhethekile angafaka ithonya elingalingani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubamba ama-apendium amaningi esikhathini esifushane kungaholela ekukhandlekeni kovoti, ukunciphisa izinga lokucabanga. Amazwe anjenge Calilifornia [izinyathelo ezivamile zokugxeka ukuthi umthetho we-collet ulungiswa kalula ngemikhankaso ephekiwe.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando: Ukuphumelela Nokuhluleka

Ukuhlola uhambo oluqondile lwembula ukuhlanganiswa kwezici okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla.

IBhili Lamalungelo Lase - United States (1791)

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zahlongozwa yiFirst Congress njengephasela ngo-1789 futhi zagunyazwa ngamashumi amathathu anesine amazwe ngo-1791. Isivinini sabonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu ngesidingo sokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Lenqubo yafakwa ngenxa yokuthi ukubuyiselwa kwathathwa njengokuqeda intengo yomthetho-sisekelo wokuqala.

ISichibiyelo sekhulu lama-73 se-1992

Lokhu kulungisa kwaqala isimiso esinezintambo ezintathu sohulumeni wendawo ozimele (Panchayati Raj). Kwakudinga ukuhlanjululwa ngengxenye yezindlu zomthetho ngoba yayithinta ubuhlobo besizwe nohulumeni. Lenqubo yathatha iminyaka yokuxoxisana, kodwa ukuvumelana ekugcineni kwabonisa amandla emishini yokulungisa. Namuhla, isebenza njengesibonelo sedemokrati yentando yeningi.

ISichibiyelo Samalungelo Alinganayo Esehlulekile (I - USA)

I - ERA yahlongozwa ngo - 1972 ukuthi yayizokwenqabela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ebulilini, ngokushesha yathola izifundazwe ezingu - 35, ukufinyela kwezikhathi ezidingekayo ezingu - 38. futhi yakhipha isikhathi sokulungisa imishini.

Umthetho-sisekelo omusha waseNingizimu Afrika (1996)

Ngemva kobandlululo, i-South Africa yathatha ukubuyiselwa okuphelele komthetho-sisekelo kunokulungisa iziqephu eziningi. I-Confline yesigaba soMthetho-sisekelo yahlanganisa umbhalo ngemva kokuhlola okukhulu komphakathi. Yabe isiqinisekiswa iNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo futhi yavunyelwa yiningi eliyisithathu ePhalamende. Le nqubo ibonisa indlela ukuhlanganyela nokuqondisa komthetho-mthetho okubanzi okungadala ngayo umthetho ngokomthetho ongokomthetho noqinile.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Ukuqina Nokushintsha Kwezinto

Uhambo olusuka ekuhlongozweni ukuya ekuhlushweni luyinqubo yamabomu, ehlelwe ngezindlela eziningi elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ziwumphumela wemvume ejulile nesakazekile. Isinyathelo ngasinye (esithathwa ngokuqapha okukhulu, ukuvunyelwa ngokuhlela imithetho, nokuhlolwa abantu noma abameleli babo) kuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa nokusemthethweni. Nakuba le nqubo ingaziphazamisa izinguquko, futhi ivikela futhi ezinguqukweni eziphuthumayo noma ezicindezelayo.

Izinqubo eziphumelelayo zidinga ukumiswa kwentando yezombangazwe, ukuthembeka komphakathi, nokuthembisana komphakathi. Izibonelo zeBhill of Rights yase-U.S., izinguquko zobubusi base-Indiya, nomthetho-sisekelo wangemva kwe-parteid waseNingizimu Afrika ubonisa ukuthi lapho ukuvumelana kufezwa, umthetho-sisekelo ungakhula ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo zomphakathi oshintshayo. Ngokuphambene, ukwehluleka okufana ne-ERA kusikhumbuza ukuthi ngisho neziphakamiso ezisekelwa kahle zingaqala kwezombangazwe, i-procedro, noma izithiyo zesikhashana.

Ekugcineni, inqubo yokulungisa ibonisa isibopho sesizwe kumthetho-sisekelo. Iyithuluzi lokuqhubeka nokuzivumelanisa. Labo abafuna ukushintsha umthetho oyisisekelo kumelwe bahlangane nomthetho oyisisekelo wohambo, ngoba amandla omthetho-sisekelo akhona hhayi nje kuphela ekwakhekeni kwawo kodwa nasekushintsheni ngokomthetho.

Imithombo yezentengiselwano: ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola U.S. National Archives eMthethweni weSichibiyelo soMthetho-sisekelo; [[[FLT:]][FLT]]Consolal. Ukuhlaziya kweSiqephu V; [[FLT]] ne-WTP] ukucacishwa kwe-mgano-mthetho-mfono-mfascloneyo yase-India i-mendementmentments[. Lemithola mininingwane yemikhakhathi nemibono elinganisiweyo.