Uhambo Lwecala: Indlela Inqubo Engokomthetho Esebenza Ngayo Kusukela Ekuqaleni Kuze Kuphele

Uhambo Lwecala: Indlela Inqubo Engokomthetho Esebenza Ngayo Kusukela Ekuqaleni Kuze Kuphele

Isimiso somthetho singabonakala siyinkimbinkimbi futhi sisothusa. Ukuqonda indlela icala eliqhubekeka ngayo phakathi kwenqubo engokomthetho kungaqinisa enye yale nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi. Kusukela ngesikhathi impikiswano iqala ukufinyelela esinqumweni sokugcina ("Noma isiphi isinqumo, ukuqulwa, noma ukudluliswa)). Isinyathelo ngasinye silandela uhlelo oluklanywe ngoku ngokomthetho oluklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo ilungile. Lesihloko sinikeza iziqondiso ezigunyaziwe, i-sbebybybpread kulokhu kuhamba icala lomphakathi, kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala nesinqumo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyikhasimende, umfundi, noma uchwepheshe ofuna ukucaca, lezi ziveza inqubo yanamuhla engokomthetho.

Iziteshi Zokuqala Zecala

Lezi zinyathelo zesisekelo zimisa indlela futhi zinqume ukuthi indaba izoqhubeka yini noma izoxazululwa ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe noma cha.

1.1 Ukuhlolwa kwekhasimende nokuhlolwa kwecala

Le nqubo iqala ngokuhlola phakathi kwekhasimende nommeli ongase abe ummeli. Phakathi nalomhlangano, ummeli ulalela amaqiniso, uveza izikhangiso zomthetho, futhi ahlole ukubaluleka kokuzisho. Ukucabangela okubalulekile kuhlanganisa umthetho wokulinganiselwa, ukutholakala kobufakazi, nokulimala noma amakhambi. Ukuhlola ngokucophelela kusiza ummeli ukuba anqume ukuthi ukuphambanisa kuyaphumelela yini noma uma enye impikiswano (njenge-mediadiation noma i-avribitation) ingafaneleka kakhulu. Izinhlangano eziningi zomthetho zinikeza ukuxhumana kokuqala ngenkokhelo encishisiwe noma ngenkokhelo yamahhala, okwenza ukuba kutholakale kubantu ukuba bahlole amalungelo abo.

1.2 Ukuxosha Isikhalo

Uma ummeli enquma ukuthi iphuzu likhona, isinyathelo esilandelayo siwukwenza isikhalo ngenkantolo efanelekile. Ukukhononda kuyincwadi engokomthetho echaza izimangalo zomphathi wecala, isisekelo esingokomthetho samacala (ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi “izizathu zesenzo”), futhi isikhalazo sifunwa. Kumelwe sihambisane nemithetho yenkantolo ephathelene nendlela yokulungisa, okuqukethwe yikhokhwa. Ukukhononda kuwumqalisi wecala, futhi kubeka iqophelo lamacala alandelayo. Isibonelo, enkantolo kahulumeni, isikhalo kumelwe sinamathele [[FT.] [FT] Imithetho yemithetho kaNovesithi Yomthetho [FCalture:], kanye nentela yokukhokha izintela. Okudinga “ukushaya isikhululo, nokukhomba ukukhomba okusobala.

1.3 Inkonzo Yenqubo

Uma isikhalo sesiqulwe, ummangalelwa kumelwe azise ummangalelwa ngokomthetho. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokunikezwa inqubo", ukuthunyelwa kweposi kanye nekhophi yesikhalo kummangalelwa. Inkonzo kumelwe yenziwe ngendlela egcwalisa izimfuneko ezifanele zenqubo yomthetho-sisekelo, ngokuvamile ngokuthunyelwa komuntu siqu ngeposi, noma ngenqubo ye-server. Ummangalelwa usuke enesikhathi esilinganiselwe (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-21 kuya kwezingu-30) sokuphendula. Inkonzo efanelekile iqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa uyayazi inqubo yomthetho futhi unethuba lokuvikela. Ukwehluleka kwenkonzo kungaphumela ekuxoshweni icala.

Izindlela Zokuthatha Iminyaka Emincane

Ngemva kokuba icala seliqalisiwe futhi ummangalelwa esefake impendulo (noma isenzo sokuxosha), inqubo yangaphambi kwenkantolo iyaqala. Ngokuvamile lokhu kuyingxenye enkulu yokuhlaziya, kodwa kulapho izindaba eziyiqiniso nezingokomthetho zicaciswa khona.

Ukutholakala Kwayo

Ukuthola ukuthi inqubo ehleliwe enikeza ngayo ukwaziswa nobufakazi. Umgomo ukugwema izinto ezimangalisayo lapho kuqulwa inkantolo futhi ukukhuthaza ukuxazululwa ngokuveza amandla nobuthakathaka bohlangothi ngalunye. Amathuluzi okuhlola ahlanganisa:

• Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
• Izicelo zokuveza: Isidingo samabhukwana, ama-imeyili, izithombe, noma ezinye izinto ezibonakalayo.
• [ Izilinganiso:[ Umbuzo wofakazi noma amaqembu afuywe isifungo, intatheli yasenkantolo ikhona.
• Izimemo ezicela ukudluliswa kwecala: Izinkulumo omunye acela omunye ukuba avume noma aphike, anciphise izimpikiswano zovivinyo.

Ukuvubukulwa kulawulwa imithetho enjenge Imithetho engu-Federal [26 [uphawu nemingcele] nemithetho yenkantolo yendawo. Ama-Attorney kumelwe futhi alawule ukutholwa kwe-electronic (e-epredificy), ehlanganisa ama-imeyili, i-menuculture, nerekhodi zobuchwepheshe. U-Discovery ingathatha izinyanga ezimbalwa, futhi ivame ukuqhubekisela phambili izindleko ze-litigation.

2,2 Ukuhamba Kwangaphambi Kokuba Uziphathe

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, abameli bangase babhale izinto ezihlukahlukene ukuze baxazulule izindaba ezingokomthetho noma balahlwe ngokushesha:

• Ukukhipha: Isu lokusho ukuthi ukukhononda akusho ukuthi inkantolo ayinagunya noma ukuthi inkantolo ayinalo igunya.
• Motion for Compuple Justice Justice hlule: ifuna ukwahlulela komunye umuntu ngoba akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela ngamaqiniso aphathekayo; inkantolo inquma ngokusekelwe emthethweni kuphela.
• [[UMTL:0] Motion in Limine: Izicelo zokungangeni obunye ubufakazi ekuqulweni kwecala.

Uma kunikezwa ukwahlulela okufushanisiwe, icala liphela ngaphandle kokuqulwa.

2,3 Imihlangano Neziqondiso Zangaphambi Kwezigaba

Inkantolo ivame ukuhlanganisa ingqungquthela eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yangaphambi kwenkantolo ukuze ikhiphe icala. Phakathi nalemihlangano, ijaji lixoxa ngokuhlelwa kwecala, ukuvubukulwa, nokuxabana okungase kuxazululwe. Inkantolo inganikeza umyalo wangaphambi kwezomthetho ohlela izindaba okumelwe ziqulwe, ofakazi futhi babonise uhlangothi ngalunye luhlose ukusebenzisa, futhi izinkolelo zomthetho. Lomyalo uba yibalazwe lomgwaqo lokuqulwa kwecala, futhi amaqembu ngokuvamile ahlanganiswe yiwo.

3. Inqubo Yokuqulwa Kovivinyo

Icala liyicala eliqashelwa umphakathi lapho kuqulwa khona ubufakazi futhi kukhishwe nesinqumo. Endabeni yezakhamuzi, icala livame ukuba “ubufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda” (cishe bungaqashelwa) futhi icala lingaqulwa phambi kwejaji (icala) noma amajaji.

3.1 Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Ecaleni lejaji, isinyathelo sokuqala ukukhethwa kwabahluleli. Abangase babe abahluleli bayabizwa, futhi amajaji nabameli babuza imibuzo ukuze bavulule ubandlululo. Uhlangothi ngalunye lungasebenzisa “izinselele zokuzikhulula” (ukunqoba ijaji ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu) kanye no-“kukhohliswa ngenxa” (uma ijaji lingathathi hlangothi). Umgomo ukubeka ikhestena elilungile nelingakhethi. Izibalo zezinselele zihluka ngokwezinga elithile, ezimweni zomphakathi, uhlangothi ngalunye luvame ukuthola ezintathu.

Ukuvulwa Kwamazwi

Uma ijaji selifungiwe, iqembu ngalinye likhipha isifungo sokuqala, linikeza ubufakazi elihlose ukubunikeza nendaba yecala. Ummangalelwa uyalandela, anikeze inguquko yalo yala maqiniso. Izinkulumo zokuvula azizona izimpikiswano; ziwukubhekisisa ubufakazi. Amazwi okuvula aphumelelayo athatha ukunakekela kwejaji futhi ahlelele lelicala ngendlela ephoqelelayo.

3.3 Ubufakazi

Ingxenye enkulu yecala iwukunikezwa kobufakazi. Umkhakha ovamile ubiza ofakazi kanye nokwethula imibukiso yokuqala (i-“castôin kumbest”), elandelwa icala lommangalelwa. Ufakazi ngamunye uhlolwa ngokuqondile ohlangothini oluwabizayo, bese kunqamuka i-prelagratein. Ukudluliswa nokubekwa kabusha kungalandela. Imithetho yobufakazi ````````Atket'] Imithetho ekhethekile yobufakazi [[FLT] ] [igovern' ukuthi yibuni ubufakazi nemibhalo eyaziwa ngemibhalo. Izincwadi ziphakanyiswa ngemizwa ngemizwa, intiansiza, imibuzo eholayo, eholela, nokunye ukuphula umthetho. Ofakazi banganikeza ulwazi olukhethekile ngezindinganiso zezokwelapha, noma izingozi yemali.

Amampikiswano Okuphetha

Ngemva kokuba bonke ubufakazi bunikezelwe, uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza impikiswano yokuphetha. Lapha, abameli bafingqa ubufakazi, baqokomisa amaphuzu ayinhloko, futhi baphikisa ngokuthi kungani abahluleli kufanele bawatholele umusa. Umkhohlisi uhamba kuqala, abese ethatha ummangalelwa, futhi ummangalelwa abese ethatha impikiswano emfushane. Izimpikiswano zokuvala ziyithuba lokugcina lokuqinisekisa i-hoverfinder, ngakho ngokuvamile bathanda ukuqamba futhi baklanywe ngokucophelela.

3.5 Iziyalezo Nenkululeko

Ngaphambi kokuba abahluleli bathathe umhlalaphansi, ijaji lifunda iziyalezo zejaji zokwenza amaqiniso. Lezi ziyalezo zihlanganisa umthwalo wobufakazi, izincazelo zemithetho, nezici zomthetho, noma imibandela ngayinye. Khona - ke abahluleli bathatha amabomu ngasese amahora amaningi, ngokuvamile, kuze kube yilapho befinyelela isinqumo esihlanganyelwayo noma esiningi (abasekela imingcele). Uma bengenakuvuma, uma ijaji lingase likhiphe icala elingafanele.

4. Icala Nezinyathelo Zangemva Komshado

Isinqumo simenyezelwa obala, kufakwa isahlulelo esisekelwe esinqumweni, kodwa inqubo engokomthetho ayigcini lapho.

Ukungena Ekwahluleleni

Ngemva kwesinqumo, inkantolo ingena ekwahluleleni okusho umphumela: ku-partiff (ngenkokhelo noma ngenye impumuzo) noma kummangalelwa. Emacala ahilela imiyalo noma ukukhululeka, isahlulelo singahlanganisa iziyalezo eziqondile. Iqembu eliwinayo kufanele liqinisekise ukuthi isahlulelo sibhalwe kahle, njengoba kungase kudingeke ukuba kuqoqwe iqoqo.

4,2 Ukuhamba Kwangemva Komshado

Umphini olahlekelwayo angafaka i-stems yangemva kwe-care ukuze aphikise isinqumo. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

• [ Ukuthatha isahlulelo njengendaba yomthetho: Ama-Ague angekho ubufakazi obusemthethweni obusekela isahlulelo.
• [ Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha: iziphakamiso ezithi amaphutha phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala (njengobufakazi obungafanele noma ukuziphatha okubi kwejaji) kuphuca iqembu elilahlekelwa icala elilungile.
• [[INT.0] Ukuhlela ukwahlulela:[ kufuna ukulungisa umonakalo noma amanye amagama.

Uma ihluleli linqatshwa, isahlulelo siba esokugcina, nesikhathi sokunxusa siqale ukudlula.

5. Inqubo Ekhangayo

Ngisho nangemva kokwahlulela kokugcina, icala lingaqhubeka uma omunye esebenzisa ilungelo lokudlulisa isikhalo. Izikhalo azizona ezokuqulwa kwecala; zigxila emaphutha angokomthetho enziwe inkantolo enkantolo.

5.1 Ukuzwa Ngokukhanga

Iqembu elifuna ukubukezwa (umdlulisi) kumelwe lifake isaziso sokudlulisa icala enkantolo phakathi nosuku oluqinile oluthatha isikhathi (_futhi izinsuku ezingu-30 kusukela ekungeneni kwesahlulelo. Ukwehluleka ukubhala phansi ngesikhathi kuphumela ekulahlekelweni kwelungelo lokudlulisele izicelo. Isaziso siveza isahlulelo esikhangiswayo nenkantolo ye-appellate eyolalela icala.

5,2 Umlando Ophathelene Nokukhanga Nezici Ezimfushane

Umdlulisi kumelwe ahlanganise irekhodi ekudluliseleni icala, elihlanganisa ukudlulisa amarekhodi, ukunxusa, imiboniso, neziqondiso. Bobabili bafaka incazelo ebhaliwe. Impikiswano emfushane ka-apnellant yesizathu sokuba inkantolo yamacala yenze iphutha elingaguquki, kuyilapho impikiswano emfushane ye-ampelle ethi isahlulelo kufanele siqinisekiswe. Izikhombo ziwumthetho owenziwe ngekhono eliphezulu futhi kumelwe zisho izingxenye ezithile zombhalo. Izinkantolo eziningi zivimbela ubude bekhasikhambi (hr) ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo yokudlulisa amacala e-U.S.

Impikiswano Ekhuluma Ngomlomo 5.3

Ezinye izikhalo zinqunywa ngokucushwe kuphela, kodwa izinkantolo eziningi zivumela ukuphikisa komlomo. Phakathi nempikiswano yomlomo, ummeli ngamunye wengxenye unesikhathi esifushane (imizuzu engu-1530) sokuphendula imibuzo evela kumajaji. Amajaji ahlola ukucaciswa okungokomthetho, ahlole imingcele yesibonelo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi abonisa ukuthi bangabusa kanjani. Impikiswano yamahora ingumphumela ophakeme ongathatha isinqumo.

5.4 Isinqumo Esihlosiwe

Inkantolo enikeza imvume inikeza umbono obhaliwe, osayinwe yijaji elilodwa noma ngaphezulu. Isinqumo singase sithi:

• Isiqinisekiso isahlulelo senkantolo equlwayo, okusho ukuthi simile.
• [ landela isahlulelo, okusho isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo sibekelwe eceleni.
• [ Icala libuyela enkantolo equlweni lomthetho ukuze liqhubeke livumelana nombono.
• [[Umthetho:0] hlela [ ukwahlulela (umz., nciphisa umonakalo).

Kwezinye izifunda, kungenzeka ukuba kudluliswe isikhalo enkantolo ephakeme, njengeNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., kodwa izikhalo ezinjalo ziwukwahlulela (i-certiori) futhi azivamile ukunikezwa.

isiphetho.

Ukuqonda uhambo lwecala ngesimiso somthetho kunika abantu amandla okulawula izindaba zabo zomthetho ngokuphumelelayo. Kusukela ekuhloleni kokuqala nasekufakeni isikhalo, ngokuthola nokuqulisa icala, kuya ekuthatheni inqubo yamacala nokunxusa, isigaba ngasinye sifeza injongo ehlukile ekuphishekeleni ubulungisa. Nakuba zingekho izigigaba ezimbili ezifanayo, isimiso senqubo yezomthetho sinikeza isisekelo esicacile nesifanelekile sokuxazulula izingxabano. Ngokujwayelana nalezi zinyathelo, futhi ufuna iseluleko esingokomthetho esifanelekayo njalo lapho uthatha ijika.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, isiqondiso se-American Bar Association sokusebenza kwe-'iNT] ye-Melika mayelana nendlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo sinikeza ukubheka okujulile esimisweni sokwahlulela, kanye ne-Cornell Information Institute yenqubo yesizwe [ ingumfakela omuhle wemithetho ye-productural negama.