Ukuqonda Inqubo Yokuboshwa

Uhambo olungokomthetho luqala lapho umthetho uthatha umuntu egqunywa ejele. Ukuboshwa akusona isenzakalo esizenzakalelayo, kusekelwe entweni engaqondakali [, izikhulu ezisho inkolelo enengqondo, esekelwa amaqiniso nezimo, ukuthi ubugebengu buye bakhona. Lendinganiso ifakwa eSigqizweni sesine futhi iyisivikelo esiyisisekelo ekuvalweni okungenamthetho.

Ukuboshwa kungayenzeka ngezindlela ezimbili: ngemvume ekhishwa umahluleli, noma ngaphandle kwemvume uma isikhulu sibona ubugebengu noma sinesizathu esilindelekile esimweni esiphuthumayo. Uma umuntu eboshiwe, kumelwe atshelwe ngamalungelo akhe, aziwa ngokuthi AmaManda amalungelo [[, ahlanganisa ilungelo lokuthula kanye nelungelo kummeli. Ukuhluleka ukufunda izixwayiso ze-Miranda kungaholela ekucindezelweni kwamazwi enziwe ngesikhathi sokuphenywa kwelungelo.

Ngokweziqondiso ze-ACLU[, abantu kufanele bahlale bezolile, bagweme ukuboshwa, futhi basho ngokucacile inhloso yabo yokusebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuthula. Lesinyathelo sokuqala sivula iqophelo lanoma yini elandelayo.

Inqubo Yokubhala

Ngemva kokuboshwa, ummangalelwa uyiswa esiteshini samaphoyisa noma esitokisini sokubhalisa . Lenqubo yokuphatha ibhala ukungena komuntu esimisweni sokwahlulela sobugebengu. Ukubhalisa kuhlanganisa:

  • Ukuqopha ukwaziswa komuntu siqu (igama eligcwele, usuku lokuzalwa, ikheli)
  • Ukuthatha iminwe nezithombe (izithungo)
  • Ukuthutha impahla nokukhipha irisithi
  • Ukubhala amacala akhethekile nombiko wesikhulu esibophayo
  • Ukuhlola impilo okuyisisekelo

Inqubo yokubhala ifeza kokubili ukugcina amarekhodi nezinjongo zokuhlukanisa. Inquma futhi ukuthi umuntu uyogcinwa esitokisini noma uyokhululwa ngokuzihlola kwakhe ulindele ukubonakala. Izindawo eziningi zidinga ukuba kubhalwe izincwadi phakathi nesikhathi esilinganiselwe, ngokuvamile phakathi namahora angu-48, nakuba lokhu kungahluka ngomthetho wezwe.

Ukubonakala Kokuqala: Ukuxhumana Nenkantolo Yokuqala

Phakathi namahora angu- 48 kuya ku-72 okuboshwa, ummangalelwa kumelwe alethwe phambi komahluleli ukuze kuvele (okubizwa futhi ngokuthi ukubekwa imvume kwezinye izindawo). Lokhu kuzwakala kubucayi ngoba kuqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu akagcinwanga unomphela ngaphandle kobuqondisi bokwahlulela. Phakathi nokubonakala kokuqala, umahluleli uyothi:

  • Yazisa ummangalelwa ngamacala ngolimi olulula
  • Qinisekisa imniningwane ukuthi ingubani
  • Chaza amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokululekwa nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngokushesha
  • Beaunce noma nquma izimo zokukhululwa
  • Buza ukuthi ummangalelwa unxusa kanjani (uma isimiso sihlanganisa ukubukeka kokuqala nokubekwa icala)

Umahluleli uzohlola futhi ukuthi ikhona yini imbangela engacunulwayo [[[FLT: 1] yokusekela ukuboshwa. Uma umahluleli ethola ukuthi ukuboshwa akunasizathu, ummangalelwa angakhululwa. Lokhu kulalela ngokuvamile kufinyezwa, kodwa kubeka isisekelo salo lonke icala.

Ibhayile Nokukhululwa Kwama - computer

Esinye sezinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezenziwa ekuveleni kokuqala ukuthi kufanele yini unikeze ubail. I-Bail iyisiqinisekiso sezimali sokuthi ummangalelwa uzobuya esikhathini senkantolo sesikhathi esizayo. ISichibiyelo se-Heighth Sivimbela ibheyili ephakeme kakhulu, kodwa abahluleli banezakhono ezinkulu. Izici ezihlolwe zihlanganisa:

  • Imvelo nonya lobugebengu okuthiwa buwubugebengu
  • Ngaphambi komlando wobugebengu nomlando wokwehluleka ukuvela
  • Intambo yomphakathi (umkhaya, umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala)
  • Ukuhlola ingozi yokundiza
  • Izinkinga zokuphepha komphakathi

Kunezimo eziningi zokukhululwa komthetho: ukhutshelo ekuqapheleni futhi (akukho mali efunekayo), ibheyili ye-, [[FLT]], [[FLT]]] isibopho sokuqinisekisa [[ [i-i-impela] [i-impompislom]], [[FLT]] ne [[FLT]] ukukhululwa [isibonelo, i-electal bells, check-ins). [[FLT] [inani eliqinile] [[FLT]] [FLT] [FLT]] imibiko eminingi yezibalo [[FLD:9] ekhiqinwayo'izamayokuvithwayo'iiibhucunyu, kodwa labo abangakwazi ukudelwa izinyanga, noma ukunxela izinyanga.

Imizamo yezinguquko emazweni amaningi iqhubekela ekuhloleni okusekelwe ezingozini kunokuba incishiswe izimo zemali, ngenjongo yokunciphisa ukungabi namali.

Ukuzwa Kwangaphambi Kokuqala: Ukuhlola Ubufakazi

Ukumangalela okungaxazululeki, ukuzwa kokucathula kuvame ukuba khona phakathi namasonto ambalwa okuvela kokuqala. Lokhu akulona uvivinyo oluphelele [1] kuyisizathu sokuzwa [ lapho umshushisi kumelwe anikeze khona ubufakazi obanele ukuqinisekisa umahluleli ukuthi ubugebengu bukhona nokuthi omangalelwe ubenzile. Isivikelo singaba ofakazi be-enomone futhi siphikise ubufakazi. Uma uma uma uma umahluleli ethola ubufakazi obunganele, icala liyaxoxiwa. Uma kungenzeka ukuthi kusunguliwe, icala liyaqhubeka nokuqulwa.

Ukuqulwa kwecala kwasekuqaleni kungacinywa yisivikelo, ikakhulukazi uma bethemba ukuxoxa ngesicelo. Kusebenza futhi njengethuba lokuthola, ukuvumela ukuzivikela ukuba ubone ubufakazi bamacala kusenesikhathi.

Icala Elikhulu

Emacaleni amaningi kahulumeni nakwamanye amacala kahulumeni, umshushisi kumelwe athole ukwahlulela kohlu olukhulu lwabasizi-jaji ngaphambi kokuba baqhubeke ukuya ecaleni. Ijaji elikhulu liyiqembu lezakhamuzi (ngokusho 16-16-23) ezibukeza ubufakazi obunikezwa umshushisi ngezindaba zangasese. Ngokungafani nokuqulwa kokuqala, isivikelo asikho futhi asikwazi ukunqamule ofakazi be-examine. Uma okungenani abakhoshayeli abayishumi nambili bekhomba i-jaji bayavuma ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ikhona, bakhipha isikhwama esiyiqiniso ]

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sidinga ukulahlwa okukhulu kwamajaji angokomthetho. Nokho, ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa icala lokuqala noma "imininingwane" ebekwe umshushisi njengenye indlela. Ukuqonda umehluko kubalulekile, ngoba uthinta isikhathi necebo.

Ukubekwa Icala: Ukungena Ehlakeni

Ngemva kokumangalelwa noma ukuqulwa kwecala kokuqala kuhlanganisa icala ukuze kuqulwe icala, ummangalelwa uvela [[FLT: 0] uqulisa. Ngalelicala elingokomthetho, umahluleli ufunda amacala futhi acele ummangalelwa ukuba angene esicelweni. Okukhethwayo yilokhu:

  • Guilty: ivuma ubugebengu futhi yamukela ukuqiniseka
  • ungabi necala: unika izikhalazo bese ucela ukuqulwa kwecala
  • Akukho mncintiswano (nolo imantinere): Awuvumi icala kodwa wamukela isijeziso; osetshenziswa kwezinye izifunda ukuze ugweme ukubekeka komphakathi

Uma ummangalelwa encenga ngaphandle kokuba necala, inkantolo imisa isimiso sokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kwecala nezinsuku zokuqulwa kwecala.

Izindlela Zokuhlola Nokuthola

Phakathi kokuqulwa kwecala nokuqulwa kwecala, zombili izinhlangothi zenza ukuphakanyiswa kobufakazi."Ukushushisa kumelwe kuhlanganyele ubufakazi bokudlulisa (izinto ezibhaliwe) kanye nezinkulumo zofakazi. Isivikelo singahlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwangaphambi komthetho ku:

  • Gxilisa ubufakazi obutholakala ngokungemthetho noma ukuvuma izono
  • Ukuxosha amacala ngenxa yokungabi nasizathu esifanelekile noma ukuziphatha okubi kwabashushisi
  • Ukushintsha indawo (susa icala ukuze kugwenywe ubandlululo)
  • Noma ikuphi ukumangalelwa noma ukumangalelwa

Le ntshukumo ilawula imingcele yokuqulwa kwecala. Ukuthatha imingcele okuphumelelayo kungaqeda ubufakazi obubalulekile bokushushisa, ngezinye izikhathi kuholela ekuxoshweni noma ekucelweni okuhle.

Ukugoma Ngezinhlayiya: Ukungokoqobo Kwalesi simiso

Amacala obugebengu angaphezu kuka-90% aphelela e-precine kunokuba aquliswe icala. I-Pleace ihlanganisa izingxoxo phakathi komshushisi nommeli wesivikelo, lapho ummangalelwa evuma ukumangalelwa ngecala (ngokuvamile emalini encane) ngokushintshana nesigwebo esincishisiwe noma ukuxoshwa kwezinye izilinganiso. Izici ezithonya izinqumo zesicelo zihlanganisa:

  • Ubufakazi obuqinile
  • Umqondo ofana nowokuqiniseka lapho uvivinywa
  • Ukuchayeka emlandweni
  • Izindleko nesikhathi sokulingwa
  • Ithonya emkhayeni wommangalelwa nomsebenzi

Ijaji kumelwe livume isicelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi singesokuzithandela futhi ummangalelwa uyayiqonda imiphumela. Naphezu kokugxeka ukuthi isicelo singacindezela abamangalelwa abangenacala, bahlala beyitshe lesisekelo lesimiso somthetho. Iwebhusayithi ye-'FLT:0] yase-U.S. iphawula ukuthi ukunxusa kwezivumelwano kusiza ekuthwaleni izigigaba. Ukuqonda isicelo kudingekile kunoma ubani ohlola uhambo ngesimiso somthetho.

Icala: Ubulungisa Obubi

Ukukhethwa kwe Jury

Uma kungekho ukuncenga okufinyelelwayo, icala liqhubekela ekulahlweni. Isinyathelo sokuqala esikhulu yisimo esibi `````I-fut'] . jury] . Ama-attorney asemaceleni womabili angabuza ukuthi kungaba khona i-jurnal ubandlululo noma ukungahluleki. Inhlangothi ngayinye ingasebenzisa izinselele [ [ukukhetha] (ukususa ingoma ngaphandle kokusho isizathu, ukumelana ne-discrivrations) kanye [FLT] ne-[FLT] ngembangela[FLT] [ict:5] (ikhawuzeki, kodwa kumelwe ivumele). I geverbe yohlanga engabantu abangu-6 ikhethiwe, ixhomeke engokwahlulelweni.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Ngemva kokuba abahluleli befungele, uhlangothi ngalunye lukhipha isifungo. Umshushisi uqala, unikeza ubufakazi abazobunikeza. Isivikelo singaveza imvume yabo ngokushesha noma siyigcine kuze kube ngemva kwecala lomshushisi. Izinkulumo zokuvula akuzona izimpikiswano, kodwa ziwukubhekisisa lokho ubufakazi obuzokubonisa.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Umshushisi uveza icala lakhe ngesihloko, ubiza ofakazi nokwazisa imibukiso. Ufakazi ngamunye uphenywa ngokuqondisisa ngokushushiswa, khona - ke ngokuhlola [ ngokuzivikela. Ukuzivikela kungaphikisa imibuzo noma ubufakazi ezisekelweni ezingokomthetho (ukuqonda, ukusetshenziswa, ilungelo). Ngemva kokuba ukumangalelwa kuphelile, ukuzivikela kungashukumisela ekwahlulelweni kobucala be-ahvect uma ubufakazi bunganele.

Uma ukwenqaba, ukuzivikela kunikeza ubufakazi obuhlukile. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lomthetho - sisekelo lokungafakazeli, futhi abahluleli abanakuveza incazelo ephambene kulokho kuthula.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba sekunikezwe wonke ubufakazi, uhlangothi ngalunye lukhipha impikiswano yokuqala futhi lungase luphikise ngemva kokuvikela. Ngokungafani nezinkulumo zokuqala, izinkulumo zokuphetha ziyayenga, zinxusa abahluleli ukuba badwebe izincazelo ezithile futhi bafinyelele isinqumo esithile.

Ukudalulwa Nokulahlwa Kwezigigaba

Umahluleli uyala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo, kuhlanganise nomthwalo wobufakazi .Ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo emacaleni obugebengu. Khona - ke amajaji azenza ngasese. Ezingxenyeni eziningi, isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane nganecala noma anecala. Uma abahluleli bengenakuvuma (ijaji [[FLT]]]), umahluleli angamemezela ukuqulwa kwamacala okungaqondile, futhi abamangaleli bangali futhi bangalihlola icala.

Uma isinqumo singenacala, ummangalelwa ukhululiwe futhi akanakuqulwa icala elifanayo (ingozi ephindwe kabili).

Ukugwetshwa

Isigwebo singaba khona ngokushesha ngemva kwesinqumo noma emasontweni ahlukene okulalela kamuva. umahluleli ucabangela izici ezinjengezi:

  • Ubukhulu bobugebengu nomphumela wabo ezisulwini
  • Umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa
  • Izimo zomuntu siqu (isikhathi, impilo engokwengqondo, imithwalo yemfanelo yomkhaya)
  • Ukutuswa abashushisi, ukuzivikela, nombiko wokuphenya ngecala
  • Amazwi okuhlukunyezwa

Izinketho zokumisa i-sethi zibanzi: [ ukumiselwa (ukukhululwa okususiwe okunemibandela), amafektha[, [[[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [ii] isilinganiso [i] nkonzo, [[FLT] i-futmmut [interst], [iindlela] [indlela], [indlela] [indlela yokuthatha i-act:[FLT] [i] (i] [ijekzi] yemifu] ngenxa yezimpompompo ezimfushane, ngenxa yemifalingo], [FL: [FF] izilulekse, nakuba ingekho iziqondiso ezilandelana ngaphansi kwezindlela zomthetho, kodwa izigwebo ezithi ezithi ezithiwe.

I- ye-United States Sentensing Commission ikhipha ukwaziswa emigwebeni kahulumeni, ibonisa ukuthi ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ukukhwabanisa, nokudubula ngezibhamu kulandisa ngengxenye enkulu yesigwebo sejele sikahulumeni.

Ukunxusa: Ukufuna Ukubukeza

Ummangalelwa oboshiwe unelungelo lokudlulisela icala noma isigwebo enkantolo ephakeme. Ukudlulisa amacala akuyona inkantolo e- agxila emasondweni [ okungenzeka athinte umphumela. Izizathu ezivamile zokudlulisa icala zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuvuma noma ukulahla ubufakazi okungafanele
  • Iziyalezo ezingalungile zabasizi bejaji
  • Ukuziphatha Okubi Kwamacala
  • Usizo olungenanzuzo lweseluleko
  • Ubufakazi obunganele bokusekela lesi sinqumo

U-appelant (umuntu okhangayo) kumelwe afake isaziso sokudlulisa isikhalo phakathi nosuku oluqinile, ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-30. Inkantolo ihlola umbhalo ogciniwe wecala futhi ibhale izifushaniso, futhi ingase izwe izimpikiswano zomlomo. Ingathi:

  • Isiqiniseko [
  • landela ukuqiniseka (futhi ngezinye izikhathi kugunyaza ukuxoshwa noma ukuqulwa okusha)
  • Remand ngenxa yokucasukela noma ukuqhubekeka kwemicimbi

Uma kuhileleke izicelo zikahulumeni noma isimiso sikahulumeni, icala lingaya enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni noma eNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S., nakuba ukubukeza okungacunuli kungavamile. i-Habeas corpus[ izicelo zinikeza elinye ikhambi le-post-confiction yemithetho-msc.

Inqubo yokudlulisa i-apply ihlola ngokuhluza ama-cate angokomthetho. Ngokwe- Brennan Center for Justice, ukunxusa kuyasiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphutha ayalungiswa nokuthi ukugcinwa komthetho kanye nabashushisi kulandela izinqubo ezifanelekile.

Amalungelo Ayinhloko Kuyo Yonke Inkinga

Phakathi nalo lonke uhambo olusukela ekuboshweni ukuya enkantolo, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuthola izikhungo eziningana eziyinhloko:

  • ngakwesokudla ukuthula[ (ISichibiyelo seF5th)
  • ekuqondiseni ekululekeni (Isiphequluli se-Ixth)(-uma i-indigant, ummeli uzomiswa
  • [ ngakwesokudla ekwahlulelweni okusheshayo nokuhle kwecala lomphakathi
  • [[UMTL:0] ngakwesokudla ukubhekana nofakazi (isiphambano-sesihloli)
  • [[UMTL:0] ukukhululeka ekusesheni okungacabangeki kanye nasekuqulekeni (ISichibiyelo sesine)
  • [[INDABA:0] Akufanele ukhululeke engozini ephindwe kabili (Isichibiyelo sesihlanu)
  • ungakwesokudla enqubweni efanele (Iziphetho zesihlanu nezeshumi nane)

Ukuqonda lamalungelo kubalulekile kunoma yimuphi umfundi noma uthisha ohlola isimiso somthetho.

Indima Yeseluleko Sokuvikela

Ummeli onekhono wokuzivikela ubalulekile kuzo zonke izigaba. Kusukela ekuceleni ikhasimende ukuthi likhulume yini na emaphoyiseni, ekuxoxeni ngezicelo, ekuhloleni ubufakazi obuyinselele lapho kuqulwa icala, ummeli uqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ommangalelwa avikelekile. Abavikeli bomphakathi bakhonza labo abangakwazi ukukhokhela iseluleko sangasese, nakuba ukuthweswa kwecala kungaba nzima. INhlangano yeMelika Bar inikeza imithombo yezindinganiso zokuvikela.

Isiphetho: Ukuvala Imfundiso Nokuzijwayeza

Uhambo oludlulela phakathi kwesimiso somthetho (ukusukela ekuboshweni ukuya enkantolo) iyinqubo ehlelwe kahle elawulwa umthetho nenqubo. Isinyathelo ngasinye sifeza injongo: ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukuqinisekisa imbangela, ukuqinisekisa, nokunikeza ubufakazi obulungile. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda loluhambo kuveza indlela ubulungisa obusebenza ngayo. Kuqokomisa futhi izindawo ezilungele inguquko, njengokunxusa, ukunxusa izingcindezelo, nokufinyelela iseluleko.

Ngokufunda lezi zigaba ngokujule, umuntu akatholi ulwazi nje kuphela lwezinqubo ezingokomthetho kodwa futhi nokwazisa okujulile ngezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezichaza isimiso sobulungisa saseMelika. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ulungiselela umsebenzi womthetho, ukufundisa umphakathi, noma ukufuna nje ukuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi, lesi sisekelo sibaluleke kakhulu.