Table of Contents

Izimiso zikahulumeni nomthetho zakha izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zezinhlangano zanamuhla, zimisa imithetho, izimiso, nezinqubo ezilawula indlela imiphakathi esebenza futhi isebenza ngayo. Lezi zinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi azinqumi nje kuphela indlela imithetho esungulwa ngayo futhi iphoqelelwe kodwa nendlela amandla abekwa ngayo, indlela izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngayo ekubuseni, nendlela ukwahlulela okuphathwa ngayo. Ukuqonda izisekelo zezakhiwo zikahulumeni, izimiso zomthetho, kanye nezinqubo zokwakha kudingekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi izinhlangano zihlela kanjani futhi zisingatha kanjani izinselele ezihlangene.

Kusukela empucukweni yasendulo kuya ezindaweni ezikhona, imiphakathi yabantu iye yazama izindlela eziningi zokubusa nezimiso zomthetho. Isimiso ngasinye sibonisa izindinganiso ezingokomlando eziyingqayizivele, ezesiko, nezefilosofi zemiphakathi esiyisebenzisayo. Noma kuhlolwe izinhlangano zentando yeningi ezigcizelela ubukhosi obuthandwayo, amasiko ombuso wenkosi asekelwe ekulandeleleni ifa, noma imibuso yempoqo egxilisa amandla ezandleni zabambalwa, lezi zimiso zibumba ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwabantu abayizigidi ngezigidi emhlabeni wonke.

Lokhu kuhlola okubanzi kuhlola izici ezibalulekile zikahulumeni nezimiso zomthetho, ukuhlola indlela izakhiwo ezihlukene ezisebenza ngayo, indlela amasiko angokomthetho athonya ngayo ukuqondiswa kobulungisa, nendlela izimiso ezisungulwa ngayo, ezisetshenziswa ngayo, nokuhlolwa ngayo. Ngokuqonda lemiqondo eyisisekelo, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela kangcono nohulumeni bazo, zisekele izithakazelo zazo, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezimisweni zentando yeningi ezilawula imiphakathi yazo.

Ukuqonda Izakhiwo Nezinhlobo Zohulumeni

Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke bazihlela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ngokuphawulekayo, ngamunye uveza amafilosofi ahlukene ngomthombo wegunya lezombangazwe, ukwabiwa kwamandla, nobuhlobo phakathi kwababusi nababuswayo. Izimiso ezinhlanu ezivamile zikahulumeni zihlanganisa idemokrati, irepublic, ububusi, ubukhomanisi nobushiqela. Ukuqonda lezizinhlobo eziyisisekelo kunikeza ukuqonda ngendlela imiphakathi ehlukahlukene ehlangabezana ngayo nenselele yokubusa kweqembu.

Isimiso Sentando Yeningi: Ukubusa Abantu

Idemokrasi ingachazwa njengesimiso sikahulumeni onamandla aphakeme abekwe ezandleni zabantu. Lomqondo unezimpande zasendulo, negama lentando yeningi elilandelelwayo kusukela emuva emuva ngekhulu lesihlanu B.C., futhi eqinisweni, igama elithi democracy liyisiGreki elisho "abantu abanamandla". Ukubusa kwedemokrasi kumelela esinye sezici zezombangazwe ezivelele kakhulu, ukumisa isimiso sokuthi igunya elingokomthetho litholakala emvumeni yokubuswa kunelungelo laphezulu, ukulandelana kwefa, noma amandla empi.

Izimiso zedemokrasi zivela ngezindlela ezihlukene, ngayinye enezinqubo ezihlukile zokuhlanganyela ezakhamuzini. Ukubusa ngentando yeningi okuqondile kuhilela zonke izakhamuzi ezifanele ukuhlanganyela ngokuqondile ekwenzeni isinqumo sikahulumeni. Loluhlobo lwentando yeningi, nakuba lufaneleka ngokucatshangelwa, lunikeza izinselele ezisebenzayo emiphakathini emikhulu, eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngenxa yalokho, imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi yanamuhla isebenza njengentando yeningi emelelwe, lapho izakhamuzi zikhetha khona abameleli abawenza umthetho.

Nakuba iningi lisebenzisa i-United States njengesibonelo sesimiso sikahulumeni wentando yeningi, i-United States empeleni inolokho okubizwa ngokuthi idemokrati emelelayo. Kulesimiso, izakhamuzi ziphathisa izikhulu ezikhethiwe ezizolandisa ngokhetho oluvamile. Lelilungiselelo lilinganisela inhloso yentando yeningi yobukhosi obuthandwayo kanye nesidingo esingokoqobo sokubusa ngokunempumelelo kubantu abaningi, abahlukahlukene.

Izici eziyinhloko zezimiso zentando yeningi zihlanganisa ukukhetha okukhululekile nokungakhethi, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye nenkululeko yomphakathi, ukubusa komthetho, inkululeko yokuveza nokuhlangana, kanye nokudluliswa ngokuthula kwemibuso ezimele. Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi ihlanganiswa nokulingana kwezombangazwe nesakhamuzi ngasinye esinelungelo lokuvota, esaziwa njengesehlo somhlaba wonke. Lezizimiso zisebenza ndawonye ukuze kusungulwe izimiso lapho igunya likahulumeni lihlala linesibopho kubantu elibakhonzayo.

Ukubusa kwentando yeningi kugcizelela futhi ukubaluleka kwamalungelo nenkululeko. Eziningini zentando yeningi, imibono yamalungelo nenkululeko ibalulekile. Ilungelo liyinto umuntu okufanele avunyelwe ukuyithola ngoba nje engabantu. Inkululeko iwuhlobo lwenkululeko okungekho hulumeni okufanele ayithathe kumuntu. Lezisivikelo zisebenza njengezivikelo zokumelana nobushiqela futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nokubusa okuningi akuyinyathi inkululeko eyisisekelo yamaqembu amancane noma abantu ngabanye.

Imibuso Ebusayo: Izindlela Ezingokwesiko Zokubusa

Ebusweni bombuso, amandla ezwe anikwa umkhaya owodwa ozuza ifa lokubusa kusukela kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye, futhi umuntu othile womkhaya wasebukhosini unegunya kuze kube sekufeni. Imibuso imelela olunye lwezinhlobo zikahulumeni ezindala kakhulu, nezimpande ezidlulela emuva ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka emiphakathini yakudala. Ukumiswa kombuso wenkosi kuye kwashintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuvumelanisa nezimo zezenhlalo, zezombangazwe, nezomnotho.

Kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili ezivamile zombuso omisiwe: ukubusa kombuso wenkosi yenkosi nomthetho-sisekelo, okunemibuso ephelele, ekhona cishe engu 12, ebuswa njengemibuso ezimele. Emibusoni ephelele, imonarch ilawula uhulumeni ngokuphelele ngemingcele embalwa noma ingekho ngokomthetho-sisekelo egunya layo. Inkosi ephelele ilawula wonke uhulumeni; isibonelo saloluhlobo lukahulumeni iSaudi Arabia.

Imibuso ye-monarchy yezomthetho-mthetho imelela ukuziphendukela okuphawulekayo okuvela ekubuseni okuphelele. Namuhla, iningi lohulumeni abaphethe amakhosi liye lashintshela embusweni womthetho-sisekelo, lapho inkosi iyinhloko yezwe kodwa imane yenza indima yenkolo futhi ayinawo amandla kahulumeni. Kulezi zimiso, nakuba uMbusi eyiNhloko yoMbuso, ikhono lokwenza nokudlulisa umthetho uhlala ePhalamente elikhethiwe. Amazwe anjenge United Kingdom, iJapane, iSpain, iSweden, neNetherlands abonisa ukuthi lo mfuziselo usebenza ngokuyinhloko ngenkonzo engokomfanekiso nemikhosi lapho ekhethwe ohulumeni besebenzisa amandla ezombangazwe angokoqobo.

Ukuphikelela kwenkosi ebusayo enkathini yanamuhla kungase kubonakale kuyindida enikezwa ukuthambekela kwembulunga yonke ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Nokho, ukubusa kwenkosi kuye kwaphikelela njengohlobo lombuso ngoba kungavumelanisa imfuno yokubusa ngentando yeningi kangcono kunezinye izinhlobo zokubusa kwe-autocracy: "Imibuso ingabusa ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukuhola ngokushintshela embusweni wentando yeningi. Ithemba lokuqhubeka nombusi enxusa amaqembu aphikisayo azisa kokubili ukubusa ngentando yeningi nokuqina."

Akuwona wonke amamonarch alandela ukulandelana kwefa. Kuwo wonke ama-monarch akhethwe ngokhetho, ama-monarch akhethwa noma amiswa yindikimba ethile (ikholiji elikhethiwe) ukuze aphile noma inkathi ethile emisiwe. Ama-monarch amane akhethweyo akhona namuhla: iCambodia, iMalaysia neUnited Arabhu Emirates ziyindalo yama-20-phakathi, kuyilapho enye (upapa) ikhona. Lezizimiso zihlanganisa izici zesiko lobukhompunga kanye nezinqubo ezingakhethi zokukhetha abaholi.

AmaRepublic: Abaholi Abangaboniswanga Uzwela

Kuyi-republic ye-Riphabliki, amandla futhi axhomeke kubantu, njengoba bephethe ukukhetha noma ukukhetha umholi wezwe, esikhundleni sokuba umholi amiswe noma azuze ifa lefa. Ngokubanzi, irepublic iyisimiso sikahulumeni esingenayo inkosi. Uhlobo lukahulumeni werepublic lugcizelela isimiso sokuthi ubukhosi buhlala kubantu, abasebenzisa igunya labo ngabameleli abakhethiwe.

Umehluko phakathi kwamarepublic nedemokrasi ngezinye izikhathi ungadida, njengoba amarepublic amaningi anamuhla ewumbuso wentando yeningi. I-United States iyirepublic kahulumeni esekelwe kumthetho-sisekelo lapho izakhamuzi zikhetha abameleli ukuba benze izinqumo zezimiso. Igama elithi idemokrati yentando yeningi, elicishe lifane nerepublic, lingasetshenziswa futhi ukuchaza uhulumeni lapho izakhamuzi zikhetha khona abameleli ukuze zithuthukise izithakazelo zazo.

Izimiso zaseRepublic ngokuvamile ziveza ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni, izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezilinganisela igunya likahulumeni, nokhetho oluvamile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kuzoba nokulandisa.

Izikhulu Nezingoma Zobushiqela

Ohulumeni ababusa ngempoqo, amandla agxilwe ezandleni zabambalwa — ngokuvamile iqembu elilodwa lezombangazwe noma ngisho nomholi oyedwa (lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi i-autocracy). Ngokungafani nezimiso zentando yeningi lapho igunya ligeleza lisuka evumeni ethandwayo, imibuso yempoqo ilondoloza amandla ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene kuhlanganise nokulawula ukwaziswa, ukucindezelwa kokuphikiswa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nokuphoqelelwa noma ubudlova.

Uhulumeni webushiqela unesithakazelo, ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye, ekulondolozeni amandla akhe. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuphazamiseka kwemiphakathi kungaholela ekuvukeleni, ohulumeni abanjalo bathambekele ekugcizeleleni ukuhleleka. Inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye enjengenkululeko yokukhuluma (kuhlanganise nokuphikisa) nelungelo lokufuna ukuba wedwa livame ukuncishiswa kulenqubo. Lokhu kubekwa phambili kokuzinza nokulawula inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuhlukanisa izimiso zobushiqela nezamademokhrasi.

Kubushiqela, umuntu oyedwa, umashiqela, unamandla aphelele kuhulumeni. Luhlobo lukahulumeni olubusa ngempoqo lapho umuntu oyedwa ephethe khona ukuqapha nokumisa umthetho. Imibuso yombuso ngokuvamile ivela ngokubusa kwempi, izinhlangano zenguquko, noma ukuguguleka kancane kancane kwezinhlangano zentando yeningi. Umashiqela akadli ngefa amandla akhe njengenkosi; noma bathatha umbuso ngenkani noma ngokhetho (ngokuvamile olungenabulungisa). Abakhokhisi ababoshelwa ngezenzo zabo zombuso futhi kanjalo bakhululekile ukwenza ngendlela abafuna ngayo, kuhlanganise nokulinganisela amalungelo ezakhamuzi.

Imibuso yomashiqela imelela uhlobo oludlulele lobushiqela, ifuna ukulawula hhayi nje ukuphila kwezombangazwe kodwa zonke izici zomphakathi kuhlanganise nomnotho, imfundo, amasiko ngisho nezinkolelo zomuntu siqu. Lezi zimiso ngokuvamile zisebenzisa ukuqapha okukhulu, inkulumo - ze, nokulawula kwezindaba nokwaziswa ukuze zilondoloze amandla azo okubusa.

Imibuso Ephakeme: Iyabusa

Amandla e-oligarchy athathwa iqembu elincane, elikhethekile. Ngokungafani ne-romphone, amalungu e-oligarchy awazifinyeleli izikhundla zawo ngokusekelwe ekuboshweni kohlu lozalo oluphezulu. Kunalokho, anganyukela ezikhundleni zegunya ngenxa yamandla empi, amandla ezomnotho, noma izimo ezifanayo. Ama-Oligarchy angathatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene kuye ngomthombo wamandla negunya leqembu elibusayo.

Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemibuso yezikhulu zihlanganisa i-protocracy, lapho ingcebo inquma khona amandla ezombangazwe; amahlelo ombuso, lapho abaholi bezempi belawula khona uhulumeni; nezikhulu zenkolo, lapho iziphathimandla zezombangazwe zilawula khona ezombangazwe. Izwe laseIran liwumbuso ongokwasezulwini, okusho ukuthi izwe lilawulwa iqembu labaholi benkolo. Uhlobo ngalunye lwe - oligarchy lugxilisa amandla ezandleni zeqembu elikhethiwe elisekelwe ezindinganisweni ezithile ezinjengengcebo, isikhundla sezempi, noma igunya lenkolo.

Umqondo we-oligarchy awukholeki ngandlela-thile; akuvamile ukuba umphakathi uzichaze obala ngokuthi i-oligarchy. Ngokuvamile, leligama linencazelo embi futhi likhumbuza imibono yeqembu elikhohlakele elimalungu alo enza izinqumo ezingalungile ukuze alondoloze izikhundla zawo ezikhethekile. Lombono ophambene ubonisa ukukhathazeka ngokugxiliswa kwamandla kanye namandla amaqembu avelele okubeka izithakazelo zawo kuqala kunenzuzo eyodwa.

Amazwe obuKhomanisi

Isimiso sikahulumeni wobukhomanisi ngokuvamile sisekelwe emfundisweni ethile yobukhomanisi efundiswa uKarl Marx noma uVladimir Lenin. Iqembu elilodwa noma iqembu labantu ngokuvamile liqhuba izifundazwe zobukhomanisi. Izimiso zobuKhomanisi zicabanga ukuthi zihlose ukudala imiphakathi engenazigaba ngokuhlangene, inzuzo yokukhiqiza, nakuba eqinisweni ziye zaphumela ekubuseni ngesigaba esisodwa.

Izibonelo zezifunda zobukhomanisi zihlanganisa iChina, iCuba neVietnam. Lamazwe alondoloza ukubusa kweqembu lobukhomanisi kuyilapho esebenzisa amazinga ahlukahlukene ezinguquko zezomnotho eziye zabekwa emakethe. Ukuziphendukela kwezindawo zobukhomanisi kubonisa indlela izimiso zezombangazwe ezizivumelanisa ngayo namaqiniso ezomnotho nezenhlalo kuyilapho zilondoloza izibopho ezithile zemibono.

Ukubaluleka Kwemisebenzi Yomthetho Nomthetho

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iluphi uhlobo lukahulumeni, izisekelo zomthetho-mthetho nonamathela ekuqondiseni umthetho kufeza izindima ezibalulekile ekunqumeni indlela izimiso zezombangazwe ezisebenza ngayo nendlela ezivikela ngayo amalungelo abantu. Abanye ohulumeni bahlelwe ngokwemithetho ehlelekile okumelwe ilandelwe. Imithetho echaza ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe usebenze kanjani ibizwa ngokuthi umthetho-sisekelo. Imithetho-sisekelo isebenza njengezincwadi eziyisisekelo ezimisa izakhiwo zikahulumeni, ichaza amandla nokulinganiselwa kwamagatsha ahlukene, futhi ngokuvamile ibala amalungelo ezakhamuzi.

Umthetho-sisekelo ungahlanganisa futhi nesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye nenkululeko yabo bonke, kuhlanganise namaqembu amancane. Ohulumeni abalandela umthetho wabo nemithetho bawuhlonipha ngokuseduze u "mthetho womthetho." Ohulumeni abalandela ukubusa komthetho banikeza isivikelo esengeziwe kubantu ngenxa yokuthi izinqumo ohulumeni abazenzayo kumelwe zisekelwe emithethweni. Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni asetshenziswa ngokwezimiso ezingokomthetho ezimisiwe kunokuba kusetshenziswe izinhloso eziwumthetho ezizibusayo.

Ukubusa komthetho kumelela isisekelo sokubusa okulungile, kuveza ukuthi bonke abantu nezinhlangano, kuhlanganise nohulumeni ngokwawo, banesibopho sokulandisa ngemithetho emenyezelwa obala, egcizelelwa ngokufanayo, futhi enqunywe ngokulinganayo.

Izinqubo zomthetho-mthetho zivame ukuhlanganisa izici eziningana eziyinhloko ezihlanganisa isimo sikahulumeni nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, ubuhlobo phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni (isifundazwe, indawo), amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yezakhamuzi, izinqubo zokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, kanye nezinqubo zokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni noma phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi. La malungiselelo asebenza ndawonye ukuze kusungulwe izimiso ezizinzile, ezizinqumelayo zokubusa ezilinganisela ukuphatha okuphumelelayo kanye nesivikelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nokulinganisela

Ohulumeni abaningi banamuhla, ikakhulukazi ababusa ngentando yeningi, bahlanganisa isimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya ukuze bavimbele ukugxiliswa kwegunya futhi bavikele ekucindezeleni. Ngalinye lamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni wase-U.(isikhulu, izahlulelo, ne-propatiss) alawulwa amanye amagatsha. Lesi simiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elingabusa noma lisebenzise amandla angavinjelwe.

Igatsha lezemithetho liphethe amandla okwenza imithetho, ukulawula imali esetshenziswa nguhulumeni, futhi liqondise igatsha eliphethe. Igatsha eliphethe limisa imithetho nemithetho ephoqelelwe, liqhube inqubo yakwamanye amazwe, futhi liqondise izinhlelo zikahulumeni. Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, lixazulule izingxabano, futhi linqume ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu zivumelana yini nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo. Igatsha ngalinye linamagunya akhethekile alikwazi ukuhlola izenzo zamagatsha aphethe, liveza izinga elinamandla elivikela inkululeko kuyilapho likwazi ukubusa ngokuphumelela.

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kubonisa ukuqonda okubonisa ukuthi ukugxilisa lonke igunya likahulumeni enhlanganweni eyodwa noma kumuntu othile kudala amathuba ayingozi okuxhashazwa. Ngokuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kwezinhlangano eziningi ngezimiso ezihlukene, izindlela zokukhetha, nezindawo zehhovisi, izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zidala amaphuzu amaningi okwenza kube nzima nganoma yiliphi icebo ukuba libuse ngokuphelele. Lelilungiselelo lingase libambe kancane ukwenza izinqumo, kodwa linikeze isivikelo esibalulekile ezisekelweni ezimisweni ezicindezelayo nezisheshayo, ezingacabangeli kahle.

Izimiso Zezomthetho: Imisebenzi Yezakhelo Zobulungisa

Izimiso zomthetho zinikeza izimiso zokuhlelwa nokuhlelwa kwezimiso lapho imithetho isungulwa, ichazwa, isetshenziswa futhi iphoqelelwa khona. Izimiso zomthetho emhlabeni wonke ziyahluka kakhulu, kodwa ngokuvamile zilandela umthetho wesizwe noma umthetho ovamile. Lamasiko amabili angokomthetho ayinhloko aye ahlela ukuphatha ubulungisa emhlabeni wonke, nakuba ezinye izimiso ezihlanganisa umthetho ongokwenkolo nomthetho wesiko zifeza khona izindima ezibalulekile emiphakathini eminingi.

Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho kusiza ekucaciseni indlela okunikezwa ngayo ubulungisa, indlela izingxabano ezingokomthetho ezixazululwa ngayo, nendlela imithetho eshintsha ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isimiso ngasinye sibonisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zefilosofi zokwamukela isimo somthetho, indima yabahluleli, kanye nokuhlobana phakathi kwemithetho elotshiwe nencazelo yokwahlulela.

Izimiso Zomthetho Ezivamile: Indima Yezandulela

Izinsuku zomthetho ovamile wombuso wasendulo wamaNgisi lapho izinkantolo ziqala ukuqoqa nokunyathelisa izinqumo zomthetho. Kamuva, lezo zinqumo ezinyathelisiwe zasetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokunquma amacala afanayo.

Kumthetho ovamile, izenzakalo ezingokomthetho zakudala noma izinqumo zokwahlulela zisetshenziselwa ukunquma izicaka ezikhona. Lesi simiso, esaziwa ngokuthi i-schaing decisis (igama lesiLatin elisho "ukuma ngezinto ezinqunyiwe"), sidala ukungaguquguquki nokubikezela ngemiphumela engokomthetho. Isici esiyinhloko sesimiso somthetho esivamile ukuthembela nokusebenzisa kwaso, noma ukubuka i-decisiss. Isibonelo siwumlando wesinqumo sokwahlulela esiyisisekelo sokuhlola izindaba zesikhathi esizayo zemvelo efanayo. Umahluleli owengamele icala unquma ukuthi iziphi izandulela ezibalulekile futhi angasetshenziswa kulelo cala.

I-United States, iCanada, iNgilandi, iNdiya, ne-Australia zivame ukubhekwa njengamazwe avamile omthetho. Ngenxa yokuthi zonke zaziyizikhonzi noma amakoloni eGreat Britain, ziye zahlala zikhona ezikweni lomthetho ovamile. Lokhu kuhlobana okungokomlando kuchaza ukusakazeka kwezimiso zomthetho ezivamile, ezasakazeka ngamakoloni aseBrithani futhi ziyaqhubeka zithonya ukuthuthuka ngokomthetho kulezizizwe.

UMthetho ovamile uthola igunya lawo ezinqumweni zokwahlulela nasezibonelweni ezilandelanayo. Abahluleli banendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umthetho ngezincazelo nangemithetho yabo. Nakuba umthetho usewumthombo obalulekile womthetho, uvame ukugcwalisa izikhala eMthethweni ovamile kunokuba ubeke imingcele engokomthetho. Le nqubo yokwahlulela ivumela izimiso zomthetho ezivamile ukuba zivumelane nezimo ezishintshayo ngaphandle kokufuna ukungenela kwemithetho njalo.

Izimiso zoMthetho ezivamile ziwumthetho ongokwemvelo. Icala elingokomthetho lihilela amaqembu amabili aphikisanayo aveza amacala awo phambi komahluleli ongakhethi, futhi kwezinye izimo, ijaji elisebenza. Indima yamajaji iwukuqinisekisa inqubo elungile, ukuchaza umthetho, nokunikeza isinqumo esisekelwe ebufakazini obunikezwayo nasemicabangweni engokomthetho. Lokhu kuveza icala emacala awo ukuze asungule futhi adlulise amacala abo, umahluleli okhonza njengommangaleli ongathathi hlangothi.

Izimiso Zomthetho Wangaphakathi: Imithetho Engokomthetho Ehambisana Nemithetho

Umthetho womthetho wangaphakathi uyisimiso somthetho esisekelwe eMbusweni waseRoma futhi sahlanganiswa futhi sasakazwa kakhulu kusukela ngekhulu le-19, ngokuphawulekayo nge-Napoleonic Code (1804) ne-Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch yaseJalimane (1900). Ngokungafani nezimiso zomthetho ezivamile, ezincike kakhulu ekwahlulelweni, izimiso zomthetho zibonakala ngokuthembela kwazo emithethweni esebenza njengomthombo oyinhloko womthetho.

Umthetho wombango uyisimiso somthetho esivamile somhlaba, esilandelwa cishe emazweni angu-150. Lokhu kuthathelwa phansi kwamazwe amaningi kubonisa kokubili ithonya lamasiko angokomthetho amaRoma nokunxuswa komthetho obanzi njengendlela yokuhlela izimiso zomthetho. Amazwe omthetho ahlanganisa yonke i-South America (ngaphandle kwe-Guyana), cishe yonke i-Europe (kuhlanganise i-Jalimane, iFrance, ne-Spain), iChina neJapane.

Umthetho wangaphakathi, ngokuphambene, ugunyaziwe. Amazwe anezimiso zomthetho we-opulan anemithetho ebanzi, ejwayezekayo echaza zonke izindaba ezikwazi ukulethwa phambi kwenkantolo, inqubo esebenzayo, nesijeziso esifanelekile somthetho ngamunye. Lemithetho ihlose ukunikeza izinkulumo ezicacile, ezihlelekile zezimiso ezingokomthetho ezihlanganisa zonke izingxenye zomthetho, ukunciphisa isidingo sencazelo yokwahlulela nokwenza ukuba yiqiniso okukhulu ngezimfuneko ezingokomthetho.

Kumthetho wesizwe, indima yomahluleli iwukuthola amaqiniso aleli cala nokusebenzisa amalungiselelo emithetho esebenzayo. Nakuba umahluleli evame ukuletha amacala angokomthetho, aphenye lendaba, futhi anqume ecaleni, usebenza ngaphakathi kwesimiso esimiswe yimithetho ebanzi, ehlangene. Lendlela ihluke kakhulu nezimiso zomthetho ezivamile, lapho abahluleli besebenzisa khona igunya elikhulu lokuchaza futhi izinqumo zabo zidala iziqondiso ezibophayo.

Izimiso zoMthetho wangaphakathi zivame ukuqulwa icala. Umahluleli uthatha indima ekhuthele ekuhloleni amaqiniso alelicala futhi athole umthetho osebenzayo. Ukugcizelela kusekwembuleni iqiniso kunokuthembela kuphela ekudluliseleni ubufakazi. Lendlela yokuqulwa kwamacala ezihlubuki ibonisa ifilosofi ehlukile ngendima yokwahlulela, ubheka abahluleli njengabaphenyi abakhuthele abafuna iqiniso kunokuba bathathe izikhala phakathi kwamaqembu aphikisanayo.

UMthetho wombango, ngokuphambene, awugcizeleli kakhulu isiqalo. Nakuba izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphakeme zingabhekwa njengezithonyayo, azibopha. Abahluleli banenkululeko eyengeziwe yokuchaza umthetho osekelwe emaqinisweni aqondile aphathelene necala elikhona, ngaphandle kokuboshelwa ngokuqinile yizahlulelo zangaphambi kokuqala. Lokhu kushintsha kuvumela abahluleli bomthetho wesizwe ukuba basebenzise izimiso ezivumelanayo ezimweni eziyingqayizivele ngaphandle kokucindezelwa yizenzakalo ezidala.

Ukuqhathanisa Umthetho Ovamile Nezimiso Zomthetho Wangaphakathi

Namuhla umehluko phakathi kwezimiso ezingokomthetho ezivamile nezivamile ukhona emthonjeni wangempela womthetho. Izimiso zomthetho ovamile zenza ukuba kubhekiswe kakhulu ezimisweni, kodwa amacala okwahlulela athathwa njengomthombo womthetho obaluleke kakhulu. Lomehluko oyisisekelo uhlela indlela izimiso zomthetho eziqala ngayo, indlela abameli abaqeqeshwa ngayo, indlela amacala aphikiswa ngayo, nendlela ubulungisa obuphathwa ngayo.

Isimiso somthetho esivamile asibhalwanga kahle njengesimiso somthetho wesizwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izimiso zomthetho zinikeza izimvume ezivamile ukuze amalungu ahlangane ngezivumelwano, namalungiselelo angokomthetho ambalwa ayimfuneko ashiwo ngokusebenza komthetho. Kunamalungiselelo ambalwa abekwe esivumelwaneni ngaphansi kwesimiso somthetho esivamile – ngakho kubalulekile ukumisa wonke amahlelo alawula ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaqembu esivumelwaneni ngokwaso.

Ngokuphambene, kunezinhlelo eziningi eziye zafakwa esivumelwaneni ngaphansi kwesimiso somthetho wezwe - hulumeni - kuyaqashelwa ukubeka wonke amagama alawula ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungu esivumelwaneni ngokwaso njengesivumelwano sokuhluleka noma izivumelwano ezingalungiswa ngokusebenzisa umthetho. Lokhu kuvame ukuphumela ekuthatheni isivumelwano esifushane kunowodwa ezweni elivamile lomthetho.

Indima yabahluleli ihluka kakhulu phakathi kwezimiso ezimbili. Eyokuqala ukumiswa kwamajaji: Ngaphansi komthetho ovamile, abahluleli bavame ukumiswa ngemva kwemisebenzi ephumelelayo engokomthetho, kuyilapho izikhulu zomthetho womphakathi zikhetha ukumisa abathweswe iziqu zisuka ngqo eyunivesithi. Lokhu kungathinta umbono womhlaba womahluleli. Lezizindlela zemisebenzi ezihlukene zihlela izimo zokwahlulela futhi ziqonde ukuchazwa ngokomthetho.

Izimiso Ezingokwenkolo Nezomthetho Ezingokwesiko

Ngaphandle komthetho ovamile, izimiso zomthetho zifeza indima ebalulekile emiphakathini eminingi. Umthetho wamaSulumane (uSharia), umthetho wamaJuda (uHalakha), nomthetho weCanon (umthetho weSonto lamaKatolika) umelela amasiko angokwenkolo ayinhloko angokwemithetho abusa izici ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kwabalandeli.

Kwamanye amazwe, umthetho wenkolo ubusa izindaba zomuntu siqu ezinjengomshado, isehlukaniso, ifa, nobuhlobo bomkhaya, kuyilapho umthetho wezwe ukhuluma ngezindaba zezentengiselwano, ubugebengu, nokuphatha.

Umthetho ongokwesiko, osekelwe emikhubeni emide namasiko emiphakathini ethile, uyaqhubeka futhi uthonya izimiso zomthetho ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni eziphathelene nezwe, isinqumo, nokubusa komphakathi. Amazwe amaningi ahlanganisa izici zomthetho wesiko kanye nezimiso ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho, ukwenza izimiso zomthetho eziqaphela imithombo eminingi yegunya elingokomthetho.

Izimiso Ezingokomthetho Ezixubile

Amanye amazwe anjenge-South Africa asebenzisa inhlanganisela yomthetho wesizwe nowesibilishi. Lezi zimiso ezixubene noma ezixubile zihlanganisa izici ezivela emasikweni ahlukene angokomthetho, ngokuvamile ziveza amakhomanisi ayinkimbinkimbi noma imizamo yamabomu yokuhlanganisa amandla ezindlela eziningi. ULouisiana uwukuphela kombuso wase-U.S. omthetho wakhe wangasese usekelwe kakhulu emithethweni yemithetho yesizwe yaseFrance neyaseSpain, ngokuphambene nomthetho wesiNgisi. ELouisiana, umthetho wangasese wafakwa eLouisiana Civility.

Izimiso ezixubile zibonisa ukuthi amasiko angokomthetho awafani futhi ukuthi imiphakathi ingazihlanganisa ngokuphumelelayo izindlela ezihlukene zomthetho.

Inqubo Yokuhlelwa Kwesimiso: Kusuka Ezintweni Ezingaqondakali Kuya Ekugcwalisekeni

Ukuqonda indlela izimiso ezisungulwa ngayo, ezitholwayo, futhi ezisetshenziswa ngayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ohulumeni abasingatha ngayo izinselele zezenhlalakahle futhi baphishekele imigomo ehlangene. Inqubo yokwakha ihilela izigaba eziningi, abadlali abaningi, nokusebenzelana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene namaqembu ezithakazelo. Nakuba izinqubo ezithile zihlukahlukahluka ezimisweni ehlukene kahulumeni, ukukhula kwenqubo kulandela izindlela ezizolandelana ezihlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo, ukubekwa, ukutholwa, ukumiswa, ukuhlelwa, nokuhlolwa.

Ukuzihlela: Ukubona Izinkinga Nezinto Eziza Kuqala

Inqubo iqala ngokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo, iqophelo lapho izindaba ezithile zithola khona ukunakwa futhi ziqashelwa khona njengezinkinga ezidinga ukuthathwa uhulumeni. Akuzona zonke izinkinga zomphakathi ezizenza zingene ezimisweni; izici ezihlukahlukene eziphikisanayo zithola ukunakwa okuhlanganisa ubuqatha nobungako balenkinga, ukudluliswa kwezindaba nokunakwa umphakathi, ukuphazanyiswa yizinhlangano zenzalo nezinhlangano zezenhlalo, ukugxila ezimweni ezinjengezinhlekelele noma izinhlekelele, nokungalawuleki kwezombangazwe kanye nesikhathi.

Ukwakheka kwe-agenda kungokwezombangazwe ngokwemvelo, kuhilela ukuncintisana phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene afuna ukubeka izinkathazo zawo phambili. Osomabhizinisi bezomthetho − `individividio'' noma izinhlangano ezifaka izimali ukuze zithuthukise izikhundla ezithile zenqubo (--(zandisa izindima ezibaluleke kakhulu ekunikezeni izimpikiswano kuhulumeni). La badlali badweba izinkinga ngezindlela eziklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukusekelwa, ukukhuthaza abenzi besinqumo ukuthi isinyathelo sidingekile futhi sifanelekile.

Imithombo yezindaba isebenza njengomxhumanisi ogxekayo esihlelweni sezinhlelo, ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izindaba ezinakwa umphakathi nendlela ezihlelwa ngayo. Izindaba ezinkulu zingaphakamisa izindaba ezingaqondakali zize zivelele ezweni, kuyilapho ukungacacisi kungagcina izinkinga ezinkulu zingekho ezimisweni ezihleliwe. Izezindaba zomphakathi ziye zaguqula le zinhlangano ezinamandla, ezenza ukuba izinyunyana zotshani zikwazi ukuvimbela abagcini bamasango abavamile futhi zihlobise obala izindaba ezithile.

Ukuhlelwa Kwemithetho: Amakhambi Athuthukayo

Uma nje impikiswano isifinyelele enqubweni yesimiso, iqophelo lokuhlelwa kwenqubo lihlanganisa ukusungula iziphakamiso ezithile zokuxazulula inkinga ekhona. Lenqubo ihlanganisa ukuhlaziya inkinga nezimbangela zayo, ukuhlukanisa izinjongo zezimiso nemiphumela efunwayo, ukusungula ezinye izindlela nezindlela zokuxazulula, ukuhlola izindleko, izinzuzo, nokungaqondisi izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokukhetha, kanye nezihlongozo eziqondile ezihlanganisa ukumiswa komthetho noma izinqubo zokulawula.

Uhlelo lwezimiso luhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe kanye nokwahlulela kwezombangazwe. Ohulumeni bavame ukuthintana nochwepheshe bezindaba, ukuhlola kwezindaba, ukuqupha kwezezindaba, ukuqupha kwamacala omphakathi, nokucela ukudluliswa kwezezindaba kubaphathi bezezimali ukuze bazise ukuthuthukiswa kwezimiso.

Isigaba sokuhlanganisa sidinga ukulinganisela ukuhlanganisa ukulinganisela okuhlanganisa ukuphumelela ekusingatheni inkinga, ukuphumelela kwezomnotho nokuphumelela kwezindleko, ukukholeka kwezombangazwe nokwamukela, amandla okulawula ukumisa isimiso, ukulingana nokusakaza, nokuvumelana nemithetho ekhona nezimiso. Lokhu kucabangela okuphikisanayo ngokuvamile kudinga ukuthutha okunzima, futhi ababambi bezimo ezihlukene bangamisa izindinganiso ezihlukene.

Ezimisweni zentando yeningi, ukuhlelwa kwesimiso kuhlanganisa izinqubo zokuhlukanisa ezihlanganisa izakhamuzi nezithintekayo. Ukuhlola komphakathi, izitsha ezifaka izimali, nezindawo zokufaka izicathulo ezisemthethweni kunikeza amathuba okuveza inqubo ehlukahlukene. Lezi zinqubo zokuzibandakanya zingathuthukisa izinga lenqubo ngokuhlanganisa ulwazi lwasendaweni nokuqonda okusebenzayo, kuyilapho futhi kwakha ukusekela komphakathi kanye nokufaneleka kwezimiso ezilandelayo.

Ukutholwa Kwabantwana Abangenabazali: Ukwenza Izinqumo

Ukuthatha inqubo yokwamukelwa kwemithetho kuhilela isinqumo esingokomthetho sokumisa indlela ethile. Ezimisweni zokushaya umthetho, lokhu kudinga izikweleti ukuze kudlule ngokubukeza nokuzwa kwekomiti, izimpikiswano zaphansi nezinguquko, amavoti egumbini elilodwa noma ngaphezulu lemithetho, kanye nokugunyazwa kwezikhulu noma i-veto. Lenqubo yokutholwa inikeza amathuba amaningi okulungisa, ukuhlehliswa, nokuphikisa, okubonisa izinhlolo nezilinganiselo ezisekwe ezisezimisweni eziningi zikahulumeni abaningi.

Izici zezombangazwe ezithonya kakhulu ukuthathelwa inqubo. Abameli kumelwe bacabangele izikhundla ezihlanganyelwe, izikhundla zeqembu, ukucindezela kwezenhlalakahle, nezinkolelo zabo siqu zezesivumelwano. Isakhiwo sokubophela izivumelwano siba yisidingo, njengoba abasekeli bezimiso kumelwe baqoqe ukusekela okwanele ukuze banqobe ukuphikiswa nezithiyo ezihleliwe. Lokhu ngokuvamile kudinga ukuvumelana nokuxoxisana, okuphumela ezimisweni ezihluke kakhulu ezihlongozweni zokuqala.

Ezimisweni zephalamende, umphathi uvame ukulawula kakhulu izimiso zemithetho, enze ukuba kwenziwe isimiso esilandelanayo lapho uhulumeni eyala iningi lemithetho. Izimiso zomongameli ezihlukanisa imibuso ngokuvamile ziba nezinqubo zokutholwa eziphikisanayo, ikakhulukazi lapho amaqembu ahlukene elawula amagatsha aphethe nezomthetho.

Izimiso zokuqondisa zingasungulwa ngezinqubo zokuqondisa kunokuba zibekwe umthetho, izinhlangano eziphethe ezimisa imithetho nezimiso ezibekwa ngaphansi kwemithetho. Lezi zinqubo zokuphatha zihlanganisa izixwayiso kanye nezinkulumo ezivumela ukufakwa komphakathi, ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela elawulayo, nokubukezwa kwemikhakha yabaphathi. Nakuba ukubuswa kwemithetho kungabonakali kunezimiso zomthetho, kuveza izilinganiso ezinkulu zenqubo ezithinta izakhamuzi namabhizinisi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso: Ukusebenzisa Imithetho

Ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo ethile akuqinisekisi ukufezeka kwayo okuphumelelayo. Isigaba sokusetshenziswa sihlanganisa ukuguqula izinqumo zezimiso zisebenze ngokusungula imithetho nezimiso ezinemininingwane, ukumisa imithombo yezimali nezisebenzi, ukumisa izakhiwo zenhlangano nemithwalo yemfanelo, ukudlulisa izimfuneko ezithinta amaqembu athintekile, nokuhlela izinselele zokuhlelwa kwemithetho nokusebenza. Ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kunganciphisa ngisho nezimiso ezimiswe kahle.

Ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kudinga imithombo eyanele ehlanganisa ukuxhaswa kwemali, izisebenzi, ezobuchwepheshe, nezimiso zokwaziswa. Imithombo elinganiselwe imelela imbangela evamile yokuhluleka kokufeza izinhlelo, njengoba izinhlangano zingenawo amandla okufeza imithwalo yazo yemfanelo ezabelwe yona. Ukusekela kwezombangazwe nakho kuyindaba; izinqubo eziqhubekayo ezibhekene nokumelana nokumelana nokuncishiswa kwezithakazelo ezithintekile, izikhulu ezisezingeni eliphansi, noma umphakathi.

Ubunkimbinkimbi bokubusa kwanamuhla busho ukuthi ukumiswa kwenqubo kuhilela izinhlangano eziningi ezisebenza emazingeni ahlukene kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa okubangela izinselele zokubambisana komphakathi, njengoba izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zingaba nezinto eziza kuqala, ikhono, nokuchazwa kwezimfuneko zezimiso. Ukukhulumisana okucacile, ubuhlobo obubambisanayo, kanye nezimiso zokubambisana eziphumelelayo kudinga ukufezeka okuphumelelayo.

Abaqondisi bamabhuloho abasemaceleni omgwaqo — izisebenzi ezisebenza ngokuqondile nezakhamuzi zenza ngokuhlakanipha okukhulu ekusebenziseni izimiso. Othisha, amaphoyisa, izisebenzi zezenhlalakahle, nabahloli abalawulayo benza izinqumo ezingenakubalwa ezithinta indlela izimiso ezithinta ngayo ukuphila kwabantu. Ukwahlulela kwabo kochwepheshe, ukuvinjelwa kwemitapo, kanye namasiko enhlangano kuthonya kakhulu imiphumela, ngezinye izikhathi ngezindlela ezihlukana nezinhloso zabenzi bemithetho.

Ukuhlola Izimiso Zokuhlola: Ukuhlola Imisebenzi Nomphumela

Ukuhlolwa kwenqubo kuhilela ukuhlola okuhleliwe kokusebenza kwezimiso, ukuhlola ukuthi izinhlelo zifeza yini izinjongo zazo ezingahlongozwanga nokuthi yimiphi imiphumela eziyivezayo. Ukuhlola kungaba okulungisayo, okufezwayo phakathi nokusetshenziswa ukuze kuvunyelelwe izinguquko phakathi, noma ukufingqa, ukuhlaziya imiphumela yonke ngemva kokusetshenziswa. Zombili lezi zinqubo zinikeza ukwaziswa okubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izimiso kanye nasekuziseni izinqumo zesikhathi esizayo.

Ukuhlolwa ngamandla kusebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlola inqubo zihlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kokwaziswa okulandelayo, ukuhlola kwezezimali nezingxoxo, ukuhlaziya izindleko nezindleko, ukuqhathanisa namaqembu okulawula noma izimo ezisemgceni, kanye nokuhlola izinqubo zokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo nezinselele. Lezizindlela zisiza ekunqumeni ukuthi kusebenza bani, ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo, futhi kunani.

Ukuhlola kubhekene nezinselele eziningi. Ukumisa i-causation .ukuveza imiphumela ephawulwe yinqubo kunangezinye izici. "Ukucwaninga ngokucophelela" ukuklanywa kwemininingwane nohlobo lwe-athoric. Ukucatshangelwa kwezombangazwe kungathonya izinqubo, njengabasekeli bezithakazelo ezithile ezingase zifune ukuhlolwa kwemibuzo, izindlela, noma izincazelo.

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, ukuhlola kunendima ebalulekile ekumisweni kwezimiso ezisekelwe ebufakazini. Ukuhlola kwezimiso kusiza ukuba ufunde kokuhlangenwe nakho, ukwazi ukuhlukanisa izindlela ezingcono, ukususa izinhlelo ezingaphumeleli, nokuthuthukisa uhlelo lwezimiso.

Ukushintsha Kohlelo Lokudla Nokubukeza

Inqubo iwubukhomba-ndlela esikhundleni sokuhlola. Ukuhlola okutholakele, ukushintsha kwezimo, nentuthuko yezombangazwe kuvame ukuholela ekubukezweni kwezimiso, kwakha izinqubo eziqondisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Inqubo ingashintshwa, incishiswe, noma inqanyulwe ngokuhlola ukusebenza nokushintsha izinto eziza kuqala.

Ukunikeza impendulo kuhlela futhi ezombangazwe ngokwazo. I-policies idala ama-constituecée .amaqembu azuzayo ezimisweni ezithile futhi ahlongoza ukuwavikela. Lamandla athonya ukuphikisana kwezimiso zesikhathi esizayo, ngezinye izikhathi enza kube nzima ukulungisa noma ukuqeda izinhlelo ngisho nalapho ukuhlaziya kusikisela ukuthi azisebenzi. Ukuqonda lamandla ezombangazwe kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuqina kwenqubo noshintsho.

Umbambi Wezigebengu Ekuthuthukeni Kwesimiso

Izinhlangano zanamuhla zigcizelela ngokuqhubekayo ukukhokha izintambo, ziqaphela ukuthi izinqubo eziphumelelayo zidinga ukufakwa ezimisweni ezihlukahlukene nasemiphakathini ethintekile.

Isiza ukuveza imiphumela engalindelekile nokuqeda izinselele ezingakhangi kubenzi bezimiso. Inikeza abenzi bemithetho ukwaziswa okubalulekile ngezinkinga, amakhambi, kanye nemiphumelelo. Isiza ekuboneni imiphumela elindelekile nokufeza izinselele ezingase zingabonakali kubenzi bezimiso. Yakha ukusekela nokufaneleka kwezimiso ngokunikeza amaqembu athintekayo izwi ekuthatheni izinqumo. Futhi ingathuthukisa ukuthobela ngokufaka izikhalo ezikhona ezisemthethweni ekuklanyweni kwenqubo.

Izivumelwano zeshende zihlanganisa izindlela eziningi ezihlanganisa ukuqulwa kwecala nokwaziswa, amakomiti aqondisa iziqu zamacala nezinhlangano ezisebenzayo, ukuhlola nombono, ukugxila kwamaqembu nezindawo zokuqasha imvume, kanye namapulatifomu e - Internet ukuze aqondiswe umphakathi. Indlela ngayinye inamandla futhi ilinganiselwe uma kubhekwa ukumelela, ukujula kokuthembisa, nezimfuneko zempahla.

Isithembiso esisebenzayo esigunyaziwe sidinga ukuklanywa nokuqashelwa ngokucophelela. Izinhlelo kumelwe zihlanganiswe, zifinyelele ngalé kwezithakazelo ezihleliwe ukuze zihlanganise imiphakathi ehluzekile nezakhamuzi ezivamile. Ulwazi kumelwe lutholakale, lunikezwe ngezindlela ezenza ukuba ukungenela okunenjongo kochwepheshe abangewona ochwepheshe. Ukuhlanganyela kumelwe kube okuqotho, okunamathuba angempela okuthonya izinqumo kunokuthintana nje okungokomfanekiso. Futhi izinqubo kumelwe zibe sobala, ngezincazelo ezicacile zendlela okuthiwa kuhlolwe ngayo ezinqumweni zokugcina.

Indima Yokuzitika Ngezimiso

Ubuchwepheshe bufeza indima ebalulekile kakhulu ekumisweni kwezimiso njengoba ohulumeni besingatha izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidinga ulwazi olukhethekile. Ochwepheshe banikeza ubufakazi besayensi, ukuhlaziywa kwezomnotho, ukuchazwa komthetho, kanye nokuqondisisa okusebenzayo okunikeza ulwazi ngenqubo. Nokho, ubuhlobo phakathi kobuchwepheshe nokwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi buphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngendima efanele yolwazi lwezobuchwepheshe eziminyangweni yezombangazwe.

Ochwepheshe banengxenye ekusungulweni kwezimiso ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Baqhuba ukucwaninga ukuhlukanisa izinkinga nokuhlola amakhambi angase ahlolwe. Basebenza kumakomiti anikeza ukutusa kwabasunguli bezimiso. Bafakaza ngokuzwa bechaza izindaba zobuchwepheshe kubenzi bemithetho. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenzisa izimiso. futhi bahlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi, basiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukubaluleka kobuchwepheshe kucacile emikhakheni eminingi yezimiso. Isimiso sesimo sezulu sidinga ukuqonda isayensi yamandla asemkhathini. Inqubo yezempilo ixhomeke olwazini lwezokwelapha nolwezentengiselwano. Izimiso zemali zidinga ubuchwepheshe kwezezomnotho nakwezentengiselwano. Izimiso eziphumelelayo kulezi zindawo kumelwe zaziswe ngolwazi olungokwesayensi oluhlobene.

Nokho, ubuchwepheshe bunemingcele. Ochwepheshe bangaphikisana ngemibuzo yezobuchwepheshe, iveza ukungaqiniseki kwangempela kwezesayensi noma izindlela ezihlukahlukene. Amakheli olwazi "yini" no"ingasho ukuthi yiziphi" kodwa abakwazi ukunquma "izahlulelo ezisizayo ezibangela ukukhetha kwezimiso. Ochwepheshe bangaba nobandlululo lwabo, izithakazelo, kanye nezici ezingabonakali ezithonya ukutusa kwabo.

Ukubusa kwedemokrasi kudinga ukuqondisa kochwepheshe abalinganiselayo nokulandisa kwezombangazwe kanye nezindinganiso zomphakathi. Izikhulu ezinganakiwe, hhayi ochwepheshe abangahleliwe, kufanele zenze izinqumo zokugcina, ziqinisekise ukuthi izinqubo zibonakalisa intando yeningi nezindinganiso. Kodwa lezozinqumo kufanele zaziswe ngobufakazi obungcono kakhulu obukhona kanye nokuhlaziywa. Ukwakha amalungiselelo asiza ukuxhumana okunenzuzo phakathi kobuchwepheshe nokwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi kuhlala kuyinselele eqhubekayo.

Izinselele Ekumisweni Kwesimiso Sesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuziqonda kahle lezi zinselele kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe izimiso nemiphumelelo.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Ukwanda kokuhlukana kwezombangazwe embusweni wentando yeningi kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwakha izinqubo. Uma amaqembu ezombangazwe nabasekeli bawo benemibono ehlukene kakhulu ezindabeni eziyisisekelo, ukuthola isisekelo esifanayo kuba yinselele. Ukuguqula imizwelo kungaholela ekuncipheni kwezindawo ezihlukene, kuvimbele ukuthatha isinyathelo ezinkingeni ezibalulekile, noma ezimisweni eziguquguqukayo ezishintsha kakhulu ekulawuleni kwezombangazwe. Ukwakha imifelandawonye nokufinyelela ukuhlehliswa kwezimiso zentando yeningi, kuyaba nzima kakhulu ezindaweni ezihlukene kakhulu.

Ukwaziswa Okuningi Nokungaqondi

Inkathi yobuchwepheshe inikeza amathuba nezinselele zokwakhiwa kwezimiso. Nakuba kutholakala kalula ukwaziswa okuningi, ukuhlukanisa ubufakazi obunokwethenjelwa kulokhu okunganembile kuya ngokuya kuba nzima. Izezindaba zomphakathi zivumela ukusakazeka ngokushesha kokusho okungaphazamisa izimpikiswano zezimiso. Amagumbi okuhlola izinkolelo namaphekethelo akhona angaqinisa izinkolelo ezikhona kunokuba zichase abantu ezinjukwini. Lokhu kwenza imizamo enzima yokwabelana ukuqonda izinkinga namakhambi angenzeka ikwazi ukuwaguqula.

Ukugxila okumfushane

Imijikelezo ye-Electoral kanye nokunaka kwemithombo yezindaba kuvame ukubangela ukucindezela kwemiphumela emifushane, okwenza kube nzima ukuxazulula izinkinga ezidinga isikhathi eside, isibopho esithatha isikhathi eside. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukutshala izakhiwo, inguquko yemfundo, nezinye izinselele eziningi kudinga izimiso ezingase zingakhiqizi izinzuzo ezibonakalayo iminyaka eminingi noma amashumi eminyaka. Izimiso zezombangazwe ezikhomba imiphumela esheshayo zingazama ukwenza ukutshala imali edingekayo noma ukubeka izindleko zesikhathi eside.

Ukuxhumana Okuyinkimbinkimbi Nokuhlangana

Izinselele zesimiso sanamuhla ziya ngokuya ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zixhumene. Izinkinga engxenyeni eyodwa − njengokungalingani kwempilo yomphakathi, izomnotho, noma ukuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile − ziye zahlanganisa izindawo eziningi zezimiso. Ukuxazulula lezinselele ngokuphumelelayo kudinga izindlela ezihlangene ezidlula imingcele yezimiso ezingokwesiko nezimiso zokuhlela. Nokho, izakhiwo zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zihlala ziqinile, okwenza kube nzima ukusebenzelana.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Ohulumeni babhekene nemingcele engapheli yemigoqo yemicebo evimbela izindlela zokukhetha ezisemthethweni. Ukucindezela kwezesimiso, izinto ezifuna ukuncishiswa kwemali, okuncintisanayo, nokumelana kwezombangazwe nokukhokha intela kuvinjelwa ukuxhaswa kwezimali okukhona ngezindlela ezintsha. Izisebenzi, ubuchwepheshe, nezimiso ezidingekayo ekusebenziseni izimiso − kungenzeka ukuthi azinele, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka noma kohulumeni abaye babhekana nokunqandwa kwemali. Lokhu kudinga ukukhetha okunzima mayelana nezinto eziza kuqala nezokuhweba.

Izinselele Zokuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nezamazwe Ahlukahlukene

Ukusingatha lezi zinkinga zezizwe ezihlukene kudinga ukubambisana nokubambisana kwezizwe zonke, kodwa ohulumeni bezizwe bahlala beyikho ngokuyinhloko iziphathimandla ezilawula inqubo. Ukuhlela izimiso eziphumelelayo zembulunga yonke ngezinselele zembulunga yonke kuyilapho ukuhlonipha ukubusa kwezwe nokulandisa ngentando yeningi kuletha izinkinga eziqhubekayo.

Izinhlelo Zokulungisa Isimiso Somthetho

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, izindlela ezihlukahlukene zingathuthukisa izinqubo zokwakha nomphumela. Ukwenza ubufakazi kugcizelela ukusebenzisa ukucwaninga nokuhlola okuqinile ukuze kwazise izinqumo. Le ndlela ihlanganisa ukuqoqa nokuhlaziya ukwaziswa, ukuqhuba izinhlelo zokuqondisa nokuhlola ukungenela ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kwesilinganiso esigcwele, ukuhlola imiphumela nokufunda emiphumeleni, nokuhlela izimiso zokuveza intuthuko eqhubekayo.

Izinqubo zokuhlanganyela nokuzinqumela zingathuthukisa inqubo kanye nokulunga ngokuhlanganyela kwabafakeli bemigoqo nezakhamuzi ezihlukahlukene. Ukuthatha iqhaza kusiza abakhi bezimiso ukuba basebenzise ulwazi olusasazisiwe nobuchwepheshe bendawo, baqaphele izinkinga ezingase zivele nemiphumela engahlongozwanga, bathuthukise ukuqonda nokusekela komphakathi, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi izimiso ziveza izindinganiso zomphakathi nezinto eziza kuqala.

Izinqubo zokuqondisa ezivumelana nezimo ziyaqaphela ukuthi izinselele zesimiso ngokuvamile zihilela ukungaqiniseki nokuyinkimbinkimbi okwenza ukuhlela okubanzi kube nzima. Kunokuba uzame ukuklama izimiso eziphelele kusengaphambili, izindlela ezivumelanayo zigcizelela ukufunda ngokwenza, ukuhlola, ukulungisa amasu asekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho, nokugcina ukuvumelana nezimo ukuze kusabelwe ezimweni ezishintshayo. Lendlela yokuhlela ingaba usizo ngokukhethekile ekubhekaneni nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezixazululayo.

Ukuthuthukisa uhulumeni () ngokutshala izimali ezisebenzini, kwezobuchwepheshe, ezimisweni zokwaziswa, nasemakhonweni okuhlela − kuqinisa ikhono lokusungula nokusebenzisa izimiso eziphumelelayo. Izinhlangano zomphakathi ezivuselelwe kahle zibalulekile ekuguquleni izinhloso zezimiso eziwumphumela wangempela wezwe.

Ukuqinisa izinqubo zokuziphendulela kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinqubo zifeza izithakazelo zomphakathi kunokuba zifeze izithakazelo ezincane. Ukubonisana ekusebenzeni kwesinqumo, ukuqondisa okuqinile kwamagatsha emithetho nokwahlulela, ukuzihlola okuzimele, nokuhlola umphakathi okhuthele konke kunengxenye ekubuseni okunesibopho.

Umphumela Wezimiso Zikahulumeni Ezihlangene Nezimiso

Ukwakheka kukahulumeni kuthinta kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwezimiso nemiphumela. Izimiso zohulumeni ezihlukahlukene zidala izisusa ezihlukene, imingcele, namathuba okuhlela. Ukuqonda lobu buhlobo kusiza ekuchazeni ukuhluka kwenqubo efinyelelayo futhi imiphumela emazweni onke.

Izimiso zePhalamende, lapho umphathi ephuma futhi encike ekusekeleni kwemithetho, ngokuvamile wenza kube nezimiso ezivumelanayo, ezihlangeneyo lapho iqembu elilodwa noma umfelandawonye ulawula uhulumeni. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla aphetheyo nomthetho kunciphisa amaphuzu futhi kusiza ekuthatheni inqubo. Nokho, lokhu kusetshenziswa kwamandla kunganciphisa futhi ukuhlola kwegunya likahulumeni futhi kunciphise amathuba okusekela ukuphikiswa.

Izimiso zikamongameli kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso zakha amaphuzu e-veto futhi zidinga ukuvumelana okukhulu ukuze kuthathwe inqubo. Lokhu kungaveza izimiso ezilinganiselwe, ezivumelanayo kodwa futhi kungaholela ekubopheleleni lapho amaqembu ahlukene elawula amagatsha ahlukene. Ukuzimela kwesikhulu nendlu yomthetho kungasiza ukuhlola nokulinganisela okuqinile kodwa kungabangela ukuba kube nzima ukusebenzelana kwezimiso.

Izimiso ze-Federal ezihlukanisa igunya phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nozwe lonke zidala amathuba okuhlola nokushintshashintsha kwezimiso. Izwe noma izifundazwe zingasebenza njenge "imisebenzi yentando yeningi," ukuhlola izindlela ezihlukene zezinkinga ezivamile. Ukusungula okuphumelelayo kungasakazekela kwezinye izifunda noma kuthathwe njengesizwe. Nokho, uhulumeni ungadala futhi izinselele zokubambisana futhi uvule ukumelana nezimiso zesizwe.

Izimiso ze-Electoral zithonya ukwakhiwa kwesimiso ngokulungisa izimiso zeqembu nokumelela. Izimiso zokuthwebula izimpahla zivame ukuveza izimiso eziningi ezidinga ohulumeni abahlangeneyo, abangase bakhuthaze ukuvumelana nokufuna ukuvumelana. Izimiso zamakhulukazi zivame ukuveza izimiso ezinezingxenye ezimbili ezinokulandisa okucacile kodwa ezingasafani kakhulu.

Ikusasa Likahulumeni Nezimiso Ezingokomthetho

Izimiso zikahulumeni nomthetho ziyaqhubeka ziguquka ngenxa yezimo ezishintshayo zezenhlalo, zezomnotho, nezezobuchwepheshe.

Ubuchwepheshe bezemishini buguqula indlela ohulumeni abasebenza futhi basebenzelane ngayo nezakhamuzi. Izinhlelo zikahulumeni zivumela ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo ku-Intanethi, ukunciphisa izindleko nokuthuthukisa ukutholakala. Ama-odate adala amathuba amasha okuthembisana kwezakhamuzi nokuhlanganyela ekuhleleni izimiso. Ukwaziswa okungakhi nikeza amathuluzi okuthuthukisa inqubo nokusetshenziswa kwayo. Nokho, ukuhlelwa kwe-digita kubangela ukukhathazeka futhi ngokuzifunela izinto ngasese, ukulondeka, ukucwala izimpawu zomthetho, kanye nokuhlukanisa kwezimiso zobuchwepheshe.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nezinselele zendawo ezungezile kuyothuthukisa izinhlelo zezimiso kanye nezinto eziza kuqala kuhulumeni. Ukuxazulula lezinselele kudinga ukucabanga okude, ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke, nokuzimisela ukubeka izindleko ezimfushane zezinzuzo zesikhathi eside . Okunzima ezimisweni zezombangazwe ezigxile emiphumeleni esheshayo nethakazelelwa izwe. Indlela ohulumeni abalungisa ngayo izinhlangano zabo nezinqubo ukuze baxazulule izinsongo zendawo ezungezile kuyothinta inhlalakahle yabantu emashumini eminyaka azayo.

Izinguquko zezesayensi yomphakathi kuhlanganise nenani labantu asebegugile emazweni athuthukile kanye nezibhelu zentsha emazweni asathuthuka ziyodala izinselele ezihlukene namathuba. Ukufuduka okuqhutshwa amathuba ezomnotho, izingxabano, nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyovivinya izimiso zokubusa kanye nokuhlangana kwezenhlalo. Indlela ohulumeni abalawula ngayo lezinguquko zenani labantu iyoguqula ukuchuma kwezomnotho, ukuzinza kwezenhlalo, negunya lezombangazwe.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nezinhlangano ezibusa imbulunga yonke buyoqhubeka buzivelela. Izinselele zezizwe zonke zidinga ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke, kodwa imizwa nemibono yesizwe nokukhathazeka ngobukhosi kwakha ukumelana negunya lezizwe. Ukuthola amalungiselelo okubusa aphumelelayo asingatha izinkinga zembulunga yonke kuyilapho ukulondoloza ukulandisa ngentando yeningi kuseyinselele eqhubekayo.

Amathemba ezakhamuzi zikahulumeni ayashintsha, kufunwa ukuba kube nokubonakala okukhulu, ukuhlanganyela, nokusabela. Izinhlangano zomphakathi ezigunyazwa ukuxhumana ngemishini zingazihlanganisa ngokushesha izimpikiswano futhi zibangele ohulumeni ukuba balandise. Indlela izimiso zezombangazwe ezizivumelanisa ngayo nalokhu kulindelwe okushintshayo kuyilapho zilondoloza ukubusa okuphumelelayo ziyothonya ukufaneleka nokuzinza kwazo.

Isiphetho: Ukuziphendukela Okuqhubekayo Kokubusa

Izimiso zikahulumeni nomthetho zimelela ukuzama kwabantu okuqhubekayo kokuzibusa. Kusukela emadolobheni asemazweni asendulo kuya emazweni anamuhla, kusukela emibuso ye-monarchy kuya ezindaweni ezizimele, kusukela emthethweni ovamile kuya kwemiyalo ebanzi yemithetho engokomthetho, lezizimiso zibonakalisa imizamo eqhubekayo yokulinganisela izindinganiso eziphikisanayo kuhlanganise nenkululeko nokuhleleka, ukuphumelela nokuzimela, ukuzinza nokuvumelana nezimo, amalungelo abantu ngabanye nenhlalakahle yabo.

Ukuqonda izisekelo zezakhiwo zikahulumeni, izimiso zomthetho, nezinqubo zokwakha kunikeza ulwazi olubalulekile ukuze umuntu abe isakhamuzi esibolekile. Lezi zici zihlela amathuba nemingcele abantu ababhekene nayo, amalungelo nezibopho ababhekene nazo.

Akukho simiso sohulumeni noma somthetho esiphelele noma esisebenza yonke indawo. Imiphakathi ehlukene ibhekana nezinselele ezingafani, ibambelele ezindinganisweni ezihlukene, futhi isebenza ngezindlela ezingafani. Okusebenza kahle kwesinye isimo kungase kubhujiswe kwesinye. Ukuhlukahluka kwezimiso zikahulumeni nezomthetho kubonisa leli qiniso, umphakathi ngamunye osungula izinhlangano ezivumelana nezimo zawo.

Nokho izimiso ezithile zibonakala zibaluleke kakhulu ukuze ziphumelele, zibuse ngokomthetho kuhlanganise nokubusa komthetho okuphoqelela amandla okuzinqumela, izimiso zokulandisa ezenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukubeka abaholi nomthwalo wemfanelo, ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo nenkululeko, izinqubo ezihlanganisa imibono ehlukahlukene, nekhono lokusingatha izinselele ezihlangene ngokuphumelelayo. Indlela lezizimiso ezihlelwa ngayo ziyahluka, kodwa ukubaluleka kwazo kudlula izakhiwo ezithile zikahulumeni.

Izinselele ezibhekene nokubusa kwamanje zinkulu, kusukela ekuhlukanisweni kwezombangazwe nakokungaqondisiwe kuya ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu nasokuphazamiseka kwezobuchwepheshe. Ukuxazulula lezinselele kuyodinga ukusungulwa kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, izinqubo, kanye nokubophana komphakathi. Kuzofuna kokubili ukulondoloza amasiko abalulekile nokuzivumelanisa namaqiniso amasha.

Ekugcineni, izinga lezimiso zikahulumeni nezomthetho alixhomeke nje ezinhlanganweni ezisemthethweni kodwa naselwazini, ekuthembiseni, nasezibopheleleni zezakhamuzi. Ukubusa ngedemokrasi kudinga ukuthatha isinyathelo ngolwazi, ukuzimisela ukubhekana nokungezwani, nokuzinikela ekufezeni okuhle okuvamile. Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni nezimiso zomthetho ezisebenza ngayo, kanye nendlela ezingathuthukiswa ngayo izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekulolongeni ikusasa lazo linye.

Njengoba imiphakathi iqhubeka ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha, uhulumeni nezimiso zomthetho ziyoqhubeka zivumelana. Imibuzo eyisisekelo ephathelene nendlela yokuhlela ukuphila komphakathi, ukusakaza amandla, ukuphatha ubulungisa, nokuphishekela okuhle okuvamile okusalokhu kusebenza namuhla njengakuzo izazi zefilosofi nezezombangazwe zasendulo. Ngokuqonda izisekelo zalezimiso nangokucabanga ngezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo zokubusa, izakhamuzi zingaba nengxenye emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokwakha ngokulunga, ngokuphumelela, nangokusabela.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko Zokuqonda Uhulumeni Nezimiso Ezingokomthetho

  • Izakhiwo ze-Government zihluka kakhulu[, kusukela kwintando yeningi egcizelela ubukhosi obuthandwayo kuma-monarcha asekelwe ekulandeleleni kofuzo, kusukela kumarepublic anobuholi obukhethiwe kuhulumeni olawula ngempoqo ogxilisa amandla
  • [ Izimiso ze-Legal zinikeza izisekelo zobulungisa, nezimiso zomthetho ezivamile ezithembele ohlwini lokwahlulela nezimiso zomthetho wezakhamuzi ezisekelwe emithethweni eminingi
  • Ukwakheka kobuProthestiki kuhlanganisa izigaba eziningi kuhlanganise nokuhlelwa kohlelo oluhleliwe, ukuhlelwa, ukutholwa, ukusetshenziswa, nokuhlolwa, ngalinye liveza izinselele namathuba ahlukile
  • Isivumelwano somphini kanye nobuchwepheshe zombili zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izimiso eziphumelelayo, nakuba ukulinganisela ulwazi lobuchwepheshe nezindinganiso zedemokrasi kudinga ukunaka ngokucophelela
  • Izisekelo ze-Custigal kanye nokubusa komthetho kucindezela amandla kahulumeni futhi kuvikele amalungelo omuntu ngamunye kungakhathaliseki uhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni
  • [ Ukwahlukanisa amandla nokuhlola nokulinganisela [ kuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwegunya futhi kuvikele ekubuseni ezimisweni eziningi zikahulumeni
  • Izinselele ze-paria zihlanganisa ukuhlukanisa, ukwaziswa okunganembile, ukuba yinkimbinkimbi, nokuguqula umhlaba wonke kudinga izindlela ezintsha zokubusa nokwenza izimiso
  • [ Izimiso zomthetho zithonya imiphumela yenqubo ngezisusa, iziphakamiso, namathuba eziwadalayo kubenzi bezimiso
  • Ukubusa okufezile kudinga [ kokubili izinhlangano eziqinile nezihlangene, izakhamuzi ezinolwazi ezizimisele ukuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zentando yeningi
  • Imithetho nezimiso zomthetho ziyaqhubeka ziguqula ngokusabela ezimweni ezishintshayo zezenhlalo, zezomnotho, ezobuchwepheshe, nezendawo ezungezile

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngohulumeni nangezimiso zomthetho, kunemithombo eminingi. IZizwe ezihlangene zinikeza ukwaziswa ngezimiso zezombangazwe zomhlaba wonke. IBhange leWorld Bank elibusayo [[ linikeza ukuqonda ekuthuthukiseni izinhlangano nokusebenza kwesimiso. Izinhlangano ze-Academic futhi zicabange amathangi anjenge- Brookings Isungulo ye[[ ne [FLT:] i-Exption for International Peacep [FFoct:] [Fognee]] isakaza izinselele izinselele nezinhlelo zesimiso se- National programme. Izinhlelo ezivamile ze-National gesting, izinhlelo zezimiso zezimiso eziwusizo, ukulungiselela izindlela zokusebenza ezisebenzayo.

Ngokuhlanganyela kulengcebo nokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekuphileni komphakathi, abantu bangajulisa ukuqonda kwabo izimiso zikahulumeni nomthetho kuyilapho benikela emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokuthuthukisa ukubusa ukuze kuzuze bonke.