Table of Contents

Ukuqonda uhlelo lwakho lokusebenzisa imali kungezinye zezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlanganyela nomphakathi futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi imithombo yomphakathi isetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo. Ngokulindelekile imali iyincwadi ebaluleke kakhulu ekhishwa uhulumeni wendawo, inquma ukuthi izimali zomphakathi ziyokwabelwa kanjani phakathi kwezinkonzo ezinjengokuphepha komphakathi, impilo, ukunyakaza, imfundo, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho zenza kube yisidingo somphakathi ochumayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyisakhamuzi esikhathalelayo, umnini bhizinisi, noma umholi womphakathi, wazi ukuthi uhulumeni wendawo uzokunikeza kanjani amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekuphileni komphakathi futhi ugcine izikhulu zinecala.

Iyini Imali Yohulumeni Wendawo?

Imali kahulumeni yendawo iyipulani ebanzi yezimali elinganisela iholo nezindleko zenkathi ethile yemali, ngokuvamile unyaka owodwa. Iyipulani yezimali kahulumeni wendawo ngonyaka wemali, futhi mhlawumbe uhlelo lwemali yaminyaka yonke luyincwadi yenhlangano ebaluleke kakhulu futhi kufanele ithuthukiswe ngokusebenzisa konke ukwaziswa kwamanje nokunembile okukhona. Lencwadi ifeza izinjongo eziningi ngaphandle nje kokulandelela ama-dollar namali angaphezulu.

Imali ayilona nje uhlelo lwezimali; futhi inemiphumela engokomthetho. Uma sekuqaliswe, uhlelo lwemali luba igunya elingokomthetho lokusebenzisa imali nentela kahulumeni. Lumisa imingcele yokusebenzisa imali eminyangweni nezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene, luhlela amazinga entela, futhi lunquma ukuthi izimali zomphakathi ziyokwebelwa kanjani ezidingweni zomphakathi ezihlukahlukene.

Inqubo yokuhlela izimali zikahulumeni wendawo nomasipala ihlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo eziwusizo kanye nendlela izimali ezisakazwa ngayo eminyangweni.

Isimiso Esingokomthetho Semali Yasezindaweni Zokuhlawulisana

Uhulumeni wendawo uhlela izimali ezisebenza phakathi kwemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa imithetho kahulumeni, izimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho, nemithetho yendawo. Imali elindeleke ukuba yamukelwe yiqembu likahulumeni kumelwe yanele ukusekela imali esetshenziswayo emalini ebhalisweni (ngokwamanye amagama), imali okumelwe ihlelwe "elinganayo". Lemfuneko elinganiselweyo yemali iyisimiso esiyisisekelo esihlukanisa uhulumeni ngokuhlela imali engxenyeni yomuntu.

Izici eziningi zendawo ezungezile kahulumeni wendawo zithonywe amazinga aphakeme kahulumeni, ngokuyinhloko uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni, futhi izikhulu zomphakathi zendawo ngokuvamile zinethonya elincane kulamazinga kahulumeni futhi ngokuvamile zisabela futhi zivumelane nezimfuneko zazo ezikhona, nezingokomthetho.

Izindlela Zokuhlela Uhlelo

"Isimiso sokuhlela" kusho ukuthi uhlelo lwemali ngonyaka odlule lusetshenziswa njengendawo yokuqala kwemali yonyaka ozayo, noshintsho oluguquguqukayo emaceleni ngokwendlela inzuzo eshintsha ngayo. Lendlela engokwesiko ibiyindinganiso kuhulumeni abaningi bendawo amashumi eminyaka.

"Impahla yelayini" uhlelo lokuhlela isho ukuthi isakhiwo esibalulekile sesimiso sokuhlela imali siyizinto ezilandelanayo, eziyizigaba zezithasiselo eziya ekunikezeni izinkonzo zomphakathi, njengezisebenzi, impahla, nezinkonzo zesivumelwano, ezihlukana zibe izigaba eziningiliziwe njengeholo nophethiloli.

Imisebenzi yanamuhla ikhuthaza indlela ethuthukisiwe yokuhlela imali ehlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwemali, ukukhula, ukutholwa, nokubulala imali esetshenziswayo. Le ndlela igxila emiphumeleni nasemkhayeni kunokuba imane ilungise amazinga okusetshenziswa kwemali angaphambili.

Isizathu Sokuba Uhulumeni Wakho Uhlele Imali

Uhulumeni wendawo uhlela imali esetshenziswayo eqondile futhi ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwakho kwansuku zonke, ngisho noma ungakuqapheli njalo. kusukela ezingeni lemfundo yezingane zakho kuya esimweni semigwaqo oyishayelayo, kusukela esikhathini sezinkonzo eziphuthumayo kuya ekuhlanzekeni kwamapaki akho, cishe zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi zilolongwa ngezinqumo zokuhlela izindleko.

Ithonya Eliqondile Empilweni Yokuphila

Imali yakho esetshenziswayo inquma izinga nezinga lemisebenzi ebalulekile oyitholayo. Izindleko zihlanganisa izindleko zokuhamba edolobheni, zikhokhela isisebenzi senhlanzeko esithatha imfucumfucu yakho futhi sifake izibani emtatsheni wezincwadi wendawo yakini. Lezi zinkonzo zosuku nosuku esivame ukuzithatha kalula zidinga ukuhlelwa kahle kwemali kanye nokwabiwa kwezimpahla.

Izinkonzo zokuphepha zomphakathi, kuhlanganise namaphoyisa, iminyango yomlilo, nezinkonzo zokwelapha eziphuthumayo, zidla ingxenye enkulu yemali yendawo. Inani lamaphoyisa aqaphayo, isimo semishini yokucima umlilo, nesivinini sokusabela okuphuthumayo konke kuxhomeke ekubekeni imali edingekayo. Ngokufanayo, ukulungisa izakhiwo zengqala phambili , ukugcina amanzi nezimiso zokukhuculula indle, nokugcina izakhiwo zomphakathi zisesimweni esihle esingokwezimali esivela ekusebenziseni imali yendawo.

Ukulandisa nokubona ngale

Uma uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali luyincwadi yesimiso ebaluleke kakhulu uhulumeni wendawo ayikhiqizayo, khona - ke kunengqondo ukuthi uma isetshenziswa kahle, izindleko zingakha ukwethenjwa umphakathi, futhi ukusabela esifisweni somphakathi sokushintsha kudinga ukuhlaziya kabusha uhlelo lwemali olungokwesiko nezindlela ohulumeni abaxhumana ngazo futhi bahlanganyele nomphakathi ekuhleleni imali.

Imali esetshenziswayo isebenza njengethuluzi lokuveza ngokucacile ukuthi izakhamuzi zisebenzisa imali yazo yentela kanjani. Inikeza umlando ocacile wezinto eziza kuqala kuhulumeni futhi yenza abavoti bakwazi ukubheka izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuba zilandise ngezinqumo zazo zemali. Uma amabhukwana okuhlela uhlelo lwemali etholakalayo futhi eqondakalayo, zinika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwendawo.

Ukuhleleka Kwezomnotho

Imali yendawo eqondiswe kahle inezela ekuzinziseni kwezomnotho emphakathini wakini. Iqinisekisa ukuthi izinkonzo ezibalulekile ziyaqhubeka zingaphazamiseki, izakhiwo zigcinwa, futhi umphakathi ungamelana nokuwohloka kwezomnotho. Ohulumeni bendawo babengathinteki kakhulu ngezinkinga zemali kunezwe, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuzinziswa kwenkokhelo yempahla.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kukahulumeni Wendawo

Ukuqonda izici eziyinhloko zemali oyisebenzisayo kukusiza ukuba uqonde amarekhodi ohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali futhi uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ezingxoxweni zokusetshenziswa kwemali.

Imithombo Yemali

Ohulumeni bendawo bathembele emifudlaneni yemali ehlukahlukene ukuze basekele imisebenzi yabo. Ukuxubana kwemithombo yemali kuyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngemithetho kahulumeni, izimo zezomnotho zendawo, nezici zomphakathi.

Intela Yempahla

Izintela zempahla ziwumthombo oyinhloko wentela ekhokhwa ohulumeni bendawo, ukhiqiza cishe ama - dollar amathathu kwamane endawo ezweni lonke.

Intela yempahla ikhokhelwa 58% yemali kamasipala ezindaweni eziningi. Izintela zempahla zivame ukusekelwa entengweni yezindlu nendawo yebhizinisi. Intela yempahla oyikhokhayo ngokuvamile ibalwa ngokwanda kwenani lempahla yakho ngokuphindaphindeka kwenani lentela yendawo, ngokuvamile eboniswa ezigayweni noma ngokwenani.

Inkokhelo eyinhloko yemali yendawo, intela yempahla iye yabhekwa ngokomlando njengomthombo wezimali ozinzile nowandisiwe ovumela ukuhlukahluka phakathi kwemikhaya enengcebo ehlukahlukene. Ngokungafani nezintela zokuthengisa noma intela yeholo, ezingashintshashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ezimweni zezomnotho, intela yempahla ivame ukuhlala iqinile ngisho naphakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho.

Ukuthengiswa Nokusetshenziswa Kwentela

Kuwo wonke amadolobha aseU.S., imithombo yemali enkulu kakhulu ukukhokha intela yabasebenzisi, intela yempahla, usizo lukahulumeni oluhlangene nohulumeni, nokuthengisa nokusebenzisa intela. Izintela zibaluleke kakhulu ezivumelwaneni ezigunyaza ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bazifake emadolobheni.

Izintela zendawo zokuthengisa zibekwa njengenani lentela yokuthengisa futhi zingahlanganisa intela evamile yokuthengisa kanye nentela ekhethekile ezintweni ezithile. Intela yendawo ekhethwayo ihlanganisa ukudla, amakamelo, nentela ye-cannabis. Lentela ehloselwe ukukhokha ivumela imiphakathi ukuba ingenise inzuzo emisebenzini ethile noma ezimbonini ezithile.

Inzuzo Esetshenziswa Kahulumeni

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo bathola imali ephawulekayo evela kuhulumeni nakuhulumeni. Usizo lukahulumeni lutholakala kakhulu ku "iphepha lemali," eliyikhomishane yesaziso seRevenue's inficed helper elinganiselwayo yosizo lukahulumeni nezinqumo ezisetshenziselwa ukubala intela yaminyaka yonke ye-levy.

Inzuzo ekhona kahulumeni ingahlanganisa usizo olusekelwe kumthetho, iminikelo yezinhlelo ezithile noma imisebenzi, kanye nenzuzo ehlanganyelwe yintela eqoqwe uhulumeni. Lomthombo wemali ungangakhomba ngokungenakubonwa, njengoba kuxhomeke ezinqumweni zikahulumeni nohulumeni zemali ezingenakulawulwa yindawo.

Umsebenzisi Uyazikhokha

Emadolobheni amaningi, ingxenye enkulu yemali esetshenziswayo ilungiselela "izinkonzo zomphakathi" ezinjengezinkonzo zamanzi/izinto zokusefa ezisemzimbeni noma ezinye izinto ezisemzimbeni, amapaki nezinhlelo zokuzilibazisa, noma ezinye izinkonzo lapho amakhasimende ekhokhelwa khona ukuba asebenzise izinkonzo.

Imali ekhokhelwayo iklanyelwe ukubuyisa izindleko zokunikeza izinkonzo ezithile kulabo abazisebenzisayo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izindleko zamanzi nezokuchitha indle, izindleko zokwakha imvume, izindleko zokupaka izimoto, nezinhlelo zokuzijabulisa.

Izakhiwo zendawo ezikhokhelwayo kufanele zibukezwe minyaka yonke njengengxenye yenqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemali ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zibekwe emazingeni ahlanganisa izindleko ezinembile kakhulu ezihlobene nenkonzo leyo mali eyahlolwa ngayo.

Eminye Imithombo Yemali

Imithombo eyengeziwe yemali ingahlanganisa inzuzo yomnikelo, imali ehholwayo, izilinganiso ezikhethekile, nokuthunyelwa kwemali egciniwe. Izimali zokulungisa nokukhokha amahhala zisetshenziselwa izindleko ezingalindelekile, imali ekhokhwa ngesikhathi esisodwa noma, nakuba kungatuswanga, ukulinganisela imali.

Izindlela Zokuphelelwa Imali

Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi zihamba kuphi intela futhi kuhlole ukuthi ukuchitha imali kuvumelana yini nezinto eziza kuqala emphakathini.

Ukusebenzisa Izindleko

Ukusebenza izindleko zezindleko zosuku lwemini ezikhokhelwa izinkonzo zikahulumeni. Lezi zihlanganisa izindleko zezisebenzi (imali, iholo, nezinzuzo), izinto nezinto, izinto ezisemzimbeni, imishini, izindleko zokulungisa, nezinkonzo zesivumelwano. Izindleko zezisebenzi ngokuvamile zimelela ingxenye enkulu yezindleko zokusebenza, ngokuvamile zikhokha nge 60-80% yemali yokusetshenziswa kwezindawo eziningi.

Izindleko ezidingekayo zihlanganisa ukukhokhela, izibopho ezikhokhelwayo, izikweletu, ukukhokha izikweletu nempilo yomphakathi.

Inhloko - dolobha

Izindleko ezinkulu zihilela ukutshala imali emalini ezindaweni ezithatha isikhathi eside njengezakhiwo, izakhiwo zezakhiwo zezakhiwo, izakhiwo zezakhiwo, izimoto, nemishini. I-Capital Reconstruction Program iyindlela enikezwa umthetho yokuxhasa ukubuyiselwa, ukuthuthukisa noma ukuthola impahla kahulumeni wendawo, izakhiwo nemishini ebiza imali engaphezu kuka-R35 000 futhi iphila iminyaka emihlanu noma ngaphezulu.

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo balondoloza izimali ezihlukene ezihlela ukutshala izimali ezinkulu zezesisekelo eminyakeni eminingi. Lokhu kuvumela ukuhlela isikhathi eside okungcono futhi kusize ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izidingo zezemisebenzi ezibucayi ziqondiswe ngokuhlelekile kunokuba zilungiswe ngesisekelo esiphuthumayo.

Inkonzo Yezikweletu

Imali yezikweleti ihlanganisa ukukhokha okukhulu kanye nenzalo emaboshweni nakweminye intela. Ohulumeni bendawo bavame ukunikeza izibopho zokuxhasa imisebenzi emikhulu enjengezikole ezintsha, izakhiwo zokulapheka amanzi, noma intuthuko yemigwaqo. Imali yezikweletu kulezi zibopho iba isibopho esiqinile ekusebenziseni imali ngonyaka.

Ukudluliswa Kwezindawo Neziqiwi

Ukwakha nokugcina izindawo ezigciniwe ezigciniwe kuyisici esibalulekile sokuphatha imali ngendlela efanele, ukunikeza umcamelo wezindleko noma imali engalindelekile.

Imali egciniwe

Ohulumeni bendawo bahlela imali yabo ibe izimali ezihlukene, ngamunye unemithombo yakhe yemali kanye negunya lokusebenzisa imali.

Imali [ Geondral Fund [[FLT: 1] iyisikhwama sokuqala sokusebenza esisekela izinkonzo zikahulumeni eziyisisekelo. Ingxenye zemali kahulumeni yendawo yeNhlangano ehlangene nentela yempahla ye-levy, usizo lukahulumeni, ama-lisithi asendaweni, kanye nayo yonke eminye imithombo yemali, kuhlanganise nezindawo ezigciniwe, ezisekela ukuqoqwa kwezimali jikelele.

Imali yenzuzo ekhethekile i-akhawunti yemithombo yenzuzo ebekelwe izinjongo ezithile ngokomthetho, njengemali yentela yegesi okumelwe isetshenziswe ekunakekeleni umgwaqo.

Izimali ezifakwayo zisetshenziselwa ukuveza inzuzo nezindleko zezinkonzo zemali ezinikezwa uhulumeni wendawo ngesisekelo “semali yokusebenza", esifana nesebhizinisi elizimele, namanzi, amanzi angcolile (umthofu), imfucumfucu eqinile (garbage), nezinkonzo ze - ambulense ziyizibonelo ezivamile zemisebenzi yebhizinisi likamasipala.

[ Imali yeProjekthi yeCapital i-akhawunti yezimali ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa inhloko- dolobha noma imisebenzi yokwakha.

[[[UMTL:0] Imali yenkonzo ye-Debt[[FL:1] isetshenziselwa ukulandisa ngokunqwabelana kwemithombo yemali, nokukhokha, okuyinhloko nesithakazelo esikweletini eside.

Ukulinganisela Kohlelo Lokusebenzisa Imali: Kugcwele Noma Kuntula

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemali ekhokhwayo nezindleko bunquma ukuthi imali esetshenziswayo ilinganiselwe, ikhona isilinganiso esisele, noma iveza ukuncipha. Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo kudingeka ngomthetho ukuba basebenzise uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali olulinganiselwe, okusho ukuthi imali evezweyo kumelwe ilingane noma idlule izindleko ezihleliwe.

Imali esele ingenzeka lapho izimali zidlula izindleko, ukuvumela uhulumeni ukuba akhe amakhomu noma axhase imisebenzi yesikhathi esisodwa. Izindleko zidlula imali ekhokhwayo, okungase kudinge ukwehla kwezinqolobane, ukunciphisa imali esetshenziswayo, noma ukukhokha imali eyandayo.

Kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili ukuba izikhulu zezimali zilungela ngenkuthalo umnotho wazo ezikoleni ezingokoqobo zemali nezindleko ukuze zinciphise ingozi yokulahlekelwa konyaka.

Inqubo Kahulumeni Wasendaweni Yokuhlela Imali

Ukuqonda indlela ethuthukiswa ngayo indlela yokusetshenziswa kwemali, ukusetshenziswa kwayo, kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kufanele zihlanganyele nini futhi kanjani ezinqumweni zokusetshenziswa kwemali.

Ukulungiselela Ukusetshenziswa Kwemali

Inqubo yokuhlelwa kwemali iqala ngokuhlelwa kwekhalenda lemali, futhi isikhulu sezemali sihambisa amafomu neziqondiso zokuhlela imali kubo bonke abaholi bomnyango kahulumeni wendawo. Le ngxenye yokuqala iqala ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuqala konyaka omusha wemali.

Uma kulungiselelwa, izinhloko zemithombo yezimali zifaka izicelo zemali ezisekelwe ezidingweni ezilindelwe neziza kuqala. Isikhulu sezimali noma isikhulu sezezimali sibukeza lezi zicelo, uma kucatshangelwa inzuzo ekhona, izinto eziza kuqala emphakathini, nemigomo yezimiso. Lokhu kuvame ukuhilela izinqumo ezinzima mayelana nezinhlelo zokuqoqa, zokwandisa, zokunciphisa noma zokuqeda.

Ukukhishwa Nokubukezwa Komphakathi

Isigaba sokuqala senqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemali sidinga ukuba amaqembu kahulumeni asendaweni anyathelise izindleko ezihlongozwayo, intela yempahla nentela yempahla yemali ngayinye, futhi leliqembu kumelwe linyathelise isikhathi, usuku nendawo yemihlangano yomphakathi ezayo okuzoxoxwa ngayo.

Uma isigaba sikahulumeni sesithole ukutuswa kwaso yiSifundazwe, sikhipha icala lomphakathi lapho abakhokhi bentela bengase bahlanganyele khona ukuveza imibono yabo ngokuphathelene nemali ehlongozwayo, intela yempahla nentela yempahla. Le micimbi yomphakathi ingamathuba abucayi okuthembisana kwezakhamuzi nokufakwa kwazo.

Ukufakwa kwemithende kuhlanganise nentela namaqembu anesithakazelo kuyisici esibalulekile sokwakha uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali olubonisa izindinganiso zomphakathi nezinto eziza kuqala.

Ukutholwa Kwabantwana Abasemthethweni

Iqembu kumelwe lilinde izinsuku eziyishumi bese liba nomhlangano wokutholwa, lapho iqembu lamukela khona ngokomthetho imali yokusetshenziswa kwemali, intela yempahla nentela yempahla, okumelwe yenziwe ngoNovember 1 ngonyaka ngaphambi kokuba uhlelo lwemali lusebenze. Izinsuku eziqondile nezinqubo ziyahlukahluka ngokombuso nangohlobo lukahulumeni wendawo.

Indikimba yezemithetho (idolobha, ikhomishane yesifunda, ibhodi yesikole, njalonjalo) ibukeza uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali oluhlongozwayo, ingase ilungise, futhi ekugcineni ivote ukuba isebenzise uhlelo lokugcina lokuhlela. Lokhu kunikeza igunya elingokomthetho lokusebenzisa imali yomphakathi ngokwezinhlelo zohlelo lokuhlela.

Ukubukezwa KukaHulumeni Nokugunyazwa

Ezindaweni eziningi, izimali zendawo kumelwe zibukezwe futhi zivunyelwe yizinhlangano zikahulumeni ngaphambi kokuba zisebenze. i - Department of Local Government Indal iwumnyango kahulumeni oqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yokuhlela ihlelwe, futhi izimali zokusetshenziswa kwemali, intela yempahla, nentela yempahla kumelwe ivunyelwe ngaphambi kokuba kuthunyelwe izikweleti zentela.

Ekupheleni kwalokhu kubukezwa, inhlangano kahulumeni yenza uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, isilinganiso sentela yempahla nentela yempahla eba igunya elingokomthetho lokusebenzisa nentela yalowo hulumeni, futhi lesi satifiketi kumelwe siqedwe ngo - February 15 wonyaka izindleko zokuhlela imali kumelwe zisebenze.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemali Nokuhlolwa

Inqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemali ayiqedi ngokwamukela imali; kunalokho, uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali luyincwadi okumelwe iqashelwe. Phakathi nawo wonke unyaka wemali, izikhulu zezimali zithola izimali ezingokoqobo nezindleko ezimelene nezindleko ezihlelwe ngemali, zikhomba ukuguquguquka kwemali futhi zenze izinguquko ngendlela edingekayo.

Lemibiko isiza ekuvezeni izinkinga ezingase zivele zisheshe zivele, njengemali noma iminyango esebenzisa imali eningi kakhulu.

Ukuqonda Amadokhumende Ohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Nokho, ukuqonda izingxenye ezimbalwa eziyinhloko kungakusiza ukuba uhlole la maphepha futhi uthole ukuthi ukwaziswa okuphathelene kakhulu nalokho okuthandayo.

Ukusebenzisa kabi imfishane

Amabhukwana amaningi okuhlela aqala ngemininingwane yemali efingqiwe noma ngemininingwane yokusetshenziswa kwemali enikeza ukucaciswa kohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, aqokomisa izinguquko ezinkulu ezithathwe onyakeni odlule, futhi achaze nezinqumo eziyinhloko eziboniswa ekuhleleni imali. Lena ngokuvamile iyingxenye efinyeleleka kakhulu yohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali kubafundi abavamile.

Isilinganiso Semali Etholakala Kuyo

Ingxenye yemali inemininingwane yayo yonke imithombo yeholo, kuhlanganise nentela, izimali, nemithombo. Ivame ukubonisa kokubili izindleko zonyaka ozayo nezinga elingokoqobo noma elilinganiselwayo eminyakeni edlule ukuze kuqhathaniswe.

Le nzuzo yemali kufanele ihlelwe ngokwezinga eliqinile nomasipala akumelwe imane ithathe okungokoqobo konyaka odlule futhi isetshenziswe, njengoba izinguquko kwezomnotho kuyo yonke leyomali zingaba nethonya.

Imininingwane Yesilinganiso

Ingxenye yezindleko inciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali ngomnyango, uhlelo, noma umsebenzi. Ingase futhi ihlukanise imali ngokubhala (impahla, imishini, njll.). Lengxenye ibonisa indlela izimali ezisetshenziswa ngayo phakathi kwemisebenzi ehlukene kahulumeni.

Izinyathelo Zomsebenzi

Izimiso eziningi zanamuhla zemali zihlanganisa izinyathelo zokusebenza ezihlobanisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali nemiphumela. Lezi zinyathelo zisiza ekuphenduleni umbuzo othi: “Sitholani imali yethu? ”

Izinselele Ezivamile Zokusebenzisa Imali

Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi ziyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani izinqumo zokusebenzisa imali kanye nokuhweba okuhilelekile.

Umsindo Wenzuzo

Ezinye izimali zohulumeni bendawo zincike kakhulu ezinkokhelweni zemali ezingase zincishiswe ngenxa yezinkinga zemali njengentela yokuthengisa, usizo lukahulumeni nemali yendawo ethathwa emanzini, edayweni nasekuzijabuliseni. Le -CHP yenza kube nzima ukubikezela inzuzo ngokunembile futhi ingaholela ekuhleleni izindleko ezinciphile.

Amarisidi endawo, nakuba eyingxenye yemali ephelele, ayingqayizivele ngenxa yokuvumelana nezimo kwawo, kodwa lokhu kuwenza abe umthombo wemali ongachazeki.

Izindleko Ezinyukayo

Ohulumeni bendawo babhekene nezindleko ezilokhu zinyuka zezisebenzi (ikakhulukazi imishuwalense yezempilo nempesheni), izinto ezisemgangathweni, uphethiloli, nezinto zokwakha. Lokhu kuvame ukukhuphuka kwemali ekhokhwayo, kwandisa umfutho wemali ngisho nalapho umnotho ukhula.

Ukudamba Okungaphendulwanga

Ngezinye izikhathi ohulumeni bakahulumeni bafuna ukuba ohulumeni bendawo banikeze izinkonzo ezithile noma bahlangabezane nezindinganiso ezithile ngaphandle kokunikeza imali eyanele.

Izidingo Zokufundiswa

Imiphakathi eminingi ibhekene nokunakekelwa okuphawulekayo kwezakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphezulu nezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zokuguga.

Ukucindezeleka Kwezomnotho

IFiscal Stress Monitoring System iwuhlelo lokuhlukanisa izindaba ngokunembile ngokuxazulula uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali — ikhono lokukhiqiza imali eyanele yokuhlangabezana nezindleko — futhi isimiso sihlaziya ukwaziswa okungokwezimali ngokuqhathanisa iqoqo lezimpawu ezikodwa ezingokwezimali nezendawo ezungezile.

Ohulumeni bendawo bangase babhekane nezikweletu eziphansi zemali ngenxa yezindleko ezithathwa kalula ekusetshenzisweni kwemali kwamanje, futhi amakomiti abusayo kufanele acabangele ukulungisa indlela yokusebenzisa imali yamanje ukuze anciphise izindleko ezingase zisetshenziswe.

Indlela Yokuhileleka Enqubweni Yohlelo Lwemali Lwendawo

Ukuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi kubalulekile ekuqondiseni ukuphatha nokuhlela imali ngendlela ephumelelayo endaweni. Kunezindlela eziningi ongahlanganyela ngazo enqubweni yohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni wendawo, kungakhathaliseki izinga lobuchwepheshe bakho noma isikhathi esikhona.

Yiba Khona Ezindlebeni Zomphakathi

Izimiso zokuhlelwa kwemali yomphakathi ziklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukunikeza ukwaziswa kwezakhamuzi. Lemihlangano inikeza amathuba okubuza imibuzo, ukuveza izinkathazo, nokuhlanganyela izinto zakho eziza kuqala nezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Kudingeka ukuba ohulumeni abaningi bendawo bagcine okungenani isigwebo esisodwa somphakathi ngemali ngaphambi kokuba uthathwe.

Hlolani imvume enembile yokusetshenziswa kwemali kusengaphambili uma kungenzeka, futhi nigxile ezindabeni ezibaluleke kakhulu kuni nasemphakathini wenu.

Bukeza Amabhukwana Ohlelo Lokusetshenziswa

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo manje banyathelisa amaphepha abo emali kuyi - Internet, okwenza ukuba atholakale kunoma ubani okwaziyo ukungena kuyi - Internet.

Bheka izimo ezizolandelana ngesikhathi esidlulile(-8) iyanda kanti eminye iminyango incipha? Ingabe imali ihambisana nezindleko? Ingabe ilungile? Lezi zindlela zingaveza ukwaziswa okubalulekile ngempilo engcono yomphakathi wakho nezinto eziza kuqala.

Xhumana Nabameleli Bakho

Ungalindi ukuba ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi kuhlanganyele imibono yakho. Xhumana namalungu omkhandlu wedolobha lakho, amakhomishane esifundazwe, noma amalungu ebhodi yesikole ngokuqondile. Iposi, izingcingo, nemihlangano e-operar ingaba izindlela eziphumelelayo zokuxoxa ngezinto eziza kuqala nezikhathazayo.

Hlanganyela NamaKomiti Okuqondisa

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo banezikhundla zokuqondisa izakhamuzi ezinikeza iziqondiso eziphathelene nezindleko, zibukeze izinhlelo ezithile noma zengamele izici ezithile zemisebenzi kahulumeni. Ukukhonza kula makomiti kunganikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngezinkinga zemali futhi kukunikeze indima eqondile ekulolongeni izinqumo.

Hlala Unolwazi

Landela izindaba zendawo zezindaba zokuhlelwa kwemali, khona emihlanganweni yomkhandlu noma yebhodi (ngisho noma ingenakho uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali), futhi usayine i-imeyili evela kuhulumeni wendawo. Uma uqonda kakhulu ngezinkinga eziqhubekayo nezinselele, kulapho ungaba nengxenye engcono kakhulu ezingxoxweni zohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali.

Zihlele Nabanye

Ukusebenza nomakhelwane, izinhlangano zomphakathi, noma amaqembu okuphatha kungakhulisa izwi lakho futhi kwandise ithonya lakho.

Izindlela Ezingcono Kakhulu Zokusetshenziswa Kohulumeni Wendawo

Nakuba izindlela zokusebenzisa imali zihlukahluka kwezinye izindawo, izimiso nemikhuba ethile kuqashelwa kabanzi njengokukhuthaza ukulawulwa kwemali enengqondo nokulawulwa okuphumelelayo.

Ukuhlela Kwezimali Kwesikhathi Eside

Ohulumeni bendawo abangcono kakhulu babheka ngalé komjikelezo wemali waminyaka yonke ukuba bathuthukise izilungiselelo zezimali zeminyaka eminingi. Laba bahlela ukunikeza inzuzo nezindleko iminyaka eminingana esikhathini esizayo, basiza ekuboneni izinselele ezivelayo namathuba anele okuzisingatha ngokushesha.

Ukuhlela isikhathi eside kubaluleke ngokukhethekile ekutshaleni imali ebulalayo, ekunakekeleni izikweletu, nasekulungiseni ukungalingani kohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali esetshenziswayo okungase kungabonakali emalini yeminyaka eyodwa.

Iziqiwi Ezifanele

Ukulondoloza izimali ezinele ezinele neziqinisiwe kubalulekile ukuze kusindiswe ngokwezimali. Iziqiwi zinikeza umcamelo wezindleko ezingalindelekile, inzuzo, noma izimo eziphuthumayo. Zithuthukisa futhi izilinganiso zokuthenga ngesikweletu, ezinganciphisa izindleko zokuboleka.

Ochwepheshe bezezimali batusa ukuba ohulumeni bendawo balondoloze izikhwama zezimali ezivamile ezilingana okungenani nezinyanga ezimbili kuya kwezintathu zezindleko zokusebenza, nakuba izinga elifanele lihlukahluka lisekelwe ezingeni eliphansi lemali nezinye izici.

Izilinganiso Zemali Etholakala Kubantu Abahlukahlukene

Izindlela zokuhlela imali ezisetshenziswayo zibalulekile ukuze kugwenywe ukulahlekelwa. Ukulinganisela ngokweqile imali kungaholela ekunciphiseni imali edingekayo nesidingo sokunciphisa imali phakathi neminyaka, okuphazamisayo futhi ngokuvamile okubuhlungu.

Ohulumeni abakhuluma kahle basebenzisa imibono engokwezinga eliphansi lapho beveza inzuzo, bakha isilinganiso sokuphepha esisizayo ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi banganikeza izibopho ezihambisana nokusetshenziswa kwemali ngisho noma izimo zezomnotho ziwohloka.

Ukuphathwa Kwemisebenzi

Ukuhlobanisa izinqumo zemali ukuze kuphumelele kusiza ekutheni ukuyisebenzisa kahle imali kuphumele imiphumela.

Lendlela ishintsha ukugxila kwesithi “Sisebenzisa malini? ” kuya kwesithi "Yini esiyifinyelelayo ngemali yethu?" ithuthukisa ukulandisa futhi isiza ekuboneni amathuba okuthuthukisa ukuphumelela nokuphumelela.

Ukubona Ingaphandle Nokukhulumisana

Izincwadi ezicacile ezibonisa indlela yokusebenzisa imali nokukhulumisana okunenzuzo nezakhamuzi kwakha ukwethembana futhi kwenza kube lula ukuhlanganyela.

Ukusebenzisa indlela yokubala akuhlanganisi nje ukunyathelisa amaphepha, kodwa nokuchaza izinqumo zokuhlelwa kwemali, ukunikeza umongo wezinguquko, nokukwenza kube lula ngezakhamuzi ukuthola ukwaziswa abakudingayo.

Ukuhlola Nokubika Njalo

Ukusetshenziswa kwemali kumane nje kuyisiqalo. Ukuqondisa imali okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuqashelwa okuqhubekayo kwemiphumela engokoqobo uma kuqhathaniswa nemali esetshenziswayo, ukubika njalo ezikhulwini ezikhethiwe nakwabantu abavamile, nokulungisa izinkinga ngesikhathi esifanele.

Imibiko yemali yanyanga zonke noma yesine kufanele itholakale kalula futhi kufanele iphawule ngokucacile noma yikuphi ukuhluka okuphawulekayo okuvela ohlelweni lokusetshenziswa kwemali, kanye nezincazelo nokusabela okuhlongozwayo.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kokusebenzisa Imali Endaweni NoMbuso

Uhlelo lukahulumeni wendawo alunazo izikweletu − zihlangene kakhulu nemali kahulumeni nezimiso zikahulumeni. Ukuqonda lobu buhlobo kubalulekile ekuqondeni umongo ogcwele wezinqumo zemali yendawo.

Izimali ezivela kuhulumeni nasezindaweni ezithile kufanele zibhekwe njengezincintisanayo, futhi izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zifeza indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni inzuzo yombuso neyomphakathi.

Ohulumeni bahulumeni bathonya izimali zendawo ngezindlela eziningana. Banquma ukuthi intela ezingakhokhwa kanjani futhi bavame ukubeka imingcele enteleni yentela noma ekukhuleni kwemali. Banikeza izimali ezinkulu kohulumeni bendawo ngezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zosizo. Bagunyaza izinkonzo ezithile noma izindinganiso ohulumeni bendawo okumelwe bahlangabezane nazo.

Izinguquko zemali kahulumeni zingaba nemiphumela emikhulu ezimalini zendawo. Uma amazwe ebhekene nezinkinga zemali, anganciphisa usizo kohulumeni bendawo, ashintshele izindleko endaweni, noma abeke imithetho emisha, okubangela izinselele zemali yendawo.

Ukunakekela Okukhethekile Izinhlobo Ezihlukahlukene Zohulumeni Bendawo

Nakuba izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuhlela imali zisebenza kuyo yonke imibuso yendawo, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemibuso zibhekana nezinselele eziyingqayizivele futhi zisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukahlukene.

Izifunda Zesikole

Esifundeni sesikole, umphathi uvame ukumiswa ibhodi njengesikhulu semali futhi unomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha uhlelo lwemali lwaminyaka yonke.Esikhundleni sebhodi lemfundo yokugunyaza uhlelo lwemali, izakhamuzi zesigodi zinomthwalo wokuvumela izimali zesikole ezindaweni eziningi.

Izifunda ngokuvamile zibhekana nezingcindezi ezikhethekile zemali ngenxa yokubhalisa, iziqondiso zemfundo ekhethekile, izidingo, nezindleko zezisebenzi. Izindlela zokusekela imfundo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokombuso, kubangele ukuhluka okuphawulekayo kwemithombo yengcebo etholakala ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene.

Ama-Coualies

Izindawo ezivamile zinikeza inhlanganisela yezinkonzo, ezinye zigunyazwe uhulumeni (njengezinkantolo, amajele, nezinkonzo zezenhlalo) kanye nezinye ezinqunywe indawo.

Kwezinye izizwe, izibalo zinegunya elilinganiselwe lokuthola inzuzo futhi zithembele kakhulu osizoni lukahulumeni. Kwezinye, zinemali yokuzibusa nemithombo yenzuzo ehlukahlukene.

Amadolobha Namadolobha

Izimali zikahulumeni zigcizelela izinkonzo ezinjengokuvikelwa kwamaphoyisa neziko lomlilo, imigwaqo, amapaki nezokuzilibazisa.

Amanye amadolobha asebenzisa izimiso ezinkulu zamabhizinisi (amanzi, amapayipi endle, ugesi, njll.) ezisebenza njengamabhizinisi, ezikhokhela izindleko zezisebenzi.

Izifunda ezikhethekile

Izifunda ezikhethekile zenzelwe ukunikeza izinkonzo ezithile ezinjengokunikeza amanzi, ukuvikela umlilo, imitapo, noma amapaki. Zinemisebenzi emincane nezimiso ezicacile zemali. Izifunda eziningi ezikhethekile zibuswa ngamabhodi amisiwe futhi zingathola ukunakekela komphakathi kunohulumeni abanezinjongo ezivamile, okwenza ukuba ukuphathwa kwezakhamuzi kube okubaluleke kakhulu.

Ubuchwepheshe Nemikhuba Yanamuhla Yokusetshenziswa Kwemali

I-software yanamuhla ivumela ukuhlaziywa okuyinkimbinkimbi, ukuhlela izenzakalo ezilula nokuhlobana kangcono nezinye izimiso zemali.

Amawebhusayithi asizana avumela abantu ukuba bahlole imininingwane yemali, baqhathanise nokuchitha imali eminyangweni noma isikhathi, futhi baqonde ukuthi asetshenziswa kanjani ama - dollar abo entela.

Eminye imiphakathi izama ukuhlukanisa imali, lapho izakhamuzi zinquma khona ngokuqondile ukuthi zizowahlela kanjani amaqoqo ezinqubo zentando yeningi. Amapulatifomu ezobuchwepheshe asiza ukuba lezi zinyathelo zithatheke kalula ngokwenza kube lula ngamanani amakhulu abantu ukuba babukeze ukukhetha, baxoxe ngezinto eziza kuqala, futhi bavote ezihlolweni.

Izindlela zokuthola ukwaziswa eziwukwaziswa okuningiliziwe zenza kube nokwaziswa okutholakalayo emafomeni emishini, okwenza abacwaningi, izintatheli, nezazi zezobuchwepheshe zomphakathi ukuba bahlaziye izimali zikahulumeni futhi benze amathuluzi akhuthaza ukuba sobala nokulandisa.

Bheka Phambili: Izinselele Nemathuba Esikhathi Esizayo

Ohulumeni bendawo babhekana nezinselele ezinkulu zemali eminyakeni ezayo, kodwa futhi babhekene namathuba okuthuthukisa izindlela zokusebenzisa imali nemiphumele.

Izinguquko Zesimo Somzimba

Umphakathi wasebegugile emiphakathini eminingi uyokwandisa isidingo sezinkonzo ezithile kuyilapho kungenzeka unciphise intela.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokuzibamba

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kudala izingcindezi ezintsha zezindleko zemali ezikhuphukile zokusabela enhlekeleleni nokululama, isidingo sokuzimela kwemali, kanye nemiphumela engenzeka emithonjeni yenzuzo. Imiphakathi ecabanga phambili iqala ukuhlanganisa isimo sezulu ekuhleleni kwayo isikhathi eside ngokwezimali.

Izindleko Zokubopha Nezokunakekela Impilo

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo babhekene nezibopho ezikhulayo zempesheni yezisebenzi nokunakekelwa kwempilo okuthatha umhlalaphansi. Lezizikweleti ezithatha isikhathi eside zingadla izindleko ezandayo futhi zidinga ukunakekelwa nokuhlelwa ngokucophelela.

Ukungaqiniseki Kwezomnotho

Imithombo yezomnotho nokungaqiniseki kwenza ukubikezelwa kwemali kube yinselele futhi kwandisa ukubaluleka kokulondoloza izindawo ezigciniwe ezanele nezimiso ezivumelana nezimo zemali.

Ukuthungatha Emsebenzini

Ubuchwepheshe nezindlela ezintsha zokuhambisa umsebenzi zinikeza amathuba okuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokuphumelela. Ukusebenzisa imali ngokuhlakanipha kuhilela ukutshala imali ezintweni ezintsha ezinganciphisa izindleko zesikhathi eside noma zithuthukise imiphumela, ngisho noma idinga ukutshala imali kakhulu.

Imithombo Yemfundo Ethé Xaxa

Uma ufuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwakho indlela osebenzisa ngayo imali kahulumeni wendawo, kukhona imithombo eminingi:

I- I-Association Office yezezemali i- (GFOA) inikeza imithombo eminingi yezindlela zokuhlela izinhlelo ezingcono kakhulu, kuhlanganise nohlelo lwazo olugunyaziwe lokunikeza uHlelo lwemali oluqapheleka ekuhleleni imali kahulumeni. Vikela ingosi yabo e- httpts.http. org yezincwadi, izinto zokuqeqesha, nezibonelo zezincwadi zemali ehloliweyo.

International City/Lifery Management Association [ICMA] inikeza imithombo egxile ngokukhethekile kubaphathi bakahulumeni bendawo, kuhlanganise nohlelo lokusebenzisa imali kanye nokuphathwa kwemali. Webhusayithi yabo e http://wwwwww.cma.org ihlanganisa izihloko, ukuhlola, kanye namathuba obuchwepheshe.

Inhlangano yakho kamasipala wesifundazwe noma inhlangano yezindawo ngokunokwenzeka inikeza imithombo evumelana nemithetho nemikhuba yezwe lakho. Lezinhlangano zivame ukunikeza ukuqeqeshwa, izincwadi, nosizo lobuchwepheshe kohulumeni bendawo futhi zingaba imithombo ewusizo yokwaziswa kwezakhamuzi.

Izindawo zokucwaninga eziningi zifunda izimali zikahulumeni wendawo futhi zinyathelisa imibiko efinyelelweyo nezinhlolo-hlulo. Funa imithombo ezikoleni zezimiso zomphakathi, izinhlelo zezifundo zasemadolobheni, kanye nezikhungo zokucwaninga zikahulumeni.

Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni e-akethe ngokwawo ayimithombo eyinhloko yokwaziswa. Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo manje banyathelisa amabhukwana ohlelo lokuhlela uhlelo lwemali, imibiko yezimali, kanye nolunye ulwazi oluyimfihlo kuyi-inthanethi yedolobha, yesifunda, noma yesifunda sesikole ukuze bathole ulwazi lwamanje ngemali.

Isiphetho

Uhlelo lwemali ozolusebenzisa kuhulumeni wendawo yakho lungaphezulu kakhulu kwencwadi eqinile yezezimali − ukubonakaliswa kwezindinganiso zomphakathi, icebo lesikhathi esizayo, nethuluzi lokulandisa. Ukuqonda indlela uhlelo lwemali lwendawo olusebenza ngayo kukunika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekuphileni komphakathi, ugcine izikhulu zikhethiwe zinecala, futhi zisize ekulolongeni ikusasa lomphakathi wakini.

Nakuba amabhukwana okuhlela imali engabonakala eyinkimbinkimbi futhi esabisa, imiqondo eyisisekelo itholakala kunoma ubani ozimisele ukuchitha isikhathi esincane nomzamo. Akudingeki ube nguchwepheshe wezezimali ukuze uqonde imithombo yemali enkulu, ukuchitha izinto eziza kuqala, kanye nokuhweba okuboniswa yimali yendawo ohlala kuyo.

Izinqumo ezenziwa ezinhlamvwini zendawo zithinta ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke ngezindlela eziningi, kusukela ezingeni lesikole nasemigwaqweni kuya ekulondekeni komakhelwane bakho nasemanzini akho. Ngokuhlanganyela enqubweni yokusetshenziswa kwemali, ungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi lezi zinqumo ziveza izidingo nezinto eziza kuqala zomphakathi wakini.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyaqulwa icala lomphakathi, ubukeze amaphepha okuhlela imali engosini ye - Internet, uthintane nabameleli bakho abakhethiwe, noma umane wazi izindaba zakho zokuhlanganyela. Ukubusa ngentando yeningi kusebenza kangcono kakhulu lapho izakhamuzi zitshelwa, zifaka isibopho sokulandisa futhi zimatasa ekubekeni icala likahulumeni wazo.

Zinike isikhathi sokufunda ngemali onayo kuhulumeni wendawo. Buza imibuzo. Hlanganisa izinto eziza kuqala. Umphakathi wakho uzakuwusekela, futhi uzokwazi ngokujule ngokwengeziwe ukuthi uhulumeni wendawo usebenza kanjani nokuthi ungenza umehluko kanjani egcekeni lakho.