Isisekelo Sokubusa KwaseMelika

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni bezwe kuyisisekelo sesimiso sezombangazwe sase-United States. Lesi sakhiwo, esaziwa ngokuthi i-constationalism, saklanywa ngamabomu oFata abasunguli ukuze bavimbele ukugxiliswa kwegunya futhi bavumele ukubuswa kwendawo okuhlotshaniswe abantu abahlukahlukene. Ukuqonda umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwalamazinga amabili kahulumeni kubalulekile ekuqondeni imithetho, izimiso, nezinkonzo zomphakathi ezisebenza eUnited States. Lokhu kuqondisa kwandisa isisekelo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho, imithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene, kanye nobuhlobo obunamandla phakathi kohulumeni nohulumeni.

Uyini Uhulumeni Wesifunda?

Uhulumeni kahulumeni unegunya lesizwe le-United States, esebenzisa amagunya agunyazwe yi-U.S. ibusa phezu kwalo lonke izwe futhi inecala ezindabeni ezithinta isizwe sonke, njengesimiso sangaphandle, isivikelo sesizwe, ezentengiselwano zezwe, nesimiso semali. Isakhiwo sikahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni sihlukaniswa saba amagatsha amathathu alinganayo:

  • Igatsha elinomthetho: Elenziwe iSigele neNdlu yabameleli (ngokuhlangene, iKhongolosi), leligatsha linomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho kahulumeni, ukumemezela impi, ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano zangaphandle, nokulawula ukukhokha intela nokusebenzisa imali.
  • [ Igatsha eliphethe: eliholwa nguMongameli, leligatsha liphoqelela futhi linikeze imithetho kahulumeni, liqhuba ubuhlobo bangaphandle, liyala amabutho ahlomile, futhi limisa izikhulu zikahulumeni (ezingaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kweSigele).
  • Igatsha eliyi-judicial: Ukusekela iNkantolo ePhakeme nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi, leligatsha lichaza imithetho kahulumeni, libukeza ubukho bawo bomthetho-sisekelo, futhi lixazulule izimpikiswano ezihilela imithetho kahulumeni noma uMthetho-sisekelo.

Imibuso kahulumeni kahulumeni ihlelwe ngokuyinhloko eSiphakamisweni I, isiqephu 8 soMthetho-sisekelo, esibala iziphathimandla ezithile ezinjengokuqamba imali, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi, nokuqondisa ibhizinisi phakathi kwemibuso. ISichibiyelo seshumi sigcine wonke amagunya angaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni noma anqatshelwe emibusoni noma kubantu.

Uyini Uhulumeni Kahulumeni?

Ohulumeni boMbuso basebenza phakathi kwemingcele yezifundazwe ezingamashumi amahlanu. Banemithetho-sisekelo yabo, evame ukuhlobisa isakhiwo sikahulumeni nge-oster (i-governal), indikimba ye-project (ngokuvamile i-bimadral, ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska engu-unigameral), nesimiso sokwahlulela (izinkantolo ezingokwesifunda). Ohulumeni boMbuso banegunya elikhulu ezindabeni zendawo futhi basingatha ukubusa kosuku nosuku oluthinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwezakhamuzi.

  • Imithetho yeSizwe: imithetho kahulumeni ezindabeni ezinjengezemfundo, impilo yomphakathi, ezokuhamba, izahlulelo zobugebengu, nemithetho yempahla. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zikahulumeni zihlanganisa indlu ephansi (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi iNdlu yabameleli noma i-Assembly) nendlu engaphezulu (iSigeqe).
  • Governor: Umphathi omkhulu kahulumeni, onomthwalo wemfanelo wokusayina noma ukukhipha umthetho kahulumeni, ukwengamela izinhlangano zikahulumeni, nokuyala isifundazwe sombuso ugada (ngaphandle kokubizwa enkonzweni kahulumeni).
  • Izinkantolo zeSizwe: usingatha amacala amaningi angokomthetho e-U.S., kuhlanganise nezimpikiswano zesivumelwano, ukulimaza komuntu siqu, izindaba zomthetho womkhaya, kanye nezigebengu eziningi (ngaphandle kwalezo ezihilela amacala kahulumeni).

Ohulumeni boMbuso bathola igunya labo kumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe nasemibusoni egciniwe yomthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. futhi basebenzisa igunya lamaphoyisa elingokwemvelo lokuvikela impilo, ukulondeka, inhlalakahle, nokuziphatha kwezakhamuzi zabo. La mandla anikeza inkululeko ebanzi ekuqondiseni izindawo njengemisebenzi yokuqondisa, ukumisa imithetho yokwakha, nokubeka imingcele yobudala yokuphuza utshwala.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Seminyango KaFederal

Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni bamazwe buchazwa iSupremacy Claus (Artle VI, Claus 2) yoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ethi umthetho kahulumeni ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma imithetho kahulumeni nombuso iphikisana, umthetho kahulumeni ukhona, u---(usungulwe) umthetho kahulumeni ungaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, iSichibiyelo se-Tenuth sisebenza njengesivikelo somthetho-mthetho-mthethweni wezwe: i-̴ Amandla angaphathiswa i-United States nguMthetho-mthetho-mthetho, noma avinjelwe yi-United States, agcinelwe e-United States, noma abantu. i-̵

Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, ukuchazwa kwala magama kuye kwavela. Uhulumeni wakuqala wancike ekusebenziseni imibuso emibili yombuso, isimiso lapho ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni basebenza khona ngokuhlukahluka okukhulu. Namuhla, i-U.S. isebenza ngaphansi kombuso obambisanayo, lapho amazinga amabili kahulumeni ehlanganyela khona imithwalo yemfanelo futhi ebambisana ekusebenzeni ngokusetshenziswa kwemithetho yemithetho. Ngokukhethekile ngokusebenzisa i-aid. i-Landmark Supreme Court enjenge- Mcloch v. Maryland [18] [18])) uqinisekisa ubukhulu bomthetho kazwelo nokwakha imfundiso yemithetho evezwayo, kuyilapho [[FOLD:2] i-United States v[FLT]

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kohulumeni Bombuso Nohulumeni

Ukuqonda umehluko ongokoqobo phakathi kwale amazinga amabili kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi kungani ezinye izimiso zihlukahluka phakathi kwemingcele yombuso nokuthi kungani ezinye izimpikiswano zidingidwa eWashington kuyilapho ezinye zisingathwa endaweni yakini.

Igunya Eliningi

Uhulumeni kahulumeni ulawula izwe lonke ngemingcele ehlukene phezu kwezindaba ezihlelwe ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo noma ngokunengqondo kuleyomibuso. Ngokuphambene, ohulumeni bombuso banegunya elibanzi lokuthatha izifundazwe. I-heuristic: uma kuneziphambano zemingcele yezwe noma zihilela izizwe zakwamanye amazwe, kungenzeka ukuthi zinguhulumeni; uma zivalelwe phakathi kwezwe elilodwa i-̱ imingcele, iyibhizinisi likahulumeni elivamile.

Ukwenza Umthetho Nokuphoqelelwa

Imithetho kazwelonke isebenza ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izifundazwe namasimu. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile enjenge-Cealy Air Act imisa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe ezweni lonke, nakuba imibuso ingathatha imithetho eqinile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho yoMbuso isebenza kuphela phakathi kwemingcele kahulumeni. Yingakho ukushayela ijubane, iminyaka yomshado, nezimfuneko zezemfundo ze-athonsi zezwe kuyahluka kuye ngokwezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni wezwe ungamangalela ubugebengu obenze embonini kahulumeni noma obuhilela izigaba zezinganiso (umz., ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa phakathi kwemigqa kahulumeni), kuyilapho ubugebengu obuvamile busingathwa yizinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Ukukhokha Intela

Kokubili intela kahulumeni nohulumeni ilevy, kodwa ngezinjongo ezihlukene futhi nezakhiwo ezihlukene. Uhulumeni wezwe ngokuyinhloko uncike ezintelani zeholo (yomibili inkampani) ukuze usekele isivikelo sesizwe, isonga likahulumeni, iMedicare, nesithakazelo esikweletini sezwe. Ohulumeni baqoqa ukuxubana kwezintela zemali, izintela zentela, izintela zempahla, nokukhipha izintela zempahla ukuze kukhokhelwe imfundo, imigwaqo emikhulu, ukuphepha komphakathi, nezinhlelo zezempilo. Ohulumeni bendawo (izakhiwo, izifunda zesizwe, izifunda zesikole) nabo bangakhokha intela futhi bathathwa njengezinhlangano ezisemfakelayo kahulumeni.

Ukuzimela Komthetho - sisekelo

Umbuso ngamunye unemithetho yawo siqu, eyincwadi ephakeme yomthetho phakathi kulelozwe (engaphansi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke). Imithetho-sisekelo yoMbuso ngokuvamile ithatha isikhathi eside futhi inemininingwane eminingi kune-Constitution kazwelonke, ikhuluma ngezindawo ezithile ezingokwemfundo, imingcele yentela, futhi ngisho nelungelo lokuzingela noma lokudoba. Inikeza futhi amalungelo adlula kude izivikelo zikahulumeni, ngokwesibonelo, eminye imithetho-mthetho iqinisekisa ngokuqondile amalungelo endawo ezungezile noma ilungelo lokuzifihla.

Izindawo Zomthwalo Wemfanelo: Ukuwohloka Okuphelele

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemithwalo yemfanelo phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni abaphethe nohulumeni akulona uhlu oluqinile.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yama - Festle

  • Izwelonke Isivikelo nezindaba zangaphandle: Ukulondoloza impi, uqhube izigigaba zesivumelwano, nokuqondisa ezentengiselwano zangaphandle.
  • Intengiselwano yezentengiselwano ne-Economic Policy: ukuqondisa ukuhwebelana phakathi kwezifundazwe, ukumisa isimiso semali ngeFederal Reserve, futhi ukwengamela ukuwiswa kwamandla emali nempahla engqondo.
  • Ukungena nokuveza imvelo: ukumisa imithetho yokungena, ubuzwe, nokudingiswa (amazwe anendima ethile ekuqikelweni kwezokufuduka ngokubambisana neziphathimandla zikahulumeni).
  • [ Intethelelo namaHhovisi eposi: ukubiza imali, ukunyathelisa, nokusebenzisa iNkonzo yeposi yase-U.S.
  • Isivikelo samalungelo abantu: imisa imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi, njenge-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 ne-Umthetho wamalungelo abantu.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo KaHulumeni

  • Imfundo:[ Ukubeka izindinganiso zohlelo lwezifundo, ukuxhasa izikole zomphakathi, namayunivesithi ombuso asebenzayo (nakuba umthetho kahulumeni unikeza izimfuneko ezithile njengezinkonzo ezikhethekile zemfundo).
  • Izakhiwo: Ukwakha nokugcina imigwaqo kahulumeni, amabhuloho, izikhumulo, nezikhumulo zezindiza (ngokusekela okuphawulekayo kwesimiso sikahulumeni ngezinhlelo ezinjenge- Interstate Highway System).
  • Ukuphepha noMthetho: Amaphoyisa kahulumeni asebenza, iminyango yezenkantolo yendawo, nezindawo zokuqondisa. Imithetho eminingi yobugebengu iyimithetho kahulumeni.
  • Ukuhetha noNyakatho: Ukulungiselela iMedicaid, i-Chilḏ i-Health Inshuwarence Program (CHIP), u-Alters for Needy Families (TTANF), kanye nokuqondisa izikhungo zokunakekela impilo kuhulumeni.
  • Izinqumo: Ukuphatha uhulumeni, uhulumeni, nokhetho lwendawo, kuhlanganise nokubhalisa umvoti, umklamo wokuvota, kanye nokwengamela izindawo zokuvota (ezithoba kwimithetho yamalungelo kahulumeni).

Amandla Akhona (Ayasekelwa Yizo Zombili Izinga)

Eminye imibuso isetshenziswa kanye kanye ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni. Lamagunya akhona ahlanganisa ikhono lokukhokha intela, ukuboleka imali, amabhange omthetho-mthetho, ukumisa izinkantolo, nokuphoqelela imithetho. Uma womabili amazinga enza endaweni efanayo, umthetho kahulumeni uthatha indawo yokuqala ngaphansi kwe-Supremacy Claus. Nokho, imibuso ingabeka izimfuneko ezengeziwe uma nje ingangqubuzani nomthetho kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, kokubili uhulumeni wezwe nemibuso kungamangalela ubugebengu bendawo ezungezile, kodwa ukuquliswa kukahulumeni kungawaphula isinyathelo sombuso ezimweni ezithile.

Ukubambisana Kwezikhungo Zokubambisana

Ukubusa kwanamuhla kwaseMelika kuphawuleka ngokuncintisana okukhulu phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni. Lokhu kubambisana kuyabonakala kakhulu ezindaweni lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni ubeka khona imigomo ebanzi kodwa izihambeli zifeza izikhundla zezifundazwe, ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izisusa zezimali.

Grants-in-Aid

Uhulumeni unikeza amakhulu ezigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka ukuze athole izimali kanye nohulumeni bendawo ngezipho. Lezi zivela ngezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: iziphakamiso (ezibhekiswe ezimisweni ezithile ezinjengokwakha imigwaqo emikhulu noma izinhlelo zesikole zasemini) kanye neziphakamiso (ukuqinisekisa ukuxhasa imali ebanzi ngezinjongo ezivamile, njengokuthuthukisa umphakathi). Amazwe kumelwe avumelane nezimo zikahulumeni ukuze athole lemali, okungadala izingxabano lapho imibuso ingavumelani nezinto eziza kuqala zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni uye wasebenzisa usongo lokugodla izimali zomgwaqo omkhulu ukuze akhuthaze amazwe ukuba aphakamise iminyaka engu-21 ubudala yokuphuza okusemthethweni.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso

Imithetho eminingi kahulumeni incike ngokucacile ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni ukuze ziqikelelwe. I-Cease Air Act idinga izimo zokuletha ama-Hulumeni Industriation Programme (IIP) ebonisa indlela eziyofinyelela ngayo izinga le-asemoyeni kahulumeni. Ngokufanayo, i-Affordcable Care Act yandisa uMicaid (isimiso samazwe ahlangene) futhi yasungula imishuwalense yezempilo esekelwe kuhulumeni. Lobubungane buvumela ukuvumelana, njengoba amazwe ekwazi ukuhlanganisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezihambelana nezimo zendawo, kodwa futhi ingaholela emiphumeleni ehlukeneyo yesizwe uma kukhishwa izinhlelo ezithile.

Izingxabano Nezingxabano EFederal-State Relations

Naphezu kwenhloso yokubambisana, izingxabano phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni zivamile. AbaseFramers babelindele lokhu kucindezeleka futhi banikeza izinqubo ezinjengesigijimi sokuphakama nezinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuze zixazulule izingxabano. Ezinye zezimpikiswano eziphikisana kakhulu kwezombangazwe zaseMelika namuhla zigxile emikhawulweni yegunya likahulumeni nelombuso.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho

Isibonelo esiyinhloko sempi kahulumeni sisenkambiso ye-cannabis. Kusukela ngo-2025, amazwe amaningi aye agunyaza insangu ukuze isetshenziswe kwezokwelapha noma ekuzijabuliseni, kodwa i-Guant Guided Substances Act ifaka insangu eyisidakamizwa njengeSeply I, iyenza ingabi namthetho ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Uhulumeni wezwe uye wakhetha kakhulu ukungaphoqeleli umthetho ngokumelene nabadlali abagunyaziwe nguhulumeni, ngenxa yemiyalo enjenge-Cole Meyandrandum (nakuba lokhu kuye kwabekwa phansi kokushintshwa). Lokhu kugcizelela izinselele ezisebenzayo zokulandela umthetho kahulumeni ezindaweni lapho amazwe aye athatha khona indlela ehlukile.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwamandla Okufuduka

Nakuba ukufuduka kuyisibopho sikahulumeni, ngezinye izikhathi izigodlo ziye zafuna ukufeza indima ethile. Imithetho enjenge-Arizona’ i-SB 1070 (2070) yazama ukuqinisa ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni ukuze kuhlolwe ukufuduka phakathi nezikhathi zokuma. INkantolo Ephakeme yawaphula amalungiselelo amaningana alowo mthetho, iqinisekisa ukuthi ukugcinwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe kunguhulumeni ngokuyinhloko. Nokho, imibuso inegunya lokwenza izinqumo ezithinta abantu abangewona ama-agconsone ngemithetho yabo siqu, ukunikeza abafundi abangagunyaziwe noma ukubambisana neziphathimandla zezentengiselwano zikahulumeni.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Izwe elinjengeCalifornia ngokomlando liye lasekela izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile eziqinile kunohulumeni kahulumeni. Ngaphansi kwe-Ceair Act, iCalifornia inomsekeli ohlukile wokubeka izindinganiso zayo zokukhipha umsila, ezinye izifundazwe ezingakhetha ukuzithatha. Lokhu kuye kwaveza izinga eliqinile lezezwe lokukhipha imoto, kubonisa indlela isenzo sikahulumeni esingathonya ngayo isimiso sikahulumeni. Ngokuphambene, uma uhulumeni uhlehlela emuva imithetho yendawo ezungezile, usho ukuthi kungangenwa ukuvimbela izinguquko noma ukwamukela imithetho yawo siqu eqinile.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zezakhamuzi

Ukwehlukana kwamandla ezwe kukahulumeni kuthinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokuqashelwa. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • Driver ’ amalayisense [ akhishwa yizifundazwe, kodwa kumelwe ahlangabezane nezindinganiso zokuhlukanisa zikahulumeni ezizosetshenziswa ezindizeni ezihlalwayo (Umthetho we-REAL ID).
  • Imithetho yemishado ichazwe ngokwezwe, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme bergefell v. Hodges (2015]) idinga zonke izifundazwe ukuba ziqaphele imishado efanayo ngaphansi kwelungelo lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo lokulingana.
  • Impendulo ewubugqila iqala endaweni nasesifundazweni, kodwa uma inhlekelele idlula amandla ombuso, umbusi angacela isimemezelo senhlekelele kahulumeni, ivula imithombo ye-FEMA kanye nezimali.
  • I-pask idinga kokubili ukubuya kukahulumeni (Form 1040) kanye nokubuya kwezwe (ngaphandle kokuba umbuso awunayo intela yeholo, njengeFlorida noma iTexas).

Isiphetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni buyisici esinamandla nesivame ukuphikiswana ngentando yeningi yaseMelika. Nakuba uhulumeni wezwe unegunya eliphakeme ezindabeni zesizwe nezindaba ezihlangene, uphethe amandla aphawulekayo ezindabeni zendawo futhi usebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola intando yeningi (izinqubo ezisetshenziswayo ezingase zithandwe kamuva ngokwezinga lesizwe. Ukuqonda umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwala amazinga amabili ohulumeni kubalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi ezibophele izakhamuzi. Kucacisa ukuthi kungani izimpikiswano eziningi eUnited States zigxile emibuzweni yemithetho yesifunda futhi kusiza ukuchaza ukuvumelana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemithetho nemisebenzi ehlanganisa ukuphila kwase-Melika. [FLT:] [FM.FM. FT]], [12]]