Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kukahulumeni wendawo nombuso kuyinkolelo eyisisekelo yemfundo yomphakathi. Kubafundi nothisha ngokufanayo, beqonda indlela lamaqembu amabili okubusa ngokwehlukana kodwa ngokuncintisana kwembula indlela izinkonzo zomphakathi ezinikezwa ngayo, indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo, nendlela izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela ngayo nabameleli bazo. Nakuba womabili amazinga ekhona ngaphansi kwesembuyiselo sombuso we-United States, anemvelaphi ehlukile, amandla, imithwalo yemfanelo, kanye nezindlela zokusekela imali. Lesi sihloko sinweba ngokwehlukahluka okuyinhloko, sihlola izisekelo ezingokomthetho eziwachazayo, futhi sinikeze izibonelo eziqinile ukuze senze imibono icace.

Uyini Uhulumeni Wendawo?

Uhulumeni wendawo ubhekisela ezinhlanganweni zokuqondisa ezibusa indawo ethile − njengedolobha, idolobhana, idolobhana, isifundazwe, noma isifunda esikhethekile. Labahulumeni badalwa yizwe futhi bathole igunya labo ku- umthetho wemithetho-siseko [ kanye [FLT] ne yemithetho engokomthetho [. Ngokungafani nohulumeni wezwe, ohulumeni bendawo abaphathwa e-U.S. Constitution; esikhundleni sawo, bathathwa ngokomthetho "indalo kazwe, ushintsho, noma uklebhuqu, noma uhulumeni bendawo, okumelwe kubekwe imingcele yomthetho.

Ohulumeni bendawo beza ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ngayinye ifeza injongo ehlukile:

  • [ Ohulumeni bamaMunicipal (amadolobha, amadolobhana, amadolobhana) banikeza izinkonzo ezinjengokuvikela kwamaphoyisa, ukucima umlilo, ukuthutha amanzi, kanye nokuphatha udoti.
  • Ohulumeni abafundayo ngokwesiko basingatha imisebenzi yesifunda ebanzi njengokuhlola impahla, ukuqondisa kokhetho, nempilo yomphakathi.
  • Izigodi zezikole ohulumeni abakhethekile abanenjongo egxile kuphela emfundweni yomphakathi, namabhodi abo siqu akhethiweyo kanye negunya lokukhokha intela.
  • Ezinye izigodi ezikhethekile[ ziphethe amapaki, uhambo, imithombo yamanzi, ukuvikela umlilo, noma ukuthuthukisa umphakathi.

Ngenxa yokuthi ohulumeni bendawo basebenzelana eduze nabantu, ngokuvamile bachazwa njengezinga likahulumeni elithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngokuqondile. Ukusebenzelana kwesakhamuzi nohulumeni kuqala ezingeni lendawo ($hhotela izintela zempahla, ukuthola imvume yokwakha, ukuthumela izingane esikoleni somphakathi, noma ukubiza umnyango womlilo.

Igunya Elingokomthetho Lohulumeni Bendawo: Ukubusa Kwasekhaya kuyaphikisana nokuBusa KukaDillon

Amagunya ohulumeni bendawo alolongwa yizimfundiso ezimbili eziphikisanayo zomthetho. u-Dillon’s Sfule , obizwa ngoMahluleli John Dillon, ukholelwa ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo banikwe amandla kuphela ngumbuso, amandla ashiwo yilezo ezigunyawe, namandla abalulekile ekufezeni imisebenzi yabo. Wonke amanye amagunya agcinelwe umbuso. Ngaphansi kwe-Dillon’s Rule, uma umthetho wendawo ubekelwe inselele, umthetho wezwe uthatha indawo ephezulu ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni unikeze lowo mbuso ngokuqondile.

Ngokuphambene, Ukubusa kwasekhaya kunikeza ohulumeni bendawo inkululeko ebanzi. Izifundazwe eziningi zivumela amadolobha nomphakathi ukuba bamukele umthetho wasekhaya, owanika igunya lokuphatha izindaba zendawo ngaphandle kokufuna imvume kumthetho kahulumeni wesishayamthetho wezenzo zonke. Ukubusa kwasekhaya ngokuvamile kunikezwa ama-computer amakhulu, nakuba izinga eliqondile lihluka ngokwezwe. Cishe amazwe angu-40 anendlela ethile yokubusa kwasekhaya komasipala.

Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha elibusayo eColorado lingakhipha imithetho yendawo ngomsindo, ukusetshenziswa kwezwe, kanye nomthetho webhizinisi uma nje lingangqubuzani nomthetho kazwelonke noma nomthetho-mthetho wezwe. Idolobha laseVirginia, elisebenza ngaphansi koMthetho kaDillon, lingasebenzisa kuphela amandla agunyaza umbuso ngokucacile, okusho ukuthi isishaya-mthetho sezwe kumelwe sivumele izenzo eziningi zendawo, kuhlanganise nakho konke kusukela ekuvinjelweni kokubhema kuya ekuqashweni kwezindlu.

Uyini Uhulumeni Kahulumeni?

Uhulumeni woMbuso uyindikimba ebusayo eqondisa ukuphatha kwezwe. Ngokungafani nohulumeni bendawo, ohulumeni bombuso bayizinhlangano ezizimele ngaphakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni. Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ugcinela imibuso yonke engaphathiswanga uhulumeni noma enqabile. Lokhu kunikeza igunya elibanzi ezindaweni ezinjengemfundo yomphakathi, ezokuthutha, ezempilo yomphakathi, umthetho wobugebengu, nomthetho womkhaya.

Uhulumeni ngamunye wezwe ulandela umthetho - sisekelo wawo futhi uhlukaniswa ube amagatsha amathathu:

  • [ Igatsha eliphetheyo — eliholwa umbusi, okhethwayo ezweni lonke. Isikhulu sihlanganisa izinhlangano eziningi, iminyango, kanye namakhomishane amisa imithetho kahulumeni.
  • Igatsha elinomthetho — isishaya-mthetho se-bimear (ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska’s unimaral) ehlanganisa i-senate nendlu yabameleli. Indlu yomthetho imisa imithetho, ivumela uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni, futhi ingayinqoba i-gubernarrial vetoes.
  • Igatsha le-judicial[ — isimiso sezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezichaza imithetho kahulumeni nomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ibizwa ngokuthi inkantolo ephakeme yesifundazwe.

Ohulumeni boMbuso futhi banamandla okunyusa inzuzo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zezintela: izintela zeholo, izintela zokuthengisela, izintela zenkampani, nentela yokukhipha. Bathola futhi imali enkulu kuhulumeni wezwe ngezinhlelo zemali nangezinhlelo zosizo. Lemali ixhasa izinkonzo zezwe lonke nezinhlelo, kuhlanganise namayunivesithi ezwe, iminyango yemigwaqo emikhulu, izimiso zamajele, nezinhlelo zezempilo ezinjengoMedicaid.

Isihluthulelo Sokungafani Phakathi Kohulumeni Wendawo NoMbuso

Nakuba ohulumeni bendawo nohulumeni behlanganyela emgomweni wokukhonza umphakathi, ukungafani kwabo kukhulu.

1. Izinga Legunya

ohulumeni bendawo banegunya elilinganiselwe eliphathiswe ngokukhethekile yizwe. Igunya labo ligcinelwe indawo echazwe kahle, idolobha, isifunda, noma isifundazwe. Abakwazi ukushaya imithetho esebenza ngaphandle kwaleyomingcele.

Ohulumeni bezwe [, ngokungafani, banegunya eliyifa lobukhosi phezu kwabo bonke abantu nempahla emingceleni kahulumeni, bangaphansi komthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. kuphela. Bangamisa imithetho elawulayo, badala izinhlangano zikahulumeni, futhi bakhiphe imithetho yendawo uma bethanda.

Ukubeletha Kwenkonzo

Ohulumeni bendawo bagxila ezinkonzweni eziqonde ngqo : ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu, ukunakekelwa kwemigwaqo, amapaki endawo, amapaki amaphoyisa, nemvume yokuhlanganisa. Lezi izinkonzo okumelwe zihlotshaniswe ngokwezidingo nezintando zomphakathi wendawo.

Ohulumeni bezwe [ baphatha umbuzo wezwe wonke odinga izindinganiso ezifanayo noma ukuhlangana okukhulu: ukumisa izinga lemfundo, ukwakha nokugcina imigwaqo emikhulu ephakathi kwezwe, ukuqondisa umshuwalense ne-osethi, kanye nokulawula amapaki ombuso.

3. Umfuziselo

Ohulumeni bendawo bamelela izakhamuzi ezincane, ezifana kakhulu. Amalungu omkhandlu wedolobha avame ukumelela amagumbi ezakhamuzi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuphela, azenze zifinyeleleke kakhulu kumalungu. Amalungu ebhodi lesikole akhethwa ngokuqondile ukuba engamele imfundo esifundeni esithile.

Ohulumeni bezwe bamelela imiphakathi emikhulu nehlukahlukene kakhulu. Izigebengu zikahulumeni zivame ukumelela izifunda noma izigodi ezinamashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu. Bonke abantu bakhona bakhetha umbusi. Lobububanzi obubanzi budinga izindlela ezihlukahlukene zomkhankaso nokuhlelwa.

4. Imithombo Exhasayo

Ohulumeni bendawo bathembele kakhulu emthonjeni wentela ongafanele], intela yokuthengisa yendawo, intela yomsebenzisi (njengentela yamanzi noma yokwakha imvume), kanye nokudluliswa kwezindawo kuhulumeni. Izintela zempahla ziyindawo eqinile kodwa evame ukuzwela kwezombangazwe. Ohulumeni abaningi bancike futhi ezibophweni zokuxhasa izakhiwo ezinkulu njengezikole noma imigwaqo.

Ohulumeni bezwe banemibhobho yemali ehlukahlukene kakhulu: intela yomuntu siqu neyenkampani, intela yokuthengisa kahulumeni, intela yokukhipha (kuphethiloli, utshwala, ugwayi), neminikelo kahulumeni. Lokhu kuveza ukuguquguquka okukhulu kokuguquguquka kwemali kodwa futhi kuyichapha nasekunteleni kwezomnotho okunciphisa intela ehhoxayo.

5. Inqubo Yemithetho

Isimiso sendawo esisebenzayo sivame ukusebenza nge- council-manager noma i-maysing eqinile[ . I-ordinance idluliswa umkhandlu futhi ingazithoba kumphathi-meya-meyal-veto. Imithetho eminingi yendawo iyalawula emvelweni (inguquko, izikhodi zomlilo, i-octal codectal, izivumelwano zomphakathi.

Ohulumeni bezwe balandela inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yemithetho efana ne-Congress kazwelonke: izikweleti kumele ziqaliswe, zidluliswe ngamakomiti, ziphikiswane futhi zivotelwe ngawo womabili amagumbi, bese zisayinwa (noma zifakwe) ngumbusi. Izishaya-mthetho ngokuvamile zihlangana ngesimiso esilinganiselwe unyaka ngamunye (mhlawumbe izinsuku ezingu-60 noma ezingu-90).

6. Ubuhlobo Nomthetho - sisekelo

Ohulumeni bendawo abakho kumthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. abaphathwa. Ukuba khona kwabo namandla kunqunywa ngokuphelele umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni nemithetho kahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi izifunda zinamandla aqinile phezu kwezigaba zazo zendawo.

Ohulumeni bezwe baqashelwa uMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. (Artle IV, Ingxenye 4 iqinisekisa uhlobo lukahulumeni werpublic). Umthetho-sisekelo wabo awunakwephula uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., kodwa banganika izakhamuzi amalungelo engeziwe kunalawo akwi-guvernential Bill of Rights.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kukahulumeni Wendawo NoMbuso

Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bendawo nohulumeni bendawo buyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngokuvamile buchazwa ngokuthi ububanzi obubunjwe umthetho. Nakuba ohulumeni bendawo besebenza ngokuzimele ezindaweni eziningi, bahlala bengaphansi kokulawulwa uhulumeni. Amazwe angaguqula imingcele yendawo, izinkonzo zombuso, noma ngisho nokuncishiswa kukahulumeni wendawo ngokuphelele. Lokhu kucindezeleka phakathi kwenkululeko yendawo nokwengamela umbuso kuyisihloko esiyinhloko esisesifundazweni nasebusweni bendawo.

Ukukhululwa Kwezwe

Enye yezinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu yile ihlawulo langaphambili ." uma umthetho kahulumeni uvala umthetho wendawo entweni efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho evimbela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba baqondise ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, bamise iholo elilinganiselwe ngaphezu kwesilinganiso sikahulumeni, noma bavimbele izikhwama zepulasitiki. Lemithetho yokuhlengwa ivame ukuphawula isidingo sezimiso ezihlangene noma isifiso sokugwema umsebenzi ombaxakile wemithetho.

Ukubambisana Kukahulumeni

Naphezu kwalokhu kucindezeleka, ohulumeni bendawo nohulumeni babambisana kakhulu. Izindawo zivame ukusekela izimali zezemisebenzi yendawo ngezimali noma ngemali ezibolekile. Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni zokwenza izinhlelo njengokunikeza izivivinyo ze-layisensi, ukuqoqa imithola-mpilo ehlolwa uhulumeni, noma ukuqoqa intela yokuthengiselwa kwezwe nokuzibuyisela. Imithetho eminingi yombuso incike ngokucacile ekukhishweni kwezindawo zendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlangano zezemvelo zisebenza neminyango yokwakha yendawo ukuze ziphoqelele ukuba amanzi aphumele.

Ubuhlobo Obukhululekile

Izwe futhi lithonya izimali zendawo ngosizo lwezezimali lwendawo kanye nokulinganiselwa kwentela [. Izifundazwe eziningi zithumela inzuzo enkulu kohulumeni bendawo yemfundo, impilo yomphakathi, kanye nezokuhamba. Ekubuyeni, amazwe abeka imingcele ekutheni intela yempahla yendawo ingakhuphukisa noma idingenela umvoti izinyathelo ezithile zesibopho esithile. Amanye amazwe abeke imithetho engagunyaziswanga imibuso yendawo ukuze anikeze izinkonzo ngaphandle kokunikeza izimali ezidingekayo.

Izibonelo Zomsebenzi Kahulumeni Wendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo benza imisebenzi eminingi elolodaba elololonga ngokuqondile izinga lokuphila lesisakhamuzi.

  • Ukuphepha kobuphekula:[ iminyango yomlilo yendawo isabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo, iphoqelele imithetho yemigwaqo, futhi iqhube nokuhlolwa kokuvimbela umlilo. Amadolobha amaningi futhi asebenzisa izinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo eminyangweni yawo yomlilo.
  • Imfundo: izifunda zesikole (ngokuvamile] izifunda zenjongo ekhethekile yohulumeni bendawo(-schere, othisha, izakhiwo, futhi ibeke iziqondiso zezwe. Banegunya lokufaka intela yempahla futhi bakhiphe izibopho zokwakha isikole.
  • Izakhiwo: Imigwaqo, amapaki, ukuthutha komphakathi, ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu, ukuqoqwa kwendle, ukunakekelwa kwamanzi, nokukhanya kwasemgwaqweni konke kulawulwa endaweni. Iminyango yomphakathi yendawo ihlela imigwaqo, ukulungisa imigwaqwe, nokugcina amanzi esiphepho.
  • Izinkonzo zeHealth Services:[ Iminyango yezempilo yendawo inikeza ukugoma, ukuhlola kokudla, ukuhlola izifo, nemfundo yezempilo yomphakathi. Eminye imitholampilo yomphakathi yezakhamuzi ezithola imali ephansi.
  • [[UMTH: 0] Ukuhlela neZwe Usebenzisa: amakhompathimenti okuhlela nendawo namabhodi okulungisa anquma ukuthi ingakhiwa kuphi amakhaya, amabhizinisi, namafekthri. Bagunyaza izikhodi zokwakha, imingcele yobunzima, futhi bavumela imingcele engaphansi.
  • Inkathi yokudla: amapaki, izikhungo zomphakathi, imitapo, namadamu okubhukuda kuvame ukusetshenziswa ohulumeni bendawo, ngokuvamile kuxhaswe ngentela ezinikezelwe noma intela.

Izibonelo Zemisebenzi Kahulumeni

Ohulumeni boMbuso basebenzisa amandla athinta wonke umuntu ongaphakathi kwezwe. Imisebenzi yabo ibanzi futhi isekelwe kakhulu kumthetho:

  • [[I-FLT:0] Isivumelwano: Isishaya-mthetho sombuso simisa imithetho ehlanganisa ukwahlulela kobugebengu, amalungelo empahla, umshado nesehlukaniso, umthetho wezebhizinisi, kanye neminye. Imithetho yoMbuso kumelwe ivumelane kokubili nomthetho-sisekelo wombuso nombuso.
  • Imfundo yobuphathi: iminyango yoMbuso yemfundo ibeka izindinganiso zemfundo, inikeza ukuhlola okuvamile, isasaza izimali zikahulumeni ezifundeni zesikole, nakuthisha belayisensi. Ibuye yengamele amayunivesithi ombuso namakholiji omphakathi.
  • I-transport:[ iminyango yoMbuso yokuthutha (ama-DOT) yakha futhi ilondoloze imigwaqo emikhulu kahulumeni, amabhuloho, nezikhumulo zezindiza. Baphatha ingxenye yemali kahulumeni yemigwaqwe.
  • Ukuvikela: i- States isebenzisa ezayo izinhlelo ze-Medicaid (kaningi ngokuhlangene nohulumeni), ilawula umshuwalense wempilo, ochwepheshe bezokunakekela impilo yelayisense, futhi iphatha izibhedlela zikahulumeni.
  • I-Public Act: Izinhlangano zikaHulumeni zinikeza izinhlelo ezinjengomshuwalense wokungasebenzi, i-App for Needy Families (TTANF), kanye nosizo lokudla (SNAP).
  • Isivikelo sezemvelo: Izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile zikahulumeni ziphoqelela umoya nezindinganiso zamanzi, zilawula amapaki kahulumeni namahlathi, futhi zilawula ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu. Izifunda eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho yendawo ezungezile eqinile kunaleyo esezingeni likahulumeni.
  • Izinqumo: amazwe engamela ukuphatha ukhetho", abavoti ababhalisayo, abafaka imingcele yesifunda (ukumisa kabusha). Bamisa futhi imithetho yezezimali zomkhankaso nezinqubo zokuvota.

Okwenza Kubaluleke Ukungafani Kwalokhu

Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwemithwalo yemfanelo phakathi kukahulumeni wendawo nombuso kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zazi lapho zifuna khona ukuqondisa ukukhathazeka kwazo[. Ngokwesibonelo, imbobo yomgwaqo wendawo idolobha (noma isifundazwe), kuyilapho umgwaqo kahulumeni ongalondoloziwe uyimpikiswano kahulumeni. Ukukhononda ngesilinganiso esingalungile sokuchitha isikhathi nomzamo. Ngokufanayo, uma umphakathi ufuna ukuvimbela izikhwama zepulasitiki, kudingeka bazi ukuthi umbuso wabo uvumela yini ohulumeni bendawo ukuba badlulise iziqondiso ezinjalo noma ukuthi uhulumeni ususe lowo mbuso.

Kubafundi abafunda izakhamuzi, ukuqhathanisa uhulumeni wendawo nombuso kunikeza ilens esebenzayo yokubona ukusebenza kwe-socialism. Ukungezwani phakathi kwegunya lombuso negunya lombuso kubonisa ukushukuma okukhulu phakathi kobukhosi bombuso nombuso. Kubonisa futhi ukuthi ukubusa akuyona i-piramide eyodwa kodwa isimiso esiqinile, esincikeneyo esinamasekeli nezilinganiso kuzo zonke izinga.

Othisha bangasebenzisa lokhu kuqhathanisa ukuze babangele izingxoxo eziphathelene nokumelelwa, intela, kanye nokungavumelani kwemisebenzi phakathi kokuvumelana nokuvumelana kwendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, kungani uhulumeni engase afune ukubeka iholo elincane kuwo wonke amadolobha? Kungani idolobha elikhulu lingase lifune ukuzibekela elalo? Ziyini inzuzo nezingakhi zokuvumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba banqume imithetho yabo siqu esetshenziswa ezweni? Lemibuzo igxile ezimpikiswaneni zezwe langempela mayelana nezindawo zokuhlala, umthetho wendawo, nempilo yomphakathi.

Isiphetho

Ohulumeni bendawo nohulumeni bawusizo esimisweni sombuso waseMelika. Nakuba bobabili bekhonza umphakathi, bahluke kakhulu emfuthwaneni, egunyeni, emithwalweni, nasemalini yokuxhasa. Ohulumeni bendawo bayizidalwa zikahulumeni, bagxile ezinkonzweni eziqondile nasezidingo zomphakathi. Ohulumeni boMbuso bayizinhlangano ezizimele ezimisa isimiso esibanzi, ziphethe izimiso zesilinganiso esikhulu, futhi zengamele ohulumeni bendawo phakathi kwemingcele yabo.

Ukuqaphela lokhu kungafani kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo nohulumeni wazo. Uma izakhamuzi zazi ukuthi inkinga iyindaba yedolobha noma yezwe, zingasekela ushintsho ngokuqondeke ngokwengeziwe. Futhi lapho othisha besiza abafundi ukuba baqonde lokhu kuhlukanisa, balungiselela isizukulwane esilandelayo ukuba sihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekuphileni komphakathi, phela ngokuvota ebhodini lesikole ukuze sifakazele phambi kwesishaya umthetho.

Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola lezi zindlela ezinokwethenjelwa: