Ukubhalisa kwevoter akuyona nje indlela yokulawula; kuyindlela yokuthatha isinyathelo sentando yeningi kanye nendlela izakhamuzi ezithi ngayo zigqekeze ekubuseni. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi elisebenzayo, isenzo sokubhalisa ukuvota kuguqula isakhamuzi sibe umbambi qhaza, siqinisekisa ukuthi izwi laso linesisisindo ngosuku lokhetho. Nokho naphezu kwendima yaso yokuyisekela, ukuvota kuhlala kunganakiwe njalo [1] futhi ngezinye izikhathi kufihleke ngamabomu. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukubaluleka kokubhalisa ivoti ekuqiniseni idemo-demokrame, kusukela ezimpandeni zayo zomlando kuya ezinselele zokhetho kanye nezisungulo ezisa indawo yovoti.

Indima Yokubhalisa Ngomgunyathi Embusweni Wentando Yeningi Onempilo

Ngaphandle kwayo, ukhetho luyoba yisiphithiphithi, ukukhwabanisa, futhi lungakwazi ukuveza imiphumela engokomthetho. Lenqubo yokubhalisa ifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi esekela ubuqotho obungokwentando yeningi.

Ukuthola Inqolobane Yemicu Enembile Nelondekile

Ukugcina amavoti anembile kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukuvota ngokuphindaphindwa, ukuzenzakalela, nezinye izinto ezingekho mthethweni. Ukubhalisa kuvumela izikhulu zokhetho ukuba ziqinisekise ukuthi ungubani isakhamuzi, ubudala, indawo yokuhlala, nesikhundla sokuba izakhamuzi. Uma zilawulwa kahle, amavota adweba abonisa kuphela labo abavunyelwe ngokomthetho ukuvota, ukunciphisa ingozi yokukhwabanisa nokuvikela ubungcwele be-colort ngayinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-midwebo eqondile ivumela abaphathi bokhetho ukuba bandise imithombo − njengeziteshi, ibholaot, nezisebenzi − ezisekelwe enanini levoti ezibhaliwe ngokomthetho.

Ukubheka Igebe Eliphakeme

Ukubhalisa kusebenza njengesibopho sokuqala sokuvota. Izakhamuzi ezithatha isinyathelo sokubhalisa zivame kakhulu ukulandela futhi ziphonse ifomu lokubhalisa kunalezo ezingabhaliswanga. Ngokwe-Censues Bureau ye-U.S., ngo-202020, cishe amaphesenti angu-93 abavoti ababhaliswe ngokusemthethweni abikwa, uma kuqhathaniswa novota, i-40% kuphela yezakhamuzi ezifanele kodwa ezingabhaliswanga. Ukubhaliswa kuba yikho okwenza inqubo yokuzilawula; izimpawu futhi inciphisa ukuxabana ngosuku lokhetho. Inqubo yokubhalisa ebhaliswe enyangweni iye yahlanganiswa ekunyusweni, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu abasebasha namaqembu abekwe phansi.

Ukunika Izakhamuzi Nemiphakathi Amandla

Uma abantu bebhalisa, bazuza amandla okuthonya izinqumo ezithinta ukuphila kwabo kwansuku zonke . Ukusetshenziswa kwemali yesikole ngokwezinqubo zezwe. Lokhu kunikeza amandla kukhuthaza umuzwa wenhlangano nomthwalo wemfanelo. Izinhlangano ezinamazinga aphakeme okubhalisa zivame ukubona ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhamuzi ezingaphezulu kokuvota, njengokuvuma ngokuzithandela emikhankasweni, ukuya emahholo amadolobha, noma ukugijimela ehhovisi. Ukubhalisa kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuthatha isinyathelo esiqinisa indwangu yezenhlalo.

Ukuthuthukisa Imfundo Yesibhamu

Inqubo yokubhalisa evoti ngokuvamile ichaya izakhamuzi ekwazisweni ngamalungelo azo, isimiso sokhetho, nokubaluleka kokuvota. Imishini eminingi yokubhalisa ihlanganisa izinto ezifundisayo mayelana nabazobhapathizwa, izinyathelo zokuthatha ibhola, nendlela yokuhlola izindaba. Ngisho namatheku okubhalisa kuyi-webhusayithi anikeza ukuxhumana kwabavoti nemisebenzi emisiwe. Lemfundo ezenzekelayo isiza ukwakha umshini wokukhetha onolwazi ongcono, obalulekile ekutholeni idemokrasi enempilo.

Umbono Ongokomlando Ngemvume Yezomculo

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kokubhaliswa kwevoti e-United States kubonisa ukulwela kwezwe ukwandisa nokuvikela i-francre. Kusukela ekusungulweni kwezwe, ukuvota kwakulinganiselwe kumadoda amhlophe aphethe impahla. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, amagagasi enguquko asusa izithiyo zokubhalisa, kodwa ukulwela ukubhaliswa okutholakalayo kuyaqhubeka nanamuhla.

Izithiyo Zokuqala Nomthetho Wokusakaza Amalungelo Abantu Ka - 1965

Enkathini yangemva kokuhlelwa kwe-Reconstruction, amazwe amaningi aseNingizimu afaka ukuhlola kokufunda nokubhala, intela yokukhokha intela, nezinye izisetshenziswa zokususa i-Black contry. Lemithetho yayiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuvota ngesikhathi kuvela uhlanga-lunyela. IVoting Rights Act ka-656 (VRA) yayiwumzuzu ophelile: yayivimbela inqubo yokulawula i-discriminaritive, yayidinga ukuqondisa izifunda zikahulumeni ngomlando wokuvota, futhi yaholela ekwandeniseni okuphawulekayo ekuvotiseni kwabavoti-Black. Phakathi kuka-19649 no-1999, ukubhalisa okumnyama eMissississippis kwaphakama kusuka ku-6% kuya ku-59.8. UVRA usale omunye wemithetho ephumelela kakhulu yabedlula.

UMthetho Kazwelonke Wokubhalisa ka - 1993 (Umthetho Wesijikelezo Somsebe Wezigebengu)

Iqaphela ukuthi izinqubo zokubhalisa eziyinkimbinkimbi ezicindezelekile, iKhomishane yakhipha umthetho we-National Voter Rebibligial Act ngo-1993. Impoqo yayisa i-National Voter Act, yayidinga ukuba izifundazwe ukuba zinikeze ukubhalisa emishinini yomshayeli, amahhovisi omphakathi okusiza, nezikhungo zenkonzo zokukhubazeka. Umthetho futhi wagunyaza ukuba kuvunyelwe ukuba kubhaliswe iposi futhi kuvinjelwe ukususwa kwabavoti emibhalweni ukuze bangavoti. Imiphumela yayikhona ngokushesha: ngonyaka wokuqala, izicelo zokubhalisa ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-30 zahlelwa ngemishini emishayeni emisha. I-Mur Voter yanciphisa ngokuphawulekayo umzamo odingekayo ukuze kubhaliswe futhi kusizwe izigidi zabantu baseMelika.

Siza IMelika Ivevete Act ka - 2002 (HaVA)

Ngemva kokhetho lukamongameli luka 2000 oluphikiswaniwe, uKhongolo lwadlulisa i-HAVA, olwanikeza izimali kuhulumeni ezimisweni zokhetho zanamuhla, kuhlanganise nezincwadi zokuvota. I-HARVA yadinga ukuba kusungulwe izinhlu ezibekwa phakathi, ezibhaliswayo ze-computer futhi kubekwe izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zokubhaliswa kwemithetho ehlelekile. Nakuba i-HARVA, yayisa izifunda ezimisweni zokubhalisa ezithembeke kakhulu neziphumelelayo.

Intuthuko Yamuva: Ukubhalisa Ngobuchwepheshe Nokusebenzisa I - Internet

Kuleminyaka eyishumi edlule, izifundazwe ezingaphezu kwamashumi amabili neSifunda saseColumbia ziye zamukela i-octive Voter Relibration (AVR). Ngaphansi kwe-AVR, izakhamuzi ezifanele zibhaliswa ukuba zivote ngokuzenzakalela lapho zisebenzelana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni (umz. DMV, izikhungo zezempilo) ngaphandle kokuba zikhethe. I-Oregon yaba eyokuqala ukusebenzisa i-AVR ngo-2016, futhi phakathi neminyaka emibili ukuvota kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-270,000. Ngokufanayo, ukubhalisa nge-intanethi (ngokufana, [1] manje sekukhona ezindaweni ezingu-40) izakhamuzi ukuba zibhalise ekhaya, kususe isidingo sezincwadi kanye nokuhambelana. Lemikhambiso yenze yabhalisa ngokushesha, enembile, futhi etholakalayo.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Zokubhalisa Izincwadi

Naphezu kwentuthuko, kusekhona izithiyo ezinkulu. Lezi zinselele zithinta abantu abaphansi kakhulu, abantu abanombala, abantu abadala, kanye nalabo abakhubazekile − ngokucacile amaqembu aye abekwa imingcele enqubweni yentando yeningi ngokomlando.

Izithiyo Zokuthola Izincwadi

Akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi. Amahhovisi amaningi okubhalisa anamahora alinganiselwe, asendaweni ekude nezokuthutha komphakathi, noma adinga izincwadi ezinye izakhamuzi ezingenazo. Imingcele yolimi ingayishintsha futhi inqubo; kanti i-Voting Rights Act idinga usizo lwezigaba ezimbili ezihlukene, i-imfihlo ayibanzi kakhulu. Abantu abangahlali ekhaya babhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu ngoba abanalo ikheli elimisiwe. Ngisho nasezizweni lapho bebhaliswa nge-intanethi, ukufinyela kwe-tecture akukho kuyo yonke indawo: ngokwe-Pew Research Center, cishe 10% ye-U.S.

Imithetho Yevoter

Imithetho ye-ID eqinile ingadala izithiyo eziseqophelweni lokubhaliswa. Nakuba lemithetho ivame ukulunganiswa njengezindlela ezimelene nokuvota, ukuhlola kuye kwathola ukuthi ukuvota kuyivelakancane kakhulu. Kunalokho, izimfuneko ze-ID zithambekele ekunqandeni ukubhaliswa kwamaqembu okungathandeki kakhulu ukuba abe ne-ID yezithombe zikahulumeni ezifakwe uhulumeni − njengokuthatha izithombe zasebekhulile, abafundi, neqembu elincane lobuhlanga. Kusukela ngo-2024, amazwe angu-36 anemithetho efuna ukuba abavoti banikeze ukukhomba enqunyweni, futhi izifunda ezimbalwa zibeka imithetho ye-ID yezithombe ezingasehlela amashumi ezinkulungwane zezakhamuzi ezifanele.

Ukukhishwa kweVoter Roll

Ezinye ziphethe isinqumo esinzima sokukhipha amavota, ukususa amagama asekelwe emniningwaneni ephelelwe isikhathi noma ekuvoteni okuvamile. Nakuba ukugcinwa kudingekile ukugcina umqulu uhlanzekile, ukuhlanza kungafezwa kakhulu, kususwe abaphinde babhaliswe. Inkantolo Ephakeme i-2018 inqunywe u-HYULETY v. A. UPhilip Randolph Institute [ wasekela umkhuba wokususa uvota ohlulekayo ukuvota ngenkathi yeminyaka emibili futhi akaphenduli isaziso esiye sasusa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zobhaliso. Umthetho onjalo u-A.

Ukungaqondi Nokunganaki Komphakathi

Izakhamuzi eziningi ezifanelekayo azibhalisi ngoba aziqapheli ngezikhathi ezimisiwe, zinephutha ngezimfuneko, noma zikholelwa ukuthi amavoti azo abalulekile. Ukungagunyazi kusasazwa kuyi-internet . njengokusho okungamanga ukuthi kudingeka ukukhokha imali ukuze kubhaliswe noma ukuthi ukubhalisa kuyisicupho sikahulumeni, . Ukunganaki nakho kuyisici: okhethweni lwama-202020, amaMelika alinganiselwa ezigidi eziyi - 17 ahlala engabhaliswanga. Ukulwa nalokhu kudinga imfundo eqhubekayo nokungenela komphakathi.

Ithonya Lokubhalisa Ngezigaba Zemali Ezobuchwepheshe Empilweni Yentando Yeningi

Ukubhalisa okuqinile komvoti akukhulisi nje kuphela; kuqinisa sonke isimiso sentando yeningi.

Ukubusa Okwengeziwe Kommeleli

Uma amazinga okubhalisa ephakeme kuwo wonke amaqembu amanani abantu, izikhulu ezikhethiwe zithambekele kakhulu ekubonakaliseni ukuhlukahluka kwenani labantu. Imithetho nezimiso ziba ezisabela kakhulu ezidingweni zabo bonke abantu, hhayi nje lezo ezibophelele kwezombangazwe. Ukubusa ngentando yeningi okumelela ukubhaliswa kwesizwe ngokwako kudinga ukuba i-votor ngokwako imelelwe () inyathelo lokuqala lokufinyelela lokho.

Ukulandisa Okukhulu Kwezikhulu Eziqashelwe

Izikhulu eziqashelwayo ziqaphela ukuvota. Uma ukubhalisa kuphansi, abahleli bemithetho bangase bayishaye indiva yonke imiphakathi, bazi ukuthi ayiyona ingozi enkulu yokukhetha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma izakhamuzi eziningi zibhaliswe, izikhulu kumelwe zithathe indlebe futhi ziphendule. Ukubhaliswa kwenza kube nethuba elivumayo: izikhulu ezibophe izicelo zifuna ukuthatha isinyathelo, futhi ezihluleka ukuveza imiphumela ebhekene nezincwadi.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Okuqinisiwe

Imishini yokubhalisa ivame ukuba yizenzakalo zomphakathi ezikhuthaza ukuhlangana kwezenhlalo nomphakathi. Amaqembu omphakathi, izikole, nezinhlangano zenkolo ezikhuthaza izenzakalo zokubhalisa zikhuthaza nezinye izindlela zokuhlanganyela − njengokusebenza ngokuzithandela, ukuya emihlanganweni, noma ngisho nokubalekela isikhundla. Isenzo sokubhalisa singaba isango lesithembiso sonyaka wonke, hhayi nje umsebenzi weminyaka emine yonke.

Izinyathelo Zokuthuthukisa Ukubhalisa Imali Nokuhlanganyela Okukhulu

Ukuthuthukisa ukubhalisa kudinga indlela ebanzi ebhekisa kokubili imingcele elawulayo kanye nesusa yomuntu ngamunye. Ngezansi kunezinqubo ezisekelwe kubufakazi eziye zaphumelela emazweni ahlukahlukene nasemasipala.

Imikhankaso Yemfundo Nokuqapha Komphakathi

Imikhankaso ehlongozwayo etshela izakhamuzi ukuthi zingayiveza kanjani imiphumela emikhulu, nini, futhi kuphi imvume yokubhalisa. Ngokwesibonelo, amahlelo omphakathi asesikoleni esiphakeme ahlanganisa izakhi zokubhalisa abonakala ethuthukisa ukubhalisa kwentsha ngamaphesenti angu-8-18-15. Imikhankaso yezezindaba, izimemezelo zenkonzo yomphakathi, nezinxulumani nabathonyeli zingafinyelela izilaleli ezisencane. Isihluthulelo siwukunikeza ukwaziswa okucacile, okuthatha isinyathelo − njengokusebenza isikhathi nokuxhumana ne-i - Internet (i-internals) kunokunxusa okungaqondakali kwemisebenzi yomphakathi.

Ukuhlangana Nobudlelwane Bomphakathi

Izinhlangano ze-rasroot ngokuvamile zinezikhundla ezingcono kakhulu zokufinyelela abantu abangakholeki. Imisebenzi engazuzisi njengeNhlangano yabesifazane, i-Rock of Women Voters, i-Vote, ne-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) iqhuba impoqo yokubhalisa ontanga ukuya kwesokuhamba-hamba ezindlini, emasontweni, ezikhungweni zomphakathi, nasezikoleni zamakolishi. Imizamo enjalo yakha ukwethemba nokuhlangana nabantu lapho bekhona, ngokungokoqobo nangendlela engokomfanekiso. Ukuxhasa lezinhlangano kubalulekile, njengoba kwenza indawo engokomthetho evumela ukubhaliswa kwesithathu ngaphandle kwemithetho ephakeme.

Izinguquko Zenqubo: Ukubhalisa Ngosuku Olufanayo Nokubhalisa Kwabantwana Ngaphambi Kwenkathi Yokubhalisa

Ukubhaliswa ngosuku olufanayo − okuvumela izakhamuzi ezifanele ukuba zibhalise futhi zivote ngosuku olufanayo (ngokusho ezindaweni zokuvota zakuqala noma ngoSuku Lokhetho) [1] kuye kwamukelwa ezifundazweni ezingu 22 nase-Foourty of Columbia. Ukucwaninga kwe-Brennan Center yeJaji kubonisa ukuthi ukubhalisa usuku olunye kungakhuphuka ngama-5-7 esigaba. Ngokufanayo, ukuvumela amashumi ayisithupha nayishumi nanye aneminyaka engu-17 ukuba abhalise ngokuzenzekelayo ukuze abhaliswe lapho enikeza ingxenye eshumi nanhlanu e-18. Izwe elifana neCalifornia, iFlorida, neHawaii liye laqala ukubhalisa ama-odantina ngemiphumela emihle.

Ukubhalisa i Voter okuzenzekelayo (AVR)

I-AVR mhlawumbe iyinguquko engathi sína emashumini eminyaka amuva. Ngokususa iphutha kukhetho olungenayo kuya ekukhetheni, i-AVR yandisa ngokuphawulekayo umqulu wamavoti kuyilapho inciphisa amaphutha nezindleko. Ngemva kokuba iWashington State ifake i-AVR ngo-2019, amazinga okubhalisa phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezifanelekayo anyuka ngeminyaka engaphezu kwe-10% phakathi neminyaka emibili. I-AVR futhi iguqula lenqubo ngokusebenzisa ukwaziswa okulondekile komshini okudluliswa phakathi kwezinhlangano, inciphisa imithwalo yephepha ezikhulwini zokhetho.

Ukubhalisa Kwe - Internet Okulula Nokuhamba Ngeselula

Izimiso zikahulumeni zokubhalisa nge-inthanethi kufanele ziklanywe zinolwazi lomsebenzisi: izimpawu ze-makhalekhukhwini, iziyalezo ezicacile, izikhathi zokulayisha ezisheshayo, kanye nokusekela kwezindlela eziningi. Ezinye izifundazwe manje zivuma izignesha ze-electal, ziqeda isidingo sokunyathelisa nokuthumela, futhi zihlanganiswe nezinhlelo ze-algray ye-algister. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso se-website yaseCalifornia, ukubhalisa okunenqubo ngemizuzu emincane futhi zihlanganisa "hlola ukubhalisa kwakho" isici esithuthukisa ukuqiniseka.

Ikusasa Lokubhaliswa Kwevoter

Ubuchwepheshe, isimiso, kanye nezimiso zezenhlalo kuyoqhubeka kushintsha indlela amaMelika abhalisa ngayo ekuvoteleni.

Ukuxhumana Nemininingwane Nokubambisana

Ukuhlanganiswa okungcono phakathi kwemithola-lwazi kahulumeni − njengaleyo yezincwadi zokushayela, izinzuzo zomphakathi, namarekhodi abalulekile − kungasiza "kungabi--parse-parse" ukubhalisa: izakhamuzi zinganikezwa ithuba lokubhalisa noma ukuvuselela ukubhalisa kwazo noma zisebenzisa i-sethi kahulumeni. Izivumelwano zanamuhla, eziqiniswe ngemikhondo yokubhala nokuhlola, zingavimbela amaphutha nokuphindaphinda. Isimiso se-AVR, ngokwesibonelo, i-DMVVV isebenzisa ukwaziswa okusemthethweni ukubhalisa izakhamuzi ngokuzenzakalela, inciphisa ukungeniswa kwemininingwane yezandla nokuthuthukisa ukunemba okunemba.

Isimiso sokuhamba sokuqala ne-API-Drive

Njengoba ukusetshenziswa kocingo kukhula, ukubhalisa kumelwe kube lula njengokuyala ukudla noma ukuthatha uhambo. Ama- States ahlola izinhlelo zohlelo (API) ezivumela i-apps yesithathu yengxenye (umzk., amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana, amabhange) ukuqinisekisa i-akhawunti nokunikeza izicelo zokubhalisa i-odoli. Ukuhlangana okunjalo kungahlangana nabavoti abasebasha lapho sebesebenzise khona ukuphila kwabo kwamanani.

Izindlela Zokuphepha Ezikhuliswe Namathuba Omuntu Othile

Ukuthembela esimisweni sokhetho kuxhomeke ekulondekeni kwemitapo yokuvota. Izimiso zesikhathi esizayo ziyohlanganisa isiqiniseko samafektha amaningi, imikhondo esekelwe kumabhukwana, nokuthola igebe elikhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isivikelo sobuso becala kumelwe siqinisekise ukuthi ulwazi lomvoti alusetshenziswanga kabi noma luthengiswe. I-ECommup Personation Commission nezikhulu zikahulumeni kakade zisebenza ezindinganisweni zenhlanzeko ye-inthacucucu, kuhlanganise nokuhlola njalo izingozi nemininingwane yokufinyeza.

Ukukhuluma Ngokungavumelani Nabantu Abangalawuleki

AmaMelika alinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-4,6 anezinkolelo eziqinile awanakuvota ngenxa yemithetho yezwe ewalahlayo ngisho nangemva kokuqeda imilandu yawo. Izinhlangano zokuguqula inguquko zithola imvume: ngo-2020, iColorado neCalifornia zibuyiselwa amalungelo okuvota; abavoti beFlorida badlulisa iSichibiyelo sesine ngo-201818 ukuze baphinde bathathe izigebengu eziningi, nakuba ukumiswa kokumiswa kwemithetho kuye kwaphikiswa. Njengoba lemiba iyaqhubeka, izimiso zokubhalisa esikhathini esizayo zingadinga ukuhlanganisa izinqubo zokubuyisela izakhamuzi ezibuyayo, kuqikelelwe emuva ngokushekelelekile emibhalweni lapho kukhululwa.

Isiphetho

Ukubhalisa akusona nje isithiyo sobureaucrate; yisithiyo esiqinile sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Kusukela ekuqinisekiseni ukuba kuqinisekiswe izinhlangano eziqeqeshiwe, isenzo sokubhalisa izimpawu zesibopho sesakhamuzi sokuzilawula. Kodwa njengoba lesi sihloko sibonise, lenqubo ihlala ingenakulingani, nemingcele ephikelelayo yokungena nokuncintisana kwezombangazwe. I-pactom engokomlando, nokho, ingunxanxanxantathu eqondenelisayo (ukufakwa) ku-(kusukela ku-Voting Rights Act ekubhaliseni okuzenzekelayo. Ngokufaka imfundo, izinhlelo zobuchwepheshe, nakokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe, singakha isimiso sokubhalisa esilondekile futhi esicishe sibe sendaweni yonke. Uma izakhamuzi zonke ezifanelekayo ziseminyameni, idemo yentando yentando yentando yeningi; akumeleki kakhulu; ikhona.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngendlela yokubhalisa ukuvota esifundazweni sakho, vakashela isikhulu USUSA.gov uvoti ikhasi lokubhalisa. Ukuhlola ukucwaninga kwamuva ngezinguquko zokuvota, thinta i-Brennan Center for Justice [[[FLT:]] ne- Conference of State Legastislatures.