Indima Ephawulekayo Yokubusa Kwendawo Ekuvikeleni Impilo Yomphakathi

Phakathi nobhadane lweCOVID 16), izwe labona iqiniso elibi: isisekelo sempilo yomphakathi asikho enhloko - dolobha ekude noma endlunkulu yomhlaba wonke, kodwa emahholo edolobha, eminyangweni yezempilo yesifundazwe, nasemitholampilo yomphakathi ehlanganisa ukubusa kwendawo. Lapho kugadla inkinga yezempilo, uhulumeni wendawo ohlela izindawo zokuhlola, uxhumanisa iziqondiso zokuphepha, uhlanganisa izikole namabhizinisi, futhi uqinisekisa izakhamuzi ezisengozini kakhulu ukuba zithole ukunakekelwa. Lokhu kuye kwagcizelela iqiniso lokuthi ochwepheshe bezempilo bamazwe baqonda ukuthi sekuyisikhathi eside kunguhulumeni wezwe ukwakhiwa kwesimiso sezempilo esiqinile, esisabelayo.

Ohulumeni bendawo ngokuvamile baqala ukuzwa izinsongo ezivelayo, abasheshayo ukuqoqa imithombo yezimali, nezithunywa ezithenjwa kakhulu zemiphakathi yabo. Nokho umsebenzi wabo uvame ukuncishiswa, uncishiswe, futhi unganakwa ezimpikiswaneni zezwe. Ukuze kulondolozwe futhi kuthuthukiswe izindinganiso zempilo zomphakathi, kumelwe siqonde indlela ukubusa kwendawo okusebenza ngayo, izithiyo ezisabekayo okubhekene nazo, kanye namasu angawuguqula usuka ekuxhumaneni okubuthakathaka ube yindawo yokuvimbela nokusabela.

Ukuchaza Ukubusa Kwendawo Empilweni Yomphakathi

Ukubusa kwezempilo yomphakathi kubhekisela ezakhiweni, izinqubo, nezinhlangano imiphakathi eyenza kuzo izinqumo futhi isebenzise izenzo zokuvikela nempilo. Akuyona nje inhlangano kahulumeni yendawo; kuhlanganisa izikhulu ezikhethiwe, izikhulu zezempilo ezimisiwe, izibhodi zomphakathi, izisebenzi zomphakathi ezingahwebi zenza inzuzo, nezisebenzi zokuzithandela zezakhamuzi ezihlela ndawonye isimo sempilo.

Nakuba ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni bebeka imithetho ebanzi − njengezindinganiso zokuphepha kokudla noma ukufakwa kwemijovo esemthethweni kanye nokuzivumelanisa okwenzeka endaweni yendawo. Umnyango wezempilo wedolobha endaweni enabantu abaningi ungahlela ukuqashelwa kwezifo nokukhucululwa kwendle ezakhiweni eziphakeme ze-28, kuyilapho umnyango wezempilo wasemaphandleni ungagxila ekunakekeleni amanzi asemaphandleni nasekutholeni ukunakekelwa okuyinhloko. Lokhu kuvumelana kwenza ukuba ukulawulwa kwendawo kuvumelane nokungenela kwenani eliyingqayizivele, indawo, kanye namaqiniso ezomnotho emphakathini ngamunye.

Igunya elisemthethweni lempilo yomphakathi lendawo liyahlukahluka ngokwezwe. E-United States, amazwe amaningi aphathisa amadolobha namadolobha ukuba athathe izilinganiso zemithetho enjenge ilungiselelo lokubusa kwekhaya, kuyilapho kwamanye amazwe, ohulumeni bendawo basebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho kazwe kodwa bagcina ukwahlulela okuphawulekayo ekusetshenzisweni. Okuhlala kungukusondelana kwesinqumo kuma-sopractist kubantu abakhonzayo, okukhuthaza ukulandisa nokusabela.

Umtapo wezokuxhumana zezimiso zempilo yomphakathi

Indima ebalulekile yohulumeni bendawo empilweni yomphakathi ingahlelwa ibe yizici ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukuhlola, ukuthuthukisa isimiso, nokuqinisekisa. Lemisebenzi, emiswe yi-CDC's Effectal Health Services [, inikeza uhlelo lokuhlola nokuqinisa amandla endawo.

Ukuhlolwa Nokudla Okuningi

Iminyango yezempilo yendawo ihlola isimo sempilo semiphakathi yayo ngokuqoqwa kokwaziswa, ukuhlola ngesayensi yokuthatheka kwezifo, kanye nemibhalo ebalulekile. Ihlobisa ukuqubuka kwesifo esibangelwa ukudla (kusukela emaqenjini okugula okubangelwa yimfuluwenza) kuya ekuqubukeni kwezifo ezingalapheki (/kunye) nokungatholi ukuhlasela okungapheli. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kuqapha kwendawo, ukwaziswa kwesizwe bekungaba kubi kakhulu ukuba kungathola izimpawu zokuqala zobhadane noma ukuhlukanisa abantu abasengozini ezindaweni ezithile.

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezimiso Zokusebenza Nokuphoqelelwa Kwamandla

Ohulumeni bendawo bakha imithetho ethinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke: imithetho yokwakha evimbela ukuchayeka komthofu, imithetho yokuhlola isitolo sokudlela enciphisa ukugula okubangelwa ukudla okuhamba ngokuphazima kweso, igunyaza izifihla - buso phakathi nokuqubuka kwemigudu yokuphefumula, nemithetho yokuhlela elinganisela iziphuzo eziphumayo zikagwayi noma utshwala eduze nezikole. Izimiso zokuphoqelela ukumiswa kwemali ezikhokhelwa ukunqandwa kwesimiso sokukhuculwa kwendle noma amabhizinisi ahlulekayo ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha.

Isiqinisekiso Sezinkonzo Nokutholakala Kwazo

Isiqinisekiso sisho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkonzo zezempilo ezibalulekile ziyatholakala, ziyatholakala futhi ziyamukeleka. Ohulumeni bendawo baphethe imitholampilo yomphakathi, baphethe izinhlelo zezempilo zomzanyana, baxhumanisa nezibhedlela zokulungiselela isimo esiphuthumayo, futhi banikeza imfundo yempilo ngezikole nangemikhankaso yomphakathi. Bahlanganisa izakhamuzi nezinhlelo zomshuwalense kanye nezinkonzo zomphakathi ezithinta abanqanda impilo, njengezindlu, ukudla, nokuhamba.

Izindaba Zempumelelo: Lokho Ukubukeka Kwababusi Bendawo Abaphumelelayo

Emhlabeni wonke, ohulumeni abaningi bendawo baye babonisa ukuthi yini engenzeka lapho intando yezombangazwe, ukuthembisana komphakathi, nokuthola imithombo yengcebo ephambili kuvumelana.

Izikhungo zezempilo zamazinyo eLouisville, Kentucky
I-Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness yaguqula isimiso sayo sokunakekela ngokuhlanganisa izinkonzo zezempilo zomphakathi ezihlangeneyo ezinikeza ukunakekela okuyinhloko, izinkonzo zamazinyo, impilo, nekhemisi ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa. Umphumela: ukuncishiswa kwezesimo esiphuthumayo nokuthuthukiswa kwezifo zamahlala eziphansi phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezithola amakhaya. Umnyango futhi uhlanganisa amayunithi empilo ahambayo ukuze afinyelele abantu abangenamakhaya, uveza indlela ohulumeni bendawo abakwazi ngayo ukunikeza izinkonzo zokunakekela amazinyo, impilo, nekhemisifa ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa.

I-Vaccinations eKerala, eNdiya[FLT]] uhulumeni bendawo waseKerala (i-panchayats) waba umnyombo wemikhankaso yokugoma ephumelela kakhulu e-COVID 2016. Imikhankaso yemikhankaso yemikhakhakha yamadolobha yaveza abantu abafanelekayo, abahlelelwe abantu abadala, abahlelelwe ukuthutha, abasebenzisa imithombo yezindaba yendawo ukulwa nokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezimahholo zomphakathi. Le mikhankani yotshani yafinyelela ngaphezu kwe-90% yesilinganiso sokuqala sesilinganiso sesilinganiso sesilinganiso sesilinganiso sezwe. Isihluthulelo sasibekwe izakhamuzi eziholisweni zabo zendawo nasemakhonweni ohulumeni bendawo ukuvumelanisa iziqondiso zendawo nezindlela zendawo.

Ukulawula ugwayi owenziwe ngokunenzuzo eDolobheni laseNew York [[FLT]] Umnyango wezempilo waseNew York City unomlando omude wemithetho yokuphayona esendaweni (kusukela ekuphakamiseni isilinganiso esincane seminyaka kuya ku-21], ukuvimbela imikhiqizo kagwayi emnandi, ukugcwalisa izimpawu ezibonisa isixwayiso ezitolo zezitolo. Lemithetho yendawo, ngokuvamile enonya kakhulu kunombuso noma izinyathelo zikahulumeni, inengxenye ekuncipheni okukhulu kwezinga lokubhema. Impumelelo ibonisa ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo bangasebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola inqubo, ukuhlola okuqinile okuthi kamuva kube yizibonelo zezikhungo zezindawo ezinkulu.

Izinselele Eziphikelelayo Ezizama Kakhulu Imizamo Yasezindaweni Ezungezile

Naphezu kwalezi zici ezigqamile, ukubusa kwempilo yomphakathi kubhekene nezinselele eziwumbukwane ezivimbela ukuphumelela nokuzinzile.

Umkhuba Wokungadli Nje Okunenzuzo

Emazweni amaningi, iminyango yezempilo yendawo isebenza ekuhleleni imali yokuhlela izicathulo. Ukuhlola kwango-2019 kwe-National Association of County and City Health Offaaliers kwathola ukuthi ingxenye yeminyango yezempilo yendawo yase-U.S. inciphise izisebenzi eminyakeni emihlanu edlule. Uma kunqunywa izimali, izinhlelo zokuqala ezizohamba ngokuvamile ziyizokuvimbela nokuqeda imicimbi evimbela izinkinga ngaphambi kokuba ziqale. Izimali ezinganele ziholela ekuthembeleni ezinkokheni ezinkonzweni ezimfushane, ezihlukene futhi zenza ukuba kungabi nakwenzeka ukuhlelwa isikhathi eside.

Ukufaneleka Kwezombangazwe Nokuguquka Kobuholi

Abaqondisi bezempilo bendawo kanye nomphathi-mameya bakhonza ngokwenjabulo yezindikimba ezikhethiwe noma abavoti, futhi ukuvuleka okukhulu kungaphazamisa. Isimiso esisha singalahla izinhlelo ezisekelwe kubufakazi ezaqalwa yinduna yaso, sithathele indawo ochwepheshe bezempilo abanolwazi abamisiwe kwezombangazwe, noma sinciphise impilo ngenxa yokuthuthuka kwezomnotho. Ukufakwa kwezifihla - buso okugunyaza izimfuno zempi phakathi nomqedazwe kungabonisa ngokucacile ukuthi impilo yomphakathi ingaba ibhola likanobhutshuzwayo leze.

Amandla Alinganiselwe Okwaziswa Nobufakazi

Iminyango eminingi yezempilo yendawo ayinazo izisekelo zobuchwepheshe nobuchwepheshe bezibalo ukuze iqoqe, ihlaziye, futhi isebenzise ukwaziswa ngokuphumelelayo. Ngaphandle kwezimiso zemininingwane eziqinile, abanakubona ukuthi yimaphi amazinga aphakeme esifuba somoya noma ukuthi yiziphi izigodlo ezingekho kubantu abahlala khona. Baphoqeleka ukuba bathembele ebufakazini obungokomoya noma imibiko yombuso ephelelwe isikhathi, inciphisa ikhono labo lokuqoqa imithombo ngokuphumelelayo futhi ibonise ithonya kubaxhasi bezimali.

Izingxabano Zokuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokwethembana

Ngisho nohlelo lwempilo lwendawo oluhlelwe kahle kakhulu luhluleka uma umphakathi ungamethembi isithunywa. Ukungalungi okungokomlando − njengokuhlola ngogcunsula noma ukuvala inzalo okuphoqelelwe () kuye kwabangela ukungaqiniseki okukhulu ezikhulwini zezempilo zomphakathi, ikakhulukazi eziMfili, ezizweni ezihlukene, nakwamanye amaqembu. Ukwethemba kokwakha kudinga ukukhulumisana okungaguquguquki, ukuzithoba komphakathi, nokuhlanganyela okunenjongo ekuthatheni izinqumo, konke okudinga isikhathi nemithombo yohulumeni abaningi bendawo.

Izinyathelo Zokuqinisa Ukubusa Kwendawo Empilweni Yomphakathi

Ukuze kuxazululwe lezi zinselele kudingeka indlela eyinkimbinkimbi enikeza ohulumeni bendawo amandla kuyilapho bebanika amathuluzi nokusekela abakudingayo ukuze baphumelele.

Ukunakekela Imali Eqinile Nevumelana Nezimo

Kunokuthembela ezinkokhelweni eziguquguqukayo, ohulumeni kufanele bamise izimali ezinikezelwe zempilo yomphakathi wendawo ngezindawo ezihlangene nezidingo zomphakathi, amazinga obumpofu, nemiphumelo yempilo. Izinqubo ezinjalo zinikeza ukuzinza futhi zivumele iminyango yezempilo ukuba ihlele izinyathelo zonyaka onezingxenye. Izinhlangano zobuFilantimhropo nazo zingafeza indima ngokunikeza iminikelo yokwakha engazinikezi imikhiqizo emincane.

Ukwakha Izakhiwo Zokwaziswa Nekhono Lokwakha

Iminyango yezempilo yendawo idinga izimiso zokwaziswa zesimanje ezingahlanganisa ukwaziswa ezibhedlela, emagumbini, ezikoleni, nasezinhlanganweni zezenhlalakahle. I-Cloud́tease, amarekhodi empilo asebenza ndawonye, nokuqeqeshwa kwezesayensi yezesayensi yokuphehla izifo kanye nezimiso zesayensi yemvelo kungaguqula ukwaziswa okungashadiwe kube ukuhlakanipha okusebenzayo. Izinhlangano zezemfundo zinganikeza ukusekela okuphansi okungokobuchwepheshe kanye nosizo ekuthuthukiseni amabhodi axhuzumisa izingozi ezikhona kubenzi bezimiso zomthetho nomphakathi.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nendalo KaCoש

Ukubusa kwendawo okuphumelelayo kuphatha umphakathi njengomsizi, hhayi umuntu onganaki. Amabhodi ezokuxhumana akhiwe izakhamuzi, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nabameleli bamaqembu ahlukene ngokomlando kufanele babe nethonya langempela ekusebenziseni uhlelo lwemali oluza kuqala nasohlelweni lwezinhlelo. Amathuluzi anjengendlela yokuhlela imali, izinhlelo zempilo zomphakathi zidinga ukuhlolwa, futhi amajaji ezakhamuzi angakha ukwethembana nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukungenela kubonisa izindinganiso zendawo.

Ukuqinisa Imikhumbi Engumxhumanisi

Impilo yomphakathi ayiyona eyezomnyango wezempilo kuphela. Ohulumeni bendawo kufanele bahlele ukuba basebenzelane neziphathimandla zezindlu, amanxusa ezokuthutha, izifunda, amahhovisi ezentengiselwano ezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukungenelana komnyango wedolobha wohlelo lwedolobha nomnyango wezempilo kungaqinisekisa ukuthi intuthuko entsha yezindlu ezithengwayo ihlanganisa izindawo eziluhlaza, izindlela ezihambayo, nokusondela ezitolo (ukukhuluphala kwengqondo) kanye nempilo engcono.

Ukuvikela Impilo Yomphakathi Ekuphazanyisweni Kwezombangazwe

Ukuze kuvinjelwe izinqumo zempilo emijikelezweni encishisiwe, ohulumeni bendawo bangathatha izenzo zempilo zomphakathi ezinikeza izikhulu zezempilo amagama amisiwe, igunya elisobala elingokomthetho, kanye nemali ezimele. Izimfuneko zokubona ngaphaya komthetho . "ezifana nokukhipha ubufakazi obungokwezempilo" nokuvala izindlebe zomphakathi" ziqinisa ukufaneleka. Phakathi nama-mosfectri acacile okumemezela isimo esiphuthumayo sempilo sendawo nokusekela izinhlangano zezwe nohulumeni ukuba zimiswe ukuze izombangazwe zingabambezeleli ukusindisa ukuphila.

Indlela Engaphambili: Ukuzivumelanisa Nosongo Oluvundlile

Ikusasa lokubusa kwendawo empilweni yomphakathi kumelwe libhekane nezinselele ezintsha nezikhudlwana: ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukumelana nezibulala magciwane, inkinga yempilo engokwengqondo phakathi kwentsha, kanye nokungalingani okuphikelelayo okuvezwa yilolubhadane. Ohulumeni bendawo babheke phambili kulezizinsongo futhi kuyodingeka ukuba baqhubeke beguquka.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuletha izikhukhula ezivamile, i-itwaves, nezifo ezibangelwa yi-vector . Iminyango yezempilo yendawo kumelwe ivumelane nezici zonke zemisebenzi yayo .Kusukela ekuhloleni ukushisa okuhlobene nokunye ukuvikela amasu alolu hlelo okuthi inhlekelele ivikele labo abanezimo ezimahlala njalo. Ngokwesibonelo, amadolobha asogwini, kakade aseyizikhulu ezisekela impilo, ukunakekelwa kwesimo esiphuthumayo, neminyango yendawo ezungezile.

Impilo ukulingana kudinga ukugxila ngamabomu ezakhiweni ezidala ukulahlekelwa. Ohulumeni bendawo bangathatha “ukwelashwa kuzo zonke izinqubo”, bafune wonke umthetho ohlongozwayo (*nazo zonke iziteshi, izindlu, noma imfundo) ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi zisebenza kanjani. Amanye amadolobha, njengeBaltimore, asungule izimali zempilo ezikhokhela intela ezindaweni ezihlukene ezingokomlando.

Ubuchwepheshe buzoqhubeka busebenza futhi empilweni yomphakathi. I-Telehealth, i-gasting, ne-apples ezihamba-hambayo zingandisa ukufinyelela kweminyango yezempilo yendawo emakhaya nasezindaweni zemisebenzi. Kodwa lamathuluzi kumelwe asetshenziswe ngokucabangela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhlukanisa izinombolo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwemikhaya yasebekhulile nehholo eliphansi. Ohulumeni bendawo kufanele baxhumane nemitapo yezincwadi, izikhungo zomphakathi, nezifunda zesikole ukuze banikeze ukuqeqeshelwa kolwazi lwe-inthaneti nokufunda.

Isiphetho

Ukubusa kwendawo akuyona nje indawo engcono yokuqondisa, kodwa injini elawula izinga lempilo yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi ezikhathini zenhlekelele nezokunakekelwa kwesimiso. Umqedazwe wasifundisa ukuthi ukusabela okuphumelela kakhulu kwezempilo yomphakathi yilokho okusondelene kakhulu nabantu, okuhambisana nezidingo zabo, futhi okusheshayo ukujwayela izimo zendawo. Kodwa le njini ngokuvamile ilula futhi ayinakwa.

Ukuze silondoloze futhi sithuthukise izindinganiso zempilo yomphakathi, kumelwe sifake imali eminyangweni yezempilo yendawo, sivikele ukuzibusa kwayo, sizihlomisele ngamathuluzi okwaziswa anamuhla, futhi siwafake ngokujulile emiphakathini ekhonzayo. Impilo yezizwe ixhomeke emandleni anamandla endawo. Uma ukubusa kwendawo kuhluleka, impilo yomphakathi iyahluleka; uma ichuma, wonke umphakathi ukhula. Esikhathini esizayo usongo lwempilo luvela `/nalo gciwane elisha, ukushisa, noma umqedazwe wokuphelelwa yithemba, kuzakulinganiswa kuqala futhi ngokuyinhloko ngendlela ohulumeni bendawo abazimisele ngayo ukuhlangabezana nalo.