Indima Yokubalwa Kwabantu Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

Ukubalwa kwabantu kwesizwe akuwona nje umthombo wemininingwane oyisisekelo ohlela indlela ohulumeni abasebenzisa ngayo amakhulu ezigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ezimalini zomphakathi, badwebe izigodi zemithetho, futhi bahlele izinhlelo zemisebenzi yesikhathi esizayo. Ukunquma inani lezihlalo ezibekwa isifunda ngasinye eKhongosweni ukuze kuqondiswe lapho kwakhiwe izibhedlela nezikole ezintsha, imiphumela yokubala ithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi. Ukuveza le miphumela ebucayi, ukwaziswa kumelwe kube okunembile, okuphelele, futhi kungaguquguquki phakathi kwesikhathi. Lokho kuxhomeke ngokuphelele eqophelweni nasemgangathweni yemizamo yokuphumelela.

Uma inani labantu lingatholakali ngokwethukela noma lingafinyelelwanga, ukwaziswa okuvelayo kuyalahleka. Eminye imiphakathi ibala, kanti eminye ingathathwa kakhulu ngokwenani labantu abakhona. Kulokhu kulandelelana kwemijikelezo yokubalwa kwabantu, lokhu kunamaphutha amancane, ukululaza ukwethembeka kwenani labantu. Ohulumeni nezinhlangano ezithembele ekwazini kokuthatha isikhathi eside ukuze kubonwe amanqamu enani labantu, umsebenzi, izindlu, nempilo, ukulondoloza ukulingana okungaguquguquki unyaka nonyaka akuyona indida.

Okwenza Ukungaguquguquki Ekugqameni Kwezibalo Kube Okubucayi

Ukwakha Nokulondoloza Ithemba Lomphakathi

Ukuthembana kuyimali yokubalwa kwabantu. Uma abantu beqonda ukuthi ukwaziswa kwabo kuzakusetshenziswa kanjani, bakholelwa ukuthi kuzakugcinwa kuyimfihlo, futhi baqaphele ukuthi ukubalwa kwabantu kunezinzuzo ezingokoqobo emphakathini wabo, cishe kuyoba khona. Nokho, ukuthembana kulula. Ukwephulwa kokwaziswa okukodwa, ukuncintisana komphakathi okungaphathwa kahle, noma inkathi yokuthula kweziphathimandla zokubala kungenza iminyaka eminingi inciphe ukuthembana. Ukugcinwa kokubhaliswa kwabantu ngokugcina ukubala kubonakale, ukubonakala, ukubonakala, nokulandisa. Izenzakalo zasikhathi sonke somphakathi, imikhankaso yemfundo, nemibiko esobala iqinisekisa umphakathi ukuthi ukubalwa kwabantu kuthembekile, akuyona indawo ehlukile.

Ukunciphisa Izibalo Ezikhona Kubantu Abanqikazayo

Kuzo zonke izikhawu zabantu, abanye basengozini enkulu yokulahlekelwa: izakhamuzi zasemaphandleni, izilimi ezingezona isiNgisi, izilimi ezincane, izingane ezincane, abaqashi, abaholi abaphansi, nabantu abangenamakhaya. Lamaqembu avame ukudinga izindlela ezivumelanayo ezinikezwa ngokuxhumana komphakathi okuthenjwayo. Uma ukuphumelela kuqhutshwa kanye ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi, ithuba lokwakha ubuhlobo nalemiphakathi lilinganiselwe kakhulu. Ngokungaguquki, unyaka wonke izinhlangano ezibalwayo zivumela ukubona imingcele eyandayo, zicwengethe iziqondiso zawo, futhi zithuthukise izivumelwano eziqinisekisa ukuthi akukho qembu elisele. Umphumela uveza izinhlobonhlobo zeqiniso zale sizwe.

Ukusekela Imfanelo Yemininingwane Yesikhathi Eside

Abadwebi bezibalo nabakhiqizi bezimiso baxhomeke ekwazisweni okungaguquguquki emijikelezweni yokubala abantu ukuze bahlaziye izimo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulandelela ukukhula kwendawo yedolobha elikhulu, ukuguga kwabantu basemaphandleni, noma ukuthutha kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe kudinga ukuqhathanisa inani labantu abahlala njalo noma ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo okunjenge-American Community Survey (ACS). Uma ukufinyela kuguquguquka, amazinga okusabela ayahlukahluka, ukuveza iphutha ekuhloleni inqubo. Ukuncipha kokuthatha iqhaza endaweni ethile kungachazwa ngokushayelela njengoba izakhamuzi zingase zibonise ukuwohloka ngokoqobo kokusebenza. Inqubo yokwehla okuqhubekayo yenza ukwaziswa kube okunokwethenjelwa kakhulu ukuze kwenziwe ukucwaninga nohlelo.

Umlando Wezinkinga Zokubalwa Kwabantu

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani kunzima kangaka ukufinyelela ukuvumelana, kuyasiza ukuhlola umlando wokuthatha inani labantu nezithiyo eziphikelelayo izinhlangano ezibhekana nazo.

Ukuwohloka Kwemijikelezo Yezombangazwe

Izinhlangano zokubala zivame ukuxhaswe ngezimali esimisweni sokubala esiphambili, futhi kuxhaswe izimali eziningi eminyakeni yangaphambi nje kokuba kubelwe inani labantu abahlala njalo, ukuhlelwa kwemali ukuze kuxhase izisebenzi zesikhashana, ukukhangisa, ukusungula imikhankaso yokukhangisa, kanye nokwakha izakhiwo. Eminyakeni ephakathi, izimali zingancipha kakhulu, kuholele ekulahlekelweni kwezisebenzi ezinolwazi, ukushiywa kobudlelwane bomphakathi, nokuwohloka kokungathola izakhiwo ezigciniwe. Lo mjikelezo wenziwa cishe ungakwazi ukugcina unyaka wonke. Lapho izimali zibuya, inkampani kumelwe iphinde ibuye ikwazi ukuvuselela ubuhlobo, ukuchitha isikhathi nemali.

Izithiyo Zokucabanga Nezomhlaba

Emazweni amakhulu, anabantu abambalwa, afinyelela yonke imizi iyinselele enkulu kakhulu. Izindawo zasemaphandleni zingantula i-Internet noma iposi elithembekile, zidinga abadwebi bezibalo ukuba bahambe amabanga amade. Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, izakhiwo zokuhlala eziphezulu, imiphakathi evalekile, kanye nabantu abahlala ngokuhambelana nezindawo ezimancane. Ukufinyelela kulezizindawo kudinga ukuxubana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezimiso zamanani, amaposi, kanye namasu asebenza ngokusebenza ngokusebenza emasimini, kanye nezisebenzi zasemasimini ezikwazi ukujwayela izimo ezishintshashintsha. Izinhlangano eziningi zokubala abantu zintula imithombo engokongagcina amandla anjalo phakathi kokuhlola isilinganiso.

Ukungathembani Nokungaqondi

Imiphakathi ehlukene ngokuvamile inezizathu ezingokomlando zokungathembi ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa kukahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, imiphakathi yaseMelika neyama-Irandian eUnited States iye yabhekana nokusetshenziswa kabi kokwaziswa komuntu siqu ngenxa yezinjongo zobuhlanga. Muva nje, imikhankaso yokudukiswa kwabantu iye yahlasela ukubala, ukusakaza izinkulumo ezingamanga ngokuhlanganyela ulwazi nomthetho noma iziphathimandla zokufuduka. Lezizilandiso zingakuvimbela ukuthatha iqhaza iminyaka eminingi uma zingalwiwa ngokungaguquguquki, ngokuthumela imiyalezo ethenjwayo.

Izimpawu Zokuhlanganyela Okuqinile

Ukulondoloza ukuqhubekeka okungaguquguquki emjikelezweni weshumi leminyaka kudinga indlela ekhethekile, ehlotshisiwe. Amasu alandelayo abonakala ephumelela kakhulu ezimisweni zokubalwa kwabantu ezisebenza kakhulu emhlabeni wonke.

Izinhlangano Ezijulile Nezimiso Ezisekelwe Emphakathini

Amanxusa okubala awakwazi ukuphumelela kuphela. Kumele athembele ezinhlanganweni zendawo ezithenjwayo .Izinhlangano zendawo , izikole, imitholampilo, amaqembu ezokuthutha, namabhizinisi amancane .ukuhambisa imiyalezo emiphakathini enzima. Lokhu kubambisana kufanele kuhlaziywe futhi kugcinwe unyaka wonke, hhayi nje kuphela phakathi nonyaka wokubala. Ukuqeqeshwa kwasikhathi sonke, izenzakalo ezihlangeneyo, kanye nezinto zemfundo ezihlangeneyo ziqinisekisa ukuthi isibopho sihlala siqinile futhi sikulungele lapho izibalo ezilandelayo ziqala. Isibonelo, uhlelo lwe-Creencase Bureauty lune nezinkulungwane ze "Councial Committes" eziqhubeka zihlanganyela phakathi konyaka wokubala abantu.

Ukukhulumisana Okuhlukahlukene Kwezilimi Nesiko

Imingcele yolimi iyisithiyo esikhulu ekubaleleni abantu. E-United States, ukubalwa kwabantu kwenziwa ngezilimi ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili, kodwa izikhulumi ezingezona isiNgisi zisabhekana nezinselele. Ukuthola njalo kudinga ukuba izinto zitholakale ngezilimi ezikhulunywa abantu bendawo futhi zibaluleke ngokwesiko. Lokhu kuhilela ukuqondwa kwezimiso zezokwaziswa, uhulumeni, nokuzimisela ukuxoxa nabantu ngabanye. Ukulondoloza iqembu lezokuxhumana lamagama ahlukahlukene nokuveza okokuqukethe ngesisekelo esiqhubekayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi le miphakathi ayikho.

Ubuchwepheshe Obuvimbelayo Bokuxhumana Okuqhubekayo

Izimiso zokuphatha okuqukethwe zanamuhla (CMS) njenge Directus ivumela amanxusa ahlela ukuba alawule imikhankaso yokubala anqamule imikhondo yemishini esuka eqongeni elilodwa. Ngokusebenzisa i-CMS engenakhanda, izinhlangano zinganyathelisa okugcwele kumawebhusayithi, ama-apply asebenza, imithombo yezenhlalakahle, kanye nezincwadi ze-imeyili ngesikhathi esisodwa, ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki kwemiyalezo. Ukuhlelwa kwemigomo kwenza izinhlangano zikwazi ukugcina intuthuko eqhubekayo yemfundo, isiqinisekiso sobumfihlo, kanye nezikhumbuzo phakathi konyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathuluzi okusebenza kokwaziswa kungasiza ekuhleleni izinhlelo zokuxhumana ngemikhondo yezelelwe ngezindawo kanye kanye, okwenza izinhlangano zilungise amasuntwebo akhona ngesikhathi sangempela.

Isiqinisekiso Esicacile Esiphindaphindwayo Sokuba Wedwa

Ukwesaba ukusetshenziswa kabi kokwaziswa kungenye yezizathu eziyinhloko ezenza abantu bangafuni ukuhlanganyela ekubaleni abantu. Ukuhlasela kumelwe kuhlanganise izithembiso ezicacile, eziphindaphindiwe zokufihla imfihlo nokuchaza ukuvikelwa okungokomthetho endaweni. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, iSihlomo 13 somthetho we-U.S. somthetho we-Census Bureauting sokwenqabela ukuhlanganyela ukwaziswa okungaqondakali nenye izinhlangano zikahulumeni noma inhlangano ezimele. Ukubhala ngokungaguquguquki ngalezi zimemezelo zenkonzo zomphakathi, imihlangano yomphakathi, kanye nemithombo yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle kufaka ukungabaza abantu. I-'disclosure" kufanele iveze imibiko yaminyaka yonke ye-Creasurence" ukuze ibonise ukubonakala.

Izinhlelo Zokufundisa Ezikoleni Ezinyaka Wonke

Intsha iwumkhondo onamandla wokufinyelela yonke imikhaya. Ngokuhlanganisa imfundo yokubalwa kwabantu ezifundweni zesikole, izinhlangano zingakhuthaza ukuqaphela isikhathi eside nesimo sengqondo esihle ngakubalwa kwabantu. Izinhlelo ezifana ne-Census Bureau of “Amanani asezikoleni” zinikeza amasu esihle othisha unyaka wonke. Uma abafundi befunda ngokubaluleka kokubalwa kwabantu futhi bethatha izinto zasekhaya, bavame ukukhuthaza abazali babo ukuba bathathe isinyathelo. Lokhu kubangela umjikelezo wenkathi yokuthatha igalelo lokuthatha izingxoxo eziqinisa ukunemba kolwazi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukuhlola Icala: Lokho Okusebenzayo Nekungakwenzi

Impumelelo: Ubalo Lwama - 2020 eNew Zealand

Isimiso sokubala saseNew Zealand saziwa ngemizamo yaso engaguquki yokuhlanganisa abantu phakathi kokubala. Izibalo zaseNew Zealand zilondoloza iqembu elihlala njalo lokuxhumana ne-Sini asebenza ne-Māori nePasifika unyaka wonke. Ziveza inzuzo eqhubekayo ngezindaba zokwaziswa kanye nezinzuzo zokubalwa kwabantu, zikhona emicimbini yomphakathi, futhi ziqeqeshe abaholi bendawo ukuba bakhonze njengamanxusa. Ngenxa yalokho, amanani abantu abasabelayo aqhubeka ephezulu phakathi nemijikelezo eminingi yokubala abantu, futhi amanani amanani abantu abadabuka kuwo aye ancitshiswa kakhulu. Indlela yabo ibonisa ukuthi, ukuguquguquka kwemibalo ehambisana nokuthola inzuzo.

Ukwehluleka: Inani Lonyaka Ka - 2011 E - United Kingdom

E-UK, uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwemali phakathi ko-2001 no-2011 lwabalwa kwabantu kwaholela ekuncipheni kwemisebenzi yokuthola umphakathi. I-Office for National Statistics (ONS) yanciphisa izinhlelo zayo zobungani kanye nezisebenzi zasemasimini ezinciphile. Umphumela waba ukwanda okukhulu kwamanani angewona amade, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwentsha eqashayo nabafuduki bamuva, okuholela ekuncipheni okukhulu. I-ONS kwadingeka ukuba ichithe imali eningi kakhulu ekulandeleni imizamo elandelanayo nakulungiseni izibalo. Lokhu kugcizelela ingozi yokungangeni ekuphumeleli phambili: ukugcina imali ngesikhathi esifushane kungalulaza izinga lokwaziswa iminyaka eyishumi.

Ukubuyiselwa: Ucwaningo Lwezomphakathi LwaseMelika

I-Census Bureau ye-U.S. i-American Community Survey (ACS) inhlolo-lolo oluqhubekayo, oluhlanganisa njalo ngenyanga ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe kwenani labantu kanye nezomnotho okwake kwahlanganiswa ngokuhlelwa kwabantu okwakudala. Ngenxa yokuthi i-ACS isebenza unyaka wonke, idinga ukufinyelela okuqhubekayo nemfundo yomphakathi. I-Bureau igcina izisebenzi ezihlala njalo zokuxhumana kwe-ACS, iqhuba imikhankankaso yaminyaka yonke, futhi ihlela izinto zayo njalo. Umphumela uyiqoqo lamagama abenzi bezimiso abathembele ekuhleleni izinto eziphezulu. I-ACCS ibonisa ukuthi ukuhamba ngokusondela kokuqhubeka kwesivumelwano kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukuthembeka kokwaziswa.

Izinqubo Zobuchwepheshe Ezisekela Ukufinyelela

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe yenza kube lula ngezinhlangano ezibala abantu ukuba zilondoloze impumelelo eqhubekayo ngaphandle kwezindleko eziyandayo.

Ukuphatha Okungenakhanda Nokuphakathi Kokuqukethwe

I-CMS engenalutho njenge-API, futhi ishintshelwe ekudaleni kusukela ekudluliseni phambili, ivumela izinhlangano ukuba zilawule konke okuqukethwe ngemva komqoka. Lokhu kusho isihloko esiphathelene nesivikelo sokufihla imfihlo singakhishwa ngesikhathi esisodwa kuwebhusayithi engokomthetho yokubala, iqhutshelwa izinhlangano ezihambelanayo nge-API, futhi iguqulelwe ekubeni i-media yezenhlala-khona ngaphandle kokuphindaphinda umzamo. Ukunyathelisa okuhleliwe kuqinisekisa ukuthi okuqukethwe kuphuma ngezikhathi ezifanelekeleleyo phakathi nonyaka. Ukuvuma kobuzwelalisa komthetho kungagcina ukuvumelana okungaguquguquki nemithetho yezindaba yomuntu womuntu siqu.

Ukuhlasela Kwemijovo YaseGeospathy Nemininingwane

Izimiso zokwaziswa ze-Goographic (GIS) zivumela izinhlangano ezihlola ukuba zibalwe ukuba zihlele imisebenzi yokuthola, zibone izindawo ezigciniwe, futhi zithuthuke ngokwendlela elandelanayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokuhlanganisa i-GIS nemininingwane yokusabela, izinhlangano zingabona ukuthi ukungenela nokulwa okungahleleki. Ngokwesibonelo, uma indawo ezungezile ibonisa izinga eliphansi lokusabela eminyakeni emibili ngaphambi kokuba ukubalwa okulandelayo kufike, inxusa linganciphisa ukukhangisa kwendawo, libambe amahholo edolobha, futhi lisebenzisane nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Lendlela yokuxhumana ingaqinisekisa ukuthi imithombo etholakala ngokulinganayo futhi isakazwe njalo.

Ukushintsha Kwezimo Ezihambayo Nezinsimbi

Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, omakhalekhukhwini bayindawo eyinhloko yokungena kuma-inthanethi. Izinhlangano ze-SMS zingasebenzisa imikhankaso yokufinyelela kule miphakathi ngezikhumbuzo, imiyalezo yokufundisa, kanye nezixhumanisi ezisezingeni le-inthanethi. Izinhlelo ze-SMS ezi-Automated zingasebenza njalo, zidlulise okuqukethwe njalo ngezikhathi ezivamile. Ngenxa yokuthi i-SMS ifinyelela cishe yonke indawo futhi ibiza kancane, iyindlela engcono kakhulu yokugcina ukuxhumana phakathi kwezikhathi zokubala.

Izinzuzo Ezihlala Njalo Zemininingwane Yokubhala Ngokunembile Ngezimiso Nezimali

Lapho ukwaziswa kokubala kunembile futhi kungaguquki ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinzuzo zitholakala kuyo yonke imikhakha yomphakathi.

  • Ukuhlolwa komphakathi okuqondile kusiza ohulumeni ukuba bathole imitholampilo, banike imali yokuvikela izifo, futhi bahlele ukuba kusetshenziswe izimali ezisiza abantu asebegugile. E-United States, izinhlelo zempilo zezwe njenge-Medicaid neNdlela yempilo yabantwana yoMgoqo wezempilo (CHIP) esakaza ukuxhaswa kwezimali ezisekelwe ekubaleni. Inani eliphansi le-1% lingaphumela ezigidini zamaRandi ekuxhaseni isifundazwe.
  • Imfundo:[ izifunda zisebenzisa ukwaziswa kokubala ukuze zithole ukubhalisela, ukuhlela, nokuhlela imithombo yemfundo ekhethekile, abafundi besiNgisi, nezinhlelo zokudla kwasemini. Ukufika njalo kuqinisekisa ukuthi izingane ezincane zicishe zilahlekelwe yiqembu leminyaka.
  • Izakhiwo: iminyango yezokuthutha ithembele kubantu abahambayo nasemiklamweni elandelanayo yokuhlela ukulungiswa komgwaqo, imizila yokuthutha yomphakathi, kanye nokutshala izimali ezibambene. Imininingwane ethembekile yesikhathi eside yenza ukuba kubikezelwe kangcono izidingo zesikhathi esizayo.
  • Ukudwetshwa kwezindawo zomthetho kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni kuxhomeke ekubaleni abantu. Ukubala okuhle nokunembile kuqinisekisa ukuthi ivoti yesakhamuzi ngasinye ithwala isisindo esilinganayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukufinyelela okungaguquguquki kusiza ekuvimbeleni ukuhlukaniswa okuhleliwe kwemiphakathi emincane.

Isiphetho

Ukwaziswa okunembile kuyindlela yokulawula idemokrasi, ukuhlelwa kwemitapo elinganayo, kanye nenqubo yomphakathi enolwazi. Kodwa ukwaziswa kuthembeke njengesiqalo esikwenzayo. Uma ukufinyela kungaguquguquki [1] unyaka ngamunye, kungakhathaliseki imijikelezo yendlela yokuhlela noma izingcindezi zezombangazwe, kuyakwembula ukuthemba, kunciphisa ukuhlelwa, futhi kusekela ukuhlaziywa okuthatha isikhathi eside okubalulekile ekuqondeni ushintsho lwezentengiselwano. Izinselele zokulondoloza ukuguquguquka okunjalo zibalulekile, kodwa azingenakunqotshwa. Ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano zomphakathi, ukuxhumana kwezindlela zobuchwepheshe zolimi oluhlukahlukene, izinhlelo zekhompumezo zemfundo ekhanda, kanye nezinhlelo zokufundisa, izinhlangano zokubala abantu zingaqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu ngamunye ungabalwa kanye eminyakeni eyishumi, kodwa njengengxenye eqhubekayo yokulunga.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngezindlela zokubala kanye nezindlela zokuthola ulwazi ezingcono kakhulu, hlola imithombo evela e- U.S. Censual Bureau Library, i- United Nations Statistics Division[, kanye ukucwaninga .