Isingeniso: Umsebenzi Ongenakuxazululwa Wokuhlolwa Kwesiphambano 29

I-Crossügnon[9] iwukuhlola okungaphezu komthetho owenziwe ngokulandelana kwezikhulu zomphakathi; inqubo eyinhloko lapho abamisi bemithetho behlola khona ukufaneleka kobufakazi obufungelwe futhi bedalula ubuthakathaka ezindabeni zobufakazi. Ngokunikeza izinkulumo eziqinile, ukubuza ngekhono, ukuphenya, ukuphenya kusebenza njengokuhlola amandla empatho, ukuvikela ekutholeni ulwazi olungaqondile, nesisekelo sokwenza umthetho ofundile. Enkathini yokuthuthukisa kakhulu kwezombangazwe nokuhlanganisa ngokushesha izindawo zezezindaba, ukuqonda injongo, izindlela, nokulinganiselwa kokuqapha, kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi ukuphathwa kwemithetho ye-Creastry ifeza kanjani imithwalo yayo yemfanelo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimpande zomlando, izinga eliphezulu, ukucusumbula okuphawulekayo, ukugxeka okuqhubekayo, ukuhlasela i-debuningi yokubusa, ukuchaza i-Greancil.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Nesemithetho

Imvelaphi EMthethweni Ovamile

Ilungelo lokubona i-cross à exponemine lilandela uhlu lwawo lozalo lwawo lomthetho ovamile waseNgilandi, lapho lwaqashelwa njengosivikeli esiyisisekelo sobufakazi obungathembekile. Ngekhulu le-18, izinkantolo zamaNgilandi zaziziseke ngokuqinile ukuthi ukubuza ngemibuzo eqinile − ukulawulwa yiqembu eliphikisayo .(ukulawulwa kweqembu) kwakubalulekile ekuhlolweni kobuqotho nokunemba kobufakazi. Lesi simiso sathunyelwa ezindaweni zaseMelika futhi kamuva sabekwa ngokomthetho weSiphendulo seSithathu sobuMoni, esiqinisekisa abamangalelwa becala “ukubhekana nofakazi bakhe.” Nakuba ukuzwa kwemithetho kungeyona ndlela kusebenza: ngaphandle kwekhono lokubekela inseleleko yobufakazi, abakhiqinisi bebeka izingozi ezinqumweni ezisekelwenisweni.

Ukutholwa Yizishaya - mthetho

Amakomiti e-Congregational Congregational Act aqala ukuhlanganisa izinqubo zokuhlola ezingokomthetho ze-cross ezihlanganisa ilungelo lamalungu ekomiti lokubuza ofakazi, ikakhulukazi njengoba uhulumeni wamazwe wanda futhi kunesidingo sokuqondisa okunzima. I-Legistative Regantative Regantation Act ka 1946[[FLT:] [[1]] i-Imithetho eminingi yenqubo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lamalungu ekomiti lokubuza ofakazi. Namuhla, ukuma kwegumbi ngalinye kukhula kanye nesidingo sokuhlola, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yesigaba sekomiti. Le komiti iklametiwe idinga ukulingana nokulinganisa isilinganiso sesikhathi. [[FLT][FLT:] [FLT][5] Umthetho we-XFLT] [5] [ist:] shondromes Parames acum we-ligial, kuhlanganise ne-'inquising, i-'iegalelo se-sethi ye-se-se-se-se-sethi

Ukuhlolwa Kwesiphambano Kwezindlebe Ze - Congregational Livings

Ubani Owenza Lombuzo?

Ngokungafani nenkantolo, lapho ummeli oyedwa exrosduràexamine enikeza ubufakazi, ukuhlola kwe-cornional cross à à productrail kwenziwa amalungu amaningi ekomiti. Ngokuvamile, iqembu elikhulu neqembu elincane lishintshana ngemijikelezo yokuphenya, ilungu ngalinye lithola isikhathi esimisiwe (awu imizuzu emihlanu ngemizuzu emihlanu). Isihlalo sekomiti singabonisa abameli futhi babonise izisebenzi ukubuza, ikakhulukazi ekuphenduleni okuyinkimbinkimbi okuhilela isayensi noma izindaba ezingokomthetho. Lendlela yokuhlola inqwaba yemibazwe ingaholela kokubili ekucocelweni nasekuphenyeni okupheleleni; ufakazi angabheka inqwaba yabaphenye abaphenyi, ngamunye esendaweni ehlukile.

Izilinganiso Zesikhathi Nesimo

Isikhathi mhlawumbe siyisici esibaluleke kakhulu. Uma amalungu amaningi efuna ukuhlanganyela, ukubuzana ngamanye amalungu kumfishane, ngokuvamile kuphoqelela amalungu ukuba afake umsindo ozwayo ngokuhlola okujulile. Amanye amakomiti aye athatha “endlalwe” amafomethi okubuza (ngokwesibonelo), avumela ilungu elilodwa ukuba lisebenzise iziyingi eziningi noma livumele isikhathi esengeziwe sesihlalo nelungu eliphezulu. Ukuhlelwa kungahluka futhi phakathi kwezindlebe zophendulo, lapho umgomo ukhona lapho ukuzwa, futhi uqinisekisiwe, lapho injongo ikhona ukuhlaziya izimfanelo ze-mine nokwethembeka.

Ukuqhathaniswa Nesiphambano Senkantolo à à projectus

Congress Corregal Cross[6] Ukuhlola akunamthetho osemthethweni kunenqubo yenkantolo. Isihlalo sekomiti somthetho asisebenzi, imibuzo eholayo iyavunyelwa, futhi ofakazi ngokuvamile abanakuveza ukuphikisa okusobala okufanayo. Nokho, ukuntuleka komahluleli ukuba aqikelele ukuthi ukubuza kungaphumela ezinkulumoni noma ekuhlaseleni komuntu siqu. Isihlalo sekomiti sisebenza njengomqondisi wezeluleko kodwa ngokuvamile asinalo igunya lokunquma umuntu esisebenza naye phakathi kwe-“ ēctence",a amandla asetshenziswa njalo abahluleli. Nokho, ukungavumelani komthetho kwenza ukuncintisana kube okuncike kakhulu ezinkonzweni ezinhle nasozwaneni ezihlanganyelayo.

Umtapo nokubaluleka

Ukuba Nesibopho Sokulandisa KoFakazi

Umsebenzi oshesha kakhulu wokuhlola ukuvumela ofakazi ukuba balandise ngezinkulumo zabo. Umphenyi ozimisele angafaka ubufakazi ezimpikiswaneni ezithile, abaphoqelele ukuba bavumelane nokuphikisana, futhi badalule amagebe olwazi. Lokhu kuvimbela ofakazi ukuba bakhiphe ubufakazi obungaqondile noma obungaphelele, ngoba bayazi ukuthi amalungu eqembu eliphikisanayo ."noma ngisho amalungu eqembu labo siqu"angasizakala nganoma yibuphi ubuthakathaka. Ngalendlela, ukudlula ku-preseptution njengendlela yokukhomba ukwethembeka.

Ukudalula Ukuphikisana Namanga

I-crossügnip ithuluzi elingenakulinganiswa lokuveza ukungavumelani. Ngokufaka ubufakazi bamanje obukhona ngezitatimende zangaphambili, amabhukwana, noma ubufakazi obuvela kwabanye ofakazi, umphikisi onekhono angabonisa ukuthi ufakazi unephutha noma ukhohlisa ngamabomu. Izibonelo ze-High profile zihlanganisa Waterate ukuzwa [[[FLT:] [FLT:]], lapho i-Entelligator SamErvin’s actives shopy - devices àfecters[6] i-fected Houses zembula khona i-partless, futhi [[FLT]][FLTLT:3], lapho ufakazi we-Liverlance wakhansed wavelcelwa ubufakazi obukhiwe yi-bu-eartlectives.

Ukuhlela Izinqumo Zomthetho

Ngaphandle kokulandisa, ukuhlola kunikeza iSishaya-mthetho ukwaziswa okunencazelo edingekayo ukuze kwenziwe umthetho ophumelelayo. Ukuzwa ngokuqondisisa ngezihloko ezinjengemithetho yezimali, impilo yomphakathi, noma ukulondeka kwesizwe kuvame ukuhlanganisa imininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi yobuchwepheshe. Amandla okubuza angofakazi abangochwepheshe ukuze bacacise incazelo yabo, bavikele indlela yabo yokusebenza, futhi bamelane nemibono ehlukile. Umlando okhishwe phakathi nokunqamuka kwe-creadchannel àceptus, imiboniso, nevidiyo kuqoshwe ngezindlela zekhomputha, kuhlanganisa imininingwane esetshenziswa yizisebenzi zekomiti namalungu lapho kuhlelwa izikwele noma kulungiswa. Ngaphandle kwalenqubo yokuhlola, amakhemiko, amakheli angathembela entweni engaphelele noma ekwazi ukuthatha ulwazi.

Ukuvula Ukubona Okusobala Komphakathi

Ukuqulwa kwezindlebe ze-Congress kuvame ukuba ngumphakathi, futhi ukuhlola kwe-cross kufeza indima ebalulekile ekuziseni abavoti. Ukuhlola kwe-televice kuletha isinqumo sikahulumeni ekwenzeni amakamelo okuhlala ezakhamuzini, kwembula indlela abenzi bomthetho ababheka ngayo ubufakazi nendlela abasabela ngayo ngaphansi kokucindezelwa. Lokhu kwakha ukuthemba komphakathi (noma, kwezinye izimo, kuveza ukungahleleki. Uma ukuhlola okwenziwa kahle, kubonisa ukuthi ngisho nezikhulu ezinamandla kumelwe ziphendule ngezenzo zazo. Uma zihlola izikhala ezihlukene ziphenduka ingxabano, kungaqeda ukuthemba komphakathi kokubili amaKhomishana nofakazi.

Izibonelo Eziphawulekayo Emlandweni

I - Watergate Acapo (1903)

ISigele Sakhetha iKomiti ye-Monistle Campainse Accounting, ebekwa esihlalweni nguSenator Sam Ervin, wathatha uchungechunge lwezinhlolo ezadalula ekugcineni ukuhlanganisa kwesembozo se-Nixon sokuphatha. Iseluleko seKomiti uSam Dishp neseluleko esincane uFred Thompson saholela ekuphenyweni kwemibuzo eminingi, esebenzisa ubufakazi obubhaliwe kanye nobufakazi obugciniwe kofakazi bamakhokhona obunjengoJohn Dean. Isethi yesiphambathi seDean ihlala iyisibonelo sencwadi yencwadi yemfundo yokwakha indaba ngobufakazi obukhonjiwe, ubufakazi obuyeni. Izindlebe zaholela ekukhululweni kokukhululwa kwamakhasethi eWhitezini eHowers futhi ekugcineni, uMongameli Nix Nix’s. Iwebhukwana eliningili litholakala kuwebhuculiwe ku-webh [FLD:] [FL:]

I - Iran haiyoContra Liarings (1987)

Phakathi nophenyo lwe-live House xeshise lokudayiswa kwezikhali ngokuyimfihlo eIran kanye nokusetshenziswa kwenzuzo eNicaraguan Contras, ukudlula ukuhlolwa kwe-Eutenant à profectus. USiphathi waseNyakatho u-Oliver North wabhekana nobufakazi bokwedelela obuvela elulekweni lwekomiti uArthur Liman, owazama ukubeka isisekelo semvume eNyakatho. Ukushintshana kwabonisa kokubili amandla nemingcele yesiphambano . Ukubalekela nokunxusa kweNyakatho nenkolo kwaphazamisa ikomiti ukushisekela izwe, kodwa ukuphikisana phakathi kobufakazi bakhe nohlelo lwezincwadi kwaveza isisekelo sakhe sokulahla kwakhe ngokulandelayo.

Izibonelo Zamuva: Ukukhetha Kwama - 2020 Nokukhetha Kwango - January 6

Muva nje, i House Committee to Investigate the Deseasette on the United States Capitol yathembela ekuhloleni kofakazi abayinhloko 76, kuhlanganise nowayenguMkhandlu omhlophe nomphathi womkhankaso kaTrump. Ikomiti yasebenzisa imishini yetepimethimethiyu nobufakazi obuphilayo ukuze yakhe umngcele wezenzakalo nokuhlola izinkulumo zokukhwabanisa kokhetho. Icala leSiphambano 93 liyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuhlola isikhulu sikaStaff Mark Meadows, njengoba yazichaza ngokuzibonela ukucindezelwa komongameli wesigelekente noMongameli ngoJanuary 6. Lokhu kulalela kwabonisa ukuthi isiphambangu - khulu esakhe i - Hustchinsonson.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Ukwehlukana Nokuma Ngobuhle

Enye yezigxeko ezivame kakhulu zokuhlola i-cononational cross vlain ukuthi ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukuzuzisa abashokobezi kunokuba isebenzise iqiniso eliqotho. Amalungu angasebenzisa imizuzu emihlanu ukunikeza inkulumo elungisiweyo noma ukuvimbela ufakazi wokuluma umsindo, kunokuba abuze imibuzo efingqiwe, ephenyayo. Lokhu kungaguqula ukuzwa kube ukudlala kwemidlalo yaseshashalazini, kunciphise injongo yayo engathi ayilungile. Uma bobabili abantu behlanganyela ekuziphatheni okunjalo, umphakathi ungabheka yonke inqubo njengentambo, inciphe inhlonipho ngeSishayamthetho njengenhlangano.

Ukulungiselela Okungalingani Nemithombo

OFakazi abavela phambi kweSishaya-Mkhandlu ngokuvamile baneseluleko esingokomthetho nesikhathi esanele sokulungiselela, kodwa izinga lokulungiselela lihluka kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, izikhulu zamagatsha eziphethe, zivame ukufinyezwa abameli bezinhlangano futhi zingathola izincwadi. Izakhamuzi zangasese noma ababhuli abanezingcingo ezilinganiselwe bangase bangazilungele izinga lokuqapha okuphakathi kwe-crosplan, ukubeka engozini yokungaphathwa kahle. Ngokuhlukile, ofakazi abayinkimbinkimbi bangasebenzisa amagama akhethwe kahle nanendlela ecacile yokukhubaza imibuzo, okwenza kube nzima ukuba abaculi abangakwazi ukuwaphonsa phansi. Lokhu kuhlola okungaguqula iqiniso kufunela ukuzwa.

Ingozi Yokuqinela Abanye

Ukuhlola kungadlula umugqa ekuhloleni ububanzi owenziwa ngokuzikhandla ekuhlaseleni komuntu siqu. Uma ufakazi ememeza, ephazanyiswa, noma enziwe ukuba esabe, lenqubo ilahlekelwa ilungelo layo. Indlu neSigele banamandla amakhulu okudelela, kodwa akukho kubhekiswa phambili ukuba bavimbele ilungu ekufakazeni ubufakazi. Izihloko zokubuza ngonya ziye zaholela ekubizeni ukuba kwenziwe izinguquko, njengokufuna wonke amalungu ekomiti anamathele ekhonweni yokuziphatha noma anike isihlalo sokunquma amalungu aphula imithetho eyisisekelo ye-Qoth.

Amalungelo Obufakazi Nenqubo Efanele

Ngokungafani nabamangalelwa abayizigebengu, ofakazi ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi abanalo ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokweluleka lapho bebuza (nakuba bangase bathintane nommeli phakathi namakhefu). Abakwazi ukuphendula ngezizathu zokuzichaphaza ngaphandle kokufaka engozini ingcindezi, engaholela ekumangalelweni kobugebengu. Lokhu kungalingani kwegunya kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okufaneleyo, ikakhulukazi uma idumela lofakazi noma umsebenzi wokuziphilisa usengozini. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi iKhomishane kufanele ithathe iziqondiso ezicacile ukuze ivikele ofakazi ekunqamuleni okungafanelekile, kuyilapho isalondoloza ikhono lekomiti lokuqoqa ukwaziswa.

Imikhuba Nezinguquko Ezingcono Kakhulu

Kubantu Abayisihlalo Sekomiti

Ukuhlola okuphumelelayo kuqala ngokuhola okuqinile kwe-procedrost. Izihlalo zamakomiti kufanele ziqikelele imingcele yesikhathi ngokungaguquguquki, zivumele uhlangothi ngalunye ukuba lube nemibuzo elinganayo, futhi zingene lapho imibuzo yelungu ingasho lutho noma ixhaphaza. Amanye amakomiti aye athatha umkhuba wokuvumela “izisebenzi eziqeshiwe” ukuba zibuze imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi, ziqinisekisa ukuthi abameli abaqeqeshwe ngezindlela zokuhlola bangabuza imibuzo ecacile ngaphandle kweziphazamiso zezombangazwe. Amabhukwana kufanele futhi anyathelise iziqondiso ezicacile zokuziphatha kobufakazi nokuthola izincwadi.

Kumalungu Omhlangano

Amalungu afisa ukuqhuba ukuphenya okuphumelelayo kufanele alungiselele kahle. Lokhu kusho ukubukeza ubufakazi bangaphambili, izinkulumo zasobala, kanye nezincwadi ezihlobene nazo, bese enikeza uchungechunge lwemibuzo eyakhela esiphethweni esinengqondo. Abaphenyi abaphumelelayo babuza imibuzo emifushane edinga yebo noma cha, bagweme izinkulumo eziphikiswayo, futhi balalelisise ngaphambi kokubuza umbuzo olandelayo. Ukuzihlobanisa ngalezizindlela zokuzwa kungathuthukisa ikhono lelungu lokulawula ukulandisa.

KoFakazi

OFakazi bangalungiselela ukudlula ngokuqonda imithetho yekomiti kanye nemigqa engenzeka yokuhlasela. Kufanele bakhulume ngokucacile, bagweme ukuzinikela ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, futhi bacele ukucaciswa uma umbuzo ungaqondakali. Ukuba neseluleko somthetho sikhona (nakuba kungcono kakhulu ukubuza). Nakuba isimo sokuzwa singacindezela, ufakazi oqanjiwe ophendula ngokwethembeka futhi ngokungaguquguquki angamelana nokuphenya ngonya ngaphandle kokulimaza ukuthembeka kwabo.

Izinguquko Zesimiso

Iziphakamiso eziningana ziye zathuthukiswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga le-coronational across vraiate. Lezi zihlanganisa ukufuna amakomiti ukuba asebenzise imithetho ehleliwe yobufakazi nenqubo efana neFederal Parvel of Evidence; ukwenza umqondisi ongaphakamisi wokuzwa, mhlawumbe othathwe eHhovisi le-Hulumeni ye-Authorion; futhi abeke imingcele eqinile enanini lamalungu angabuza ufakazi oyedwa. Omunye umqondo uwukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwe “izikhungo zesayensi” lapho ofakazi abaningi befaka khona kanye, ukuvumela ukudluliswa kwezindawo zokungavumelani kwe-partles ànsion kubhekiswe ekupheni ngokuphindwayo.

Isiphetho

ICrossügroup akuyona insalela yomlando ongokomthetho; iyithuluzi eliphilayo, elijikelezayo lobubonisi bedemokrasi. Lapho lisetshenziswa ngobuciko nangokholo oluhle, lidalula amanga, licwengisisa ukwahlulela kwemithetho, futhi libonisa ukuthi akekho ongasenakuhlolwa. Uma lisetshenziswa kabi, libeka izingozi zokuguqula i-Congress ibe iqophelo lenkundla yemidlalo yemidlalo egciniwe nesabisayo. Inselele kumthetho wanamuhla ukuvikela amandla esiphambanweni lapho kuvinjelwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kabi. Ukulinganisela kwale nalokhu kudinga kokubili inguquko yokwakha nesibopho esisha sobuqotho, ukunemba, ukunelisa, futhi ukuhlonipha. Uma nje iKhomisha yanamuhla ihlala inegunya lokuhlola, ukunqamla i-creast procercer processsssss.