Isingeniso

Ukhetho oluyinhloko lumelela isisekelo esiyisisekelo sedemokrasi yabameleli, kodwa ukubaluleka kwabo kuvame ukuthathwa kancane umphakathi jikelele. Ngaphezu kokuvota okulula kokuqala, lemincintiswano ehamba phambili ihlela ukuqondisa kwemibono yeqembu lezombangazwe, inquma izinga nobuntu babantu abavotayo, futhi ithonya lomvoti obolekisayo ngaphambi kokuba ama-collet okugcina aphonswe. E-United States kanye nezinye inqubo eziningi zedemocracyism, inqubo eyinhloko isuka ekukhetheni indlu evaliwe yiqembu lezikhulu ezivelele zeqembu, ihlela imisebenzi yazo ebanzi, inikeza imiphumela ebanzi, ukuhlelwa kwazo, izinselele, ukuqonda ama-diastries, imiphumela, izingxoxo, izimpikiswano, nezimpikiswano ezikhona, nendlela yokufuna ukuqonda ukuthi isiphi isigaba sezombangazwe nendlela yokuhlela. Lesi sihloko sinikeza imiphumela ezindaweni zokukhetha, ukuhlola, futhi sihlola izingxoxo zezingxoxo eziqhubekayo.

Ukuqonda Izindlela Eziyinhloko Zokukhetha: Izinhlobo Nemishini

Emkhakheni wayo, ukhetho oluyinhloko luwumncintiswano oyinhloko osetshenziswa ekukhetheni umkhakha weqembu lezombangazwe wokhetho oluvamile. Nokho, imithetho eqondile elawula lolukhetho iyahlukahluka kakhulu, idala umehluko omkhulu kongahlanganyela nokuthi abazobhapathizwa bangavela kanjani. Ukuhlelwa okuvamile kuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko:

  • Izindawo ezivalekile: Kuphela amalungu abhalisiwe eqembu lezombangazwe angavota esigabeni esiyinhloko saleloqembu. Lesimiso siklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuphazamisa kwesiphambano futhi siqinisekise ukuthi i-unminee iveza izintando zabasekeli benhlangano ezinikeleyo. Amazwe anjenge New York neKentucky asebenzisa ama-printaries.
  • Ovula izigebengu: Noma imuphi umvoti obhaliwe (_ngaphandle kweqembu) angahlanganyela kunoma yimuphi umkhakha oyinhloko. Abameleli balabo abakholelwa ekukhetheni i-vota, abavule ama-primering bavumela abantu abazimele ngisho namalungu eqembu eliphikisanayo ukuba babe nezwi. Minnesota ne-Wisconsin bayizibonelo.
  • Semi-Valed noma Semi-open Primirys: Lezi zinhlobo ezixubile zivumela abavoti abangafifili-mfashi ukuba bakhethe ukuthi yimaphi amaqembu aqalayo ukuvota, kuyilapho amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe elinganiselwe kweyawo siqu i-collet. Lendlela yokulinganisela i-partum ilawula ngokungavumelani, njengoba ibonakala ezizweni njenge-Arizona kanye ne-Massachusetts.

Ngalé kwalezi zigaba ezibanzi, kukhona ezinye izinhlobonhlobo. Ezinye iziprimiry ziyi-nopartisan (umz., i-"jungle"), lapho bonke abazobhapathizwa bevela khona nge-collet eyodwa nangaphezulu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiliphi iqembu. Abanye bangamagubhu e-primerinto (eyake yasetshenziswa eWashington nase Alaska) lapho abavoti banganqamule khona imigqa yeqembu ebhandeni elilodwa. Indlela ekhethiwe ithonya kakhulu ukuziphatha kwabafuni abathathelwa phambili: kumaprim, abafuna ukunakekelwa ngokuvamile besisekelo seqembu; ezingeni elivulekileyo, bangase bafake isigijimi sabo ekudluliseleni inani elikhulu le-votavota.

Omunye umehluko obucayi uphakathi kokhetho oluyinhloko nono-kaucuses. Nakuba umehluko obalulekile uwukukhetha okuvamile okunezikhotha zomshoshaphansi kanye nezindawo zokuvota, i-caucus ihlanganisa imihlangano ye-person, izingxoxo, kanye namavoti avulekile. Ama-caucus ayaziwa njengezenzakalo ezicuthwayo ezibuswa abashisekeli abaphezulu ababophene kakhulu, okungaveza abazothatha iziqu ezingaphezulu kakhulu kunabelungu leqembu. Ukusuka e-caucus ukuya ezingeni lokufundela amaprojekthi emazweni amaningi kubonisa isifiso sokuthola izinto ezingcono neziphansi kakhulu zokuhlanganyela.

Umtapo womtapo Wezinketho Eziyinhloko

Okhetho oluyinhloko lufeza izinjongo eziningi ezibalulekile, ngalunye lunengxenye empilweni nasekuncintisaneni kwenqubo yentando yeningi.

Ukukhetha Okungalawuleki

Umsebenzi osobala kakhulu ukunciphisa umkhakha kusukela kuma-asping kuya ku-parter weqembu elilodwa. Lenqubo iphoqa inqubo ebucayi yokulawula izinga: abazoyisebenzisa kumelwe babonise ukuthi bangakha i-multlet, baphakamise izimali, baxhumane nomyalezo ovumelanayo, futhi bamelane nokuhlolwa kwemithombo yezindaba nabaphikisi. I-computer engcono ingakhipha i-asping engaqiniseki noma enephutha elikhulu ngaphambi kokuba babhekane neqembu eliphikisayo. Nokho, izinga le-screding lixhomeke kakhulu ekuboleni ukwaziswa okuhambisanayo [1]hwhn, noma ukuphethulwa kwe-efonsout kungavumela ukuba abazodwane ukuba bangene.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezomculo Nemfundo

Izenzo zobugebengu zenzeka ezinyangeni ezithile ngaphambi kokhetho oluvamile, zinikeza abavoti ithuba lokuqala lokufunda ngezinqumo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lolu phawu lwesikhathi olude lukhuthaza ukuthembisana ngokujule: abavoti bangaya emahholo edolobha, izikhundla zokucwaninga, futhi ngisho baxhumane ngokuqondile nababezohlolwa ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi. Ukuhlanganiswa okuthuthukile kwemithombo yezindaba phakathi nokuncintisana kwemincintiswano yezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingase zenziwe zibe lula emkhankasweni ovamile. Ngokwesibonelo, u-202020 democratic purential proferial shory shory kwaqokomisa izingxoxo ezibanzi ngenguquko yezempilo, isimiso sezulu, nobulungisa bobugebengu, kuthuthukisa izinkulumo zeningi.

Ukwakha Iqembu Nobunye

Ngokuphambene nombono wokuthi izigebengu ziyahlukanisa, ukubusa kahle kungaqinisa ukuhlangana kweqembu. Abasekeli baso baphoqelelwa ukuba bachaze izindinganiso ezihlanganyelweyo futhi bathole isisekelo esifanayo ngezimiso eziyinhloko. I-minenee ekugcineni kumelwe isebenzele ukuhlanganisa amaqembu aphikisanayo, ngokuvamile inikeza ukulungisa noma iqonga ukuze kuhlanganiswe iqembu. Lenqubo ingaveza ukuhlobana okuqinile nokuhlangene kokukhetha. Ngokuphambene, impikiswano enkulu eshiya izibazi ezijulile zingalimaza ubunye beqembu.

Ukwakheka Nokulungisa Isimo Sengqondo

Izenzo zobugebengu zisebenza njengendlela yokushintsha imibono phakathi kwamaqembu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinselele eziyinhloko kusukela kwesobunxele e-Democratic Party (umz., i "Squad" amalungu angadli izinqamu) noma ngakwesokudla eRepublican Party (umz., igagasi leTa Parti) liye lasusa wonke amapulatifomu. Amapayipiyu avumela izishosho ezisekela utshani ukuba zibambe izikhulu ezikhethiwe ezinqunyiwe ngenxa yokuphambuka kweqembu le-odrood. Le nkonzo ivimbela ukusabela kodwa futhi ingaxosha amaqembu eqembu lezokuvota.

Ithonya Empucukweni Yezombangazwe

Ngokuyisisekelo, isici esiyinhloko silolonga abazosinda kuso, sithonye izikhundla zabo ezingokomthetho, izindlela zokuxhumana, nezinto eziza kuqala.

Ukubeka Imithetho Nokuklama Izakhiwo

Ukuze bawine ekwakheni isisekelo esiyinhloko, abafuna ukukhokhelwa kumelwe kuqala, abathambekele ekugcizeleleni kakhulu ukukhishwa kwemithetho yokukhipha isisu noma intela. Lokhu kunamandla, okubizwa ngokuthi "umphumela oyinhloko," ngokuvamile kuphoqelela abazobhapathizwa ukuba bamukele izimo ezingcono enqubeni eyinhloko kodwa eyingozi. Ngokwesibonelo, umxhasi weRepublicationan angagcizelela ukusekelwa kwemithetho eqinile yokukhipha isisu noma ukuhlukanisa intela, kuyilapho uDemocratic Constitution engase ilwele ukusekela intela eqhubekayo noma izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle ezibanzi. Ngemva kokuvikela intela ezisemgangathweni ezilinganiselwe, izenzakalo ezivame kakhulu ezaziwayo ngokuthi "ukuya esisekelweni, khona esikhungweni." Le nqubo ye-spaglassssss ishoshosho ngokuvota abakhangisayo futhi i-mfashiswa yilabo abamelene nezikhangiso eziphambili zokuhlaselayo.

Ukukhokhela Imali Nokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Imikhankaso eyinhloko iyabiza. Amakhampasi kumelwe abonise ikhono lokudonsa abanikeli, ngeminikelo emincane ye-dollar ku-inthanethi (njengoba u-Hillary Clinton no Bernie Sanders bakwenza ngo-2016) noma kubenzi abakhulu abanikela nge-PC. Impumelelo ekwakheni izimpawu ezinamandla, lezo ezikhangayo ezikhangayo, ezithi ngokulandela imithombo eyengeziwe. Inqubo eyinhloko iye yaba indlela yokuhlunga ngokwezimali: abafuni imali yokuthola imali ezindaweni eziyinhloko njengo-Iowa noma i-New Hampshire ngokuvamile bayehla ngethuba elibalulekile lokuzihlola ngaphambi ko-vota. Lesi sivita singavimbela ukuthembisa kodwa abacebi abacebile abambalwa, ukuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokukhetha okusemthethweni.

Ukucwaninga Negama Eliyimithombo Yezindaba

Izinkulumo eziyinhloko, amahholo amadolobha, nezenzakalo zomkhankaso ziveza ukuqashelwa okukhulu kwemithombo yezindaba okwakha igama nophawu lophawu. Imidlalo enzima ingaqala isikhulu sezombangazwe esingaziwa kakhulu esigabeni sesizwe (isizk., uBarack Obama's inkulumo eyisihluthulelo ka-2004 kanye nenkulumo elandela phambili). Ngokuphambene, ukuboniswa kabi kwasekuqaleni kwezindawo zokuxhumana okungathola ulwazi oluphezulu. Izezindaba "umjaho wehashi" ngokuvamile igcizelela ukuhlola nokuzibhokoxa, ukwakha iziprofetho ezizigcwalisayo: i - anticator e - Iowaowa noma eNew Hampshire inzuzo ekhululekile, kuyilapho labo abazama ukuzuza ukuzuza inzuzo.

Izindlela Ezifanele Zokuzivumelanisa Nezimo Nezifundo Eziwusizo

Izindawo zokucwaninga zinikeza iziteshi eziphansi zohlelo lomkhankaso. Inqubo yokuhlola izigijimi ezihlukene, amasu enhlangano, kanye nezisulu ezikhonjiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ozohlolwa angase athole ukuthi ukugxila ekufuneni i-populist kuzwakala kangcono kunezihloko eziphambili zezokuvikela kwesizwe. Lezi zifundo zibalulekile kakhulu kukhetho oluvamile, lapho izigxobo ziphakeme khona futhi zibanzi. Inqubo eyinhloko futhi yembula izigijimimende ezingalungiseka: umuntu olwa ukulwa i-gaffes noma impikiswano engekho ngqiqwele noma ongaziqasha izisebenzi ezintsha zokuxhumana kwezwe noma ukwamukela indlela yokusondela engcono kakhulu.

Ukugxekwa Nezinselele Eziyinhloko

Naphezu kwezici zabo zentando yeningi, okhetho oluyinhloko babhekene nokugxekwa okungathi sína okuye kwabangela ukuba kudingeke ukuba kwenziwe izinguquko.

Ukwenelisa Nokususa

Icebo elivamile ukuthi abathatheli abangenisi abaphezulu bathathele phambili ekweqiseni kwemibono. Ngokusuka ekuvotini abalinganiselayo nasekuhlanganyeleni okukhulu kwabashisekeli beqembu, amazwi anamandla abusa abavoti abayinhloko. Lokhu "ukucwasana" kususa abazokufaka esikhungweni, kuba neqhaza ekuhlaziyweni kwezombangazwe kanye nasekuvimbeleni izintambo. Ukuvikela ukuqomisana, abazofuna ukubhapathizwa benza izithembiso ezinzima, kubashiye besengozini ehholo likakhetho oluvamile noma babaphoqelele ezikhundleni eziqinile lapho sebesehhovisi.

I - voter Turtout Ephansi Nemiphumela Engamele

I-postvotray ephambili iphansi kakhulu − ngokuvamile ingaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-20 eminyakeni ephakathi futhi ayivamile ukuba idlule ngamaphesenti angu-30 emijikelezweni kamongameli. Labo abavotayo bavame ukuba abadala, abacebile, abafundile, futhi babenolwazi oluningi kunabo bonke. Lokhu kuzalana kwabantu kusho ukuthi abawina ngokuyinhloko bamelela isiqeshana esincane seqembu, hhayi amalungu abanzi eqembu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlolwa kwamashumi amabili ali-19 kwePew Research Center kwathola ukuthi abavoti abayinhloko basengozini enkulu yokuchaza ngokuthi "very revoration" noma "overy referaligial" kunezindawo zesigaba seqembu elinombala.

Ukungaqondi Nokubhikisha Okubi

Imincintiswano eyingozi ingaba nonya. Imidlalo ephikisayo ihlaselana ngokuhlanzeka kwemibono, ubuntu, ngisho nezindaba eziyiqiniso. Umncintiswano omkhulu ngezinye izikhathi uholela ekusakazeni ulwazi oludidayo noma udaka olungathembekile olululaza umnqobi ekugcineni. Uma isiphetho esiyinhloko, iqembu eliphikisayo lingahlaselana ngalokhu kuhlasela ekukhetheni okuvamile. Ezimweni ezidlulele, ukulwa okukhulu kungalimaza iqembu kangangokuba abasekeli balo abalahlekelwayo benqaba ukuvotela umnqobi, isici esaziwa ngokuthi "ucreary Region"."

Indima Yemali Namaqembu Angaphandle

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme iCitagens United v. FEC (2010) yavumela ukusetshenziswa okungenamkhawulo ngezinhlangano nangemikhakha, yandisa ngokuphawulekayo ithonya lemali yangaphandle ezingeni eliqalile. AmaPACIPig kanye namaqembu angenisa imali emnyama angachitha izigidi manje ukuze asekele noma abhubhise abafuni, ngokuvamile ngokuthungatha. Le mikhankaso yemali inganqoba imikhankanti yotshani futhi inike amandla angenakulinganiswa abani abanikazi abacebile kanye nezithakazelo ezikhethekile.

Umbono Oqhathaniswayo: Izenzakalo Eziwubugebengu Emhlabeni Wonke

Nakuba okhetho oluyinhloko luhlangene kakhulu ne-United States, ezinye idemokrati ziye zasebenzisa izindlela ezifanayo, nakuba zinokuhluka okuphawulekayo. Emazweni amaningi, amaqembu , hhayi umbuso − `umsizi oyinhloko wemincintiswano. Ngokwesibonelo, eUnited Kingdom, i-Labour Party ngezikhathi ezithile ine "ukukhetha" izinqubo lapho abaxhasi ababhalileyo bengavotela khona abazothatha i-odoli. ECanada, ezinye izigaba zezombangazwe zisebenzisa izimiso zokuvota ezihlanganisa amakhadi okuvota (kaFrançois Fillon). Lezi zibonelo zomhlaba wonke ziqokomisa imiphumela ewuhlobo lwezimiso ze-"amagugu elungile nenkaba""]

Ngokuthakazelisayo, amazwe amaningi aye enqaba izigebengu ngenxa yokwesaba ukubhujiswa kweqembu noma ukuthunjwa okukhethekile. Ngokwesibonelo, eJalimane, amaqembu ngokuvamile akhetha abazobhapathizwa ngemihlangano yabathunywa kunokuba akhethe ngokukhululekile. Ukukhetha phakathi kwezindawo eziyinhloko neziwumhlangano kubonisa isimo esingokwesiko esijulile ngegunya lentando yeningi neqembu. Isibonelo se-U.S., kanye nesigaba salo esiphethe, siyingxubevange engavamile yeqembu nombuso wokulawula.

Izinguquko Nekusasa Lokukhethwa Okuyinhloko

Ngenxa yokugxeka, iziphakamiso eziningi zenguquko ziye zagqashuka kososayensi bezombangazwe nabasekeli bezinguquko.

Imishini Evulekile Nemibili

Izwe elinjengeCalifornia neWashington liye lasebenzisa i-"top-2" engekho partisan, lapho bonke abavoti bevela khona ngevoti eyodwa futhi abakhiqizi ababili abaphezulu behamba phambili kukhetho oluvamile (ngaphandle komcimbi). Lesimiso sihlose ukunciphisa i-palcation ngokukhuthaza ababheki be-colorate futhi ngokuvimbela abaphambuki abaphezulu ukuba bahambe ngemuva eliphansi elivalekile. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi ithene isimo sezombangazwe saseCalifornia; abagxeki baphawula ukuthi sisengaphumela ekubeni abathathi-mzansi ababili ababhekene, baphumele phambili ezinhlangothini zesithathu.

I-Ranked-Choice Voing (RCV) nesihlanu sokugcina

RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bahlele abavoti ngokukhetha, futhi uma kungekho mvoti owina iningi, othatha imvume ebuthakathaka kakhulu uyasuswa futhi amavoti abo ancishisiwe. Lesi simiso sikhuthaza abavoti abangakha imvume eqenjini. Ngo-2020, i-RCV ihlangene ne-RCV ephezulu engeyona esigaba sesine, enikeza qhaza eliqalayo ngokuhlelwa kwe-$agconometers. RCV futhi inciphisa "imiphumela ye-spoiler" futhi inqabela ukubhikiselana, ngoba abamele ukuvota kweyesisibili sabaphikisi babo.

Imfundo Eyandayo Neyamavote

Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zashukumisela izinsuku eziyinhloko ukuba zandise ukuhlanganyela − ziwabambe ngosuku olufanayo nokhetho oluvamile (njengasezingeni zikamongameli we-Nevada) noma ekuhlanganiseni nemincintiswano yendawo. Ezinye ziye zamukela ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo nokuvota kwasekuqaleni. Abavoti nabavoti abavoti nabavoti abakhokhileyo, ngokuvamile abaxhaswe yizinhlangano zomphakathi noma amayunivesithi, bangasiza ekutsheleni abavoti. INhlangano yesizwe yamaSsethi ezisebenzela unikeza uhlu lwezinsuku nemithombo yezwe.

Ukuhweba Ngomphakathi Nokushintsha Izimali Emkhankasweni

Ukuze kulwiwe nethonya lemali, ezinye izinhlangano ziye zadala izinhlelo ezincane ezihambelanayo (njenge-New York City) noma izimiso zezimali zomphakathi ezigcwele. Isibonelo se "Emowerfect Act", esikhuliswe amaqembu anjenge-mediumUs, singanikeza izimali zomphakathi kunoma ubani ovotayo, ezinganikela kubo bonke abafuna ukukhethwa. Izinguquko ezinjalo zinganciphisa isithiyo sezimali sabaceli bezinselele zotshani futhi zinciphise ukuncika kwezisebenzi ezicebile.

Isiphetho

Ukhetho oluyinhloko lungaphezu nje kwemincintiswano yokuqala. Luyi-accomptic aywenziwa ngayo abathathi-politiki. Ngokusuka ezikhundleni ezilungisayo zesimiso kanye nasemasubeni okusekelana kweqembu nokuvota, amakheji anethonya elikhulu nelihlala njalo kuyo yonke indalo ekhethayo. Kodwa amaphutha awo `ukungalingani, ukuntengantengi kwezimali, nokungalingani kwezeki kwezezimali ("izindawo zezezimali"nember"ne" ne-memos) okudingeka ngokulinganayo. Njengoba izakhamuzi nabashisekeli benguquko bezama ukuqinisa idemokhrasi, umklamo wokhetho oyinhloko kumelwe ube yindaba eyinhloko. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngezimiso ezivulekile, ukuvota, noma ukukhuliswa kwezentengo yomphakathi, umgomo kufanele ube ukulondolo oluyinhloko lwemoto yokukhetha okungatshali okungahluzeki.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, hlola [[FLT: 0] i-Pew Research Center's ukuhlolwa kwabavoti abayinhloko, Brookings's compotion of primetics [, kanye [FLT:] ne-National Conference of State Legislatures's ukucacing types .