Isingeniso: Ikhono Eliningi Lamandla

Amandla angenakugwenywa emiphakathini yabantu. Kusukela ekilasini kuya kwelokuhlala, kusukela emndenini kuya ebuhlotsheni bezizwe zonke, umbuzo wokuthi kungani abanye abantu noma amaqembu benegunya phezu kwabanye ungaphelelwa isikhathi futhi uphuthuma. Ukuqonda akuyona nje indlela yemfundo kuphela edingekayo yokulungisa inkimbinkimbinkimbi yokuphila kwanamuhla, ukukhuthaza ubulungisa, nokwakha imiphakathi elinganayo.

Ekujuleni kwayo, amandla anamandla okuthonya noma ukulawula ukuziphatha kwabantu nemiphumelo. Kodwa lencazelo elula ifihla izakhiwo ezigcwele imithombo, nemiphumela. Amandla angabonakala, njengasegunyeni lomahluleli, noma elingabonakali, njengasemithethweni ewubuqili elawula ukuziphatha komphakathi. Ingasetshenziswa ngokubambisana noma ngokubambisana, ngokuphambana noma ngokusakaza. Lesihloko sihlola isimo esinezici eziningi zamandla, ukudweba ngemibono engokomlando, yezenhlalo, neyomqondo ukuchaza ukuthi kungani amandla eqhubeka nokungaqondani nokuqondana.

Isisekelo Samandla: Ukubukeza Okuphawulekayo

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene ezicini ezithile, kuwusizo ukusungula uhlelo lokuqonda amandla. Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi bezenhlalo bephikisana ngemvelaphi nemisebenzi yayo. Isayensi yezokusebenza kwemisebe yezenhlalakahle, eyasungulwa izazi zezenhlalakahle uJohn French noBertram Raven ngo-1959, iveza izisekelo ezinhlanu zamandla, ngalinye linezici nezici ezihlukile.

Amandla Okudlala

Amandla okuzingela asekelwe ekhonweni lokukhipha isijeziso noma ukusongela imiphumela emibi. Luhlobo lokulawula olugcwele kakhulu, oluvame ukubonakala emibusweni yempoqo, ye-polic, noma ebuhlotsheni bobuzali nobuzali. Nakuba kuphumelela esikhathini esifushane, amandla obuhlobo abangela ukucasuka nokumelana. Ukuthembela kokwesaba kwenza ukuba ihlale intengantenga futhi ibizayo.

Amandla Okuvuza

Amandla ayisici esiphansi sokuphoqelelwa: ahilela ukunikeza izisusa ezinjengemali, ukudumisa, ukukhushulelwa esikhundleni, noma amalungelo okusekela ukuvunyelwa. Ezindaweni zomsebenzi nasezimweni zemfundo, amandla avuzayo angashukumisa ukusebenza, kodwa futhi angase aholele ebuhlotsheni obuthengiselanayo nasekugxileni ekusebenziseni imali ephelele kunokugxila esishukusweni esingokwemvelo.

Amandla Angokomthetho

Amandla angokomthetho asuka esikhundleni esiqashelwayo noma indima esigabani sobuphoyisa. Isikhulu samaphoyisa, umphathi, noma isikhulu esikhethiwe sinegunya elingokomthetho ngoba umphakathi ubanika igunya lokwenza izinqumo nokuphoqelela imithetho. Loluhlobo lwamandla luvame ukuhlanganiswa emithethweni, ezivumelwaneni, noma emisha yamalungelo enhlangano. Nokho, amandla angokomthetho angasetshenziswa kabi uma igunya lingahlolwa ngezindlela zokulandisa.

Amandla Ezazi

Amandla anamandla avela olwazini olukhethekile, emakhonweni, noma olwazi. Ubuchwepheshe bezokwelapha, ubuchwepheshe bonjiniyela okwazi umthetho, noma ukuqonda kommeli kubenza babe nethonya kwabanye abangenalo lololwazi. Kulelizwe eliyinkimbinkimbi, amandla ochwepheshe aziswa kakhulu, kodwa futhi angadala ukuncika nolwazi njengezinto ezithathelwanayo.

Amandla Anikezwayo

Amandla asuka ezimfanelweni zomuntu siqu njengesasasa, ukwethembeka, noma ukukholeka. Abantu balandela othile onamandla aphezulu ngoba bewazisa noma bewahlukanisa nawo. Loluhlobo lwamandla luyisisekelo sokuhola ezinhlanganweni zezenhlalo, ukuqokomisana, nobudlelwane obuseduze. Amandla anamandla angasiza kahle, kodwa futhi angaxhashazwa abantu abaxhaphazayo.

Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kuyasiza ekuhlaziyeni ukuthi kungani abanye abantu benqwabelana ngamandla kuyilapho abanye behlala bengaphansi.

Umlando Ogciniwe: Amandla Enkathini Yonke

Kuwo wonke umlando, ukusakazwa kwamandla kuye kwalolongwa izinguquko ezinkulu ezingokwezenhlalo. Ukuhlola lemiqondo kwembula indlela izakhi zamandla ezingamiswa ngayo kodwa eziguquka ngayo ngenxa yezinguquko zezomnotho, ezobuchwepheshe, nezemibono.

Imibuso Engalawuleki

EYurophu yenkathi ephakathi, amandla ayegxile esimisweni esiqinile sobufandala. Amakhosi anika izikhulu izwe ukuze zikwazi ukungenela inkonzo yezempi, kuyilapho abalimi (izikhulu) babeboshelwe ezweni futhi bengaphansi kwegunya lenkosi. Lesimiso sasisekelwa ngemibono yelungelo laphezulu lokukholelwa ukuthi amakhosi ayekhethwe uNkulunkulu. Umbuso wawungathathwa njengefa futhi wawungabuzwa. Isonto lalisebenzisa amandla amakhulu, lilawula imfundo, ukuziphatha, futhi ngisho nobuzwilakhe bezombangazwe.

“ Isimiso sombango sasingesona nje ilungiselelo lezomnotho; sasiwukuhleleka okuphelele komphakathi lapho kwahlanganiswa khona amandla, impahla, nelungelo.” — USusan Reynolds, isazi - mlando

Ubukoloni Nobukhosi

Kusukela ngekhulu le-15 kuya kwelama-20, imibuso yaseYurophu , i-Britain, i-France, i-Spain, iPortugal, i-Netherlands, nezinye . "izindawo ezisungulweyo e-Afrika, i-Asia, kanye ne-Melika. Ukulawulwa kwezwe kwakuyinqubo enkulu yokubambisana kwezempi nangokomthetho, isekelwa amabutho empi nemibono yobuhlanga eyayifanele ukubuswa. Ababhishobhi bakhipha imithombo yemali, baxhaphaza izisebenzi, futhi bafaka izimiso zabo zempucuko nezombangazwe. Imiphumela iyaqhubeka namuhla ezimpini zembulunga yonke, izintethelela zempucuko, nangemva kokungahambi kwezombangazwe.

Inguquko Yezezimboni

INguquko yezezimboni (ngekhulu leminyaka lama-18th-19) ithonya eliphinde lashintsha phakathi kwemiphakathi. Ukuphakama kwamafektha nesimiso sokuhweba ngokukhululekile kwadala isigaba esisha sabacebi bezezimboni abacebile − − i-bourgeoisie . owaqongelela amandla ezomnotho ayelingana namaduna angokwesiko. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isigaba esisebenzayo (iprotaliat) sakhula ngobukhulu nangenhlangano, saholela ezinhlanganweni zezisebenzi ezazifuna iholo elingcono, izimo ezisebenzayo, kanye nokumelelwa kwezombangazwe. Lenkathi yabona ukuzalwa kwempi yesigaba sanamuhla, njengoba ihlaziswe uKarl Marx, owayethi ekugcineni uzuza amandla ekulawuleni imikhiqizo.

Izinhlangano Zomphakathi Nokusekela Amandla Awothule

Ikhulu lama-20 namashumi amabili nanye lama-21 liye laphawulwa yizinhlangano zezenhlalo ezinamandla ezabekela izakhiwo zamandla inselele. Umzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi eUnited States walwa nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga. Izinhlangano zabesifazane zabekela igunya lobunzalamizi inselele futhi zafuna ukulingana kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Izinhlangano ezilwa nokubusa kwamazwe azimele e-Asia nase-Afrika ziye zakwazi ukubuswa ngempumelelo ukulwa nemibuso yamakoloni. Lezinhlangano ngokuvamile zahlanganisa ukumelana nokulwa komphakathi (ukulwa, ukuhlasela, ukuhlasela, ukuhlasela, ukulahla abafana) ngokunxusa amandla okuziphatha okuhle nangokomthetho (ilungelo lobuntu, izifiso zentando yeningi). Zibonisa ukuthi amandla angancintiswa futhi ancishiswe ngezenzo ezihlangene.

Izindlela Zokuhlalisana Nezimiso Zokusebenza

Ngaphandle kwezenzakalo ezingokomlando, amandla ansuku zonke agxila emphakathini — izindlela eziqinile zobuhlobo nezinhlangano ezihlela umphakathi. Lezi zakhiwo ngokuvamile zisebenza ngaphandle kwezindawo, okwenza amandla abonakale engokwemvelo noma engenakugwenywa.

Izigaba Namandla Ezomnotho

Isigaba sezezomnotho silokhu singesinye sezinqanda ithonya elinamandla kakhulu. Ingcebo inikeza ukufinyelela imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukumelelwa komthetho, iminikelo yezombangazwe, kanye nobunikazi bemithombo yezindaba. Emazweni amaningi, iphesenti eliphezulu lenani labantu lilawula ingxenye enkulu yengcebo, ibenza bakwazi ukumisa isimiso nombono womphakathi. Data ukusuka kuyi-World Sututitume Memodicity[ ibonisa ukuthi inzuzo yembulunga yonke kanye nokungalingani kwengcebo kuye kwakhula ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ngawo-1980, kuqinisa amandla ombuso we-WMbali.

Uhlanga, Ubuhlanga, Nesimiso Sokucwasana

Ukwahlukana kwezinhlanga nohlanga kusekelwe emilandweni yobugqila, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo. Emazweni anjenge-United States, i-South Africa, neBrazil, ubuhlanga bezimiso buyaqhubeka buthinta ukutholakala kwezindlu, umsebenzi, ubulungisa bobugebengu, nokumelelwa kwezombangazwe. Ngisho nangemva kokuguqula okungokomthetho, izisekelo zamandla ziyaqhubeka ngezindlela ezicatshangelwe ngokucuphayo, njengemikhuba yokuqasha abantu, ukuhlukanisa imfucumfucu, nokufakwa kwabantu abaningi. Ukuqonda lokhu kudinga ukuhlaziywa kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokucindezelwa (iqembu, isigaba, ubulili) nokuhlangana kweqembu ngalinye.

Uhlanga Nesinzalamizi

Ubhishobhi uyisimiso sezenhlalo lapho amadoda ehlala khona enegunya elingaphezulu kunabesifazane. Kubonakala ngenkokhelo elinganayo, ukuholwa, ubudlova obungalingani, nezimiso zamasiko ezilulaza iminikelo yabesifazane. Nakuba intuthuko iye yenziwa [1] Abesifazane abaningi abasehhovisi lezombangazwe, ngokwesibonelo, izikhala eziphawulekayo. Ngokwe- World Economic Forum [Inani lembulunga yonke le-Generfect 2024 , ngokwesilinganiso samanje, kuzakuthatha iminyaka engu-13 ukuvala igebelele. Ukunga okungaphezulu kwamandla kuyabonakala futhi emiphakathini ye-LGBQ, lapho ukucwasana nobudlova kulinganiselwe kwemithombo yezenhlalakahle nezenhlalo.

Ubudala Namandla Ezizukulwane

Ukwakheka kwamandla enkathi ngezindlela eziyindida. Emiphakathini eminingi engokwesiko, abadala banegunya ngenxa yolwazi lwabo nolwazi oluqoqiwe. Emasikweni anamuhla, intsha ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengevumelana kakhulu nezimo futhi esunguliwe, kodwa ingase intuleke amandla okuhlela. Izingxabano zezizukulwane ezihlanganisa inzuzo (umz., ukusetshenziswa komphakathi ekutholeni impesheni . imfundo) kubonisa ukuncintisana okujulile. Umzabalazo okhulayo wembulunga yonke wabashisekeli besimo sezulu, njengoGrenta Thaunberg, ubonisa indlela amandla aqala ngayo izimiso zezombangazwe.

Ukuqina Kwamandla Angokwengqondo

Ucwaningo lwengqondo lwembula indlela abantu abasabela ngayo egunyeni, indlela athonya ngayo amandla nendlela abantu abawasebenzisa ngayo ngaphakathi.

Igunya Nokulalela: I - Milgram Yazama

Ukucwaninga okudumile kukaStanley Milgram kuma-1960 kwabonisa ukuthi abantu abavamile bazimisele ngokuphawulekayo ukulalela iziqu zabaphathi, ngisho nalapho beyalwa ukuba balimaze abanye. Abathathi-nxaxheba batshelwa ukuba banikeze ukushaqeka kukagesi kumfundi (umdlali) ukuze bathole izimpendulo ezingalungile. Naphezu kokuzwa ubuhlungu, abaningi baqhubeka beshaqisa kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi umlingisi wejaji elisemfashini wabatshela wona. Lokhu kucwaninga kwaqokomisa amandla egunya elingokomthetho nokucindezela kwesimo, kwaphakamisa imibuzo ephazamisayo ngokuthi imibuso enjenge-Nazi noma i-South Africa i-gadentine ingenza kanjani.

Umzamo Wejele LaseStanford Nombuso

Philip Zimbardo's Prison Experiment (19971) wabonisa indlela izabelo ezabelweyo ezingaguqula ngayo ukuziphatha ngokushesha. Abafundi baseKoliji banikezwa ngokungazelele ukuba "abaqaphi" babe abaxhaphazayo nabaphatha ngempoqo, kuyilapho "ababoshi" beqala ukuthatha izinyawo futhi becindezelekile. Ukuhlola kwaqedwa ekuqaleni ngenxa yokukhathalela kwezimiso zokuhle, kodwa okwatholwa kwagcizelela indlela amandla angonakalisa ngayo ngisho nabantu abavamile uma ebekwe ezimweni ezikhuthaza ukuvelela. Nakuba ukuhlola kuye kwabhekana nezindlela zokusebenzisa inqubo yobuchwepheshe, kulokhu kungumfanekiso onamandla wesimo samandla.

Ukuchaza I - project Nobufazi Beqembu

Ngokwenkolelo-mbono yezenhlalo, abantu bathola ingxenye yokuzivumelanisa kwabo ngokwabo namalungu eqembu (umz., uhlanga, ubuzwe, umsebenzi). Lokhu kuholela ekukhetheni iqembu nakubandlululo lwamaqembu. Amaqembu anamandla ngokuvamile aqala imibono ethethelela ukubusa kwawo (umz., "abacebile bafanelwe ingcebo yabo ngenxa yokusebenza kanzima"). Ngokuphambene, amaqembu alinganiselwe angabeka isithunzi noma athole i-genensi. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo zengqondo kuyisihluthulelo sokubekela inselele ubandlululo nobumbano.

Amandla Nesiyalo

Ukucwaninga kubonisa futhi ukuthi amandla ashintsha indlela abantu abacabanga ngayo. Abantu abanamandla bathambekele ekuzithembeni ngokwengeziwe, bathathe izingozi eziningi, futhi bagxile emivuzweni kunasengsongongweni. Bathambekele kakhulu ekubhekeni abanye futhi cishe bangathathi imibono yabanye. Lokhu "ukuphikisana" kusho ukuthi njengoba abantu bethola amandla, ngokuvamile baba nozwela oluncane futhi bangazithembi kakhulu, okungaqeda ukufaneleka kwabo ngesikhathi. Ukutadisha kuka-Adam Galinsky nosebenza nabo kwathola ukuthi amandla andisa ukuthambekela kokwenza ngezifiso zomuntu siqu, ngezinye izikhathi ngezindleko zokucabangela okulungile.

Izimpawu Zanamuhla Zamandla Ahlukile

Kulelikhulu lama - 21, amandla anamandla aye ashintsha ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi, ethonywe ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ubuchwepheshe, nezinhlobo ezintsha zenhlangano yezenhlalo. Ukuqaphela lezi zindlela zanamuhla kubalulekile kulabo abafuna ukuqonda ($ne ukushintsha komhlaba).

Ithonya Lezombangazwe Nemali Kwezombangazwe

Ezimisweni zentando yeningi, inhloso iwukuthi isakhamuzi ngasinye sinamandla alinganayo ezombangazwe ngokuvota nangokuhlanganyela. Eqinisweni, ingcebo ithonya ngokungalingani ngeminikelo yomkhankaso, ukunxusa, nokuba nemithombo yezindaba. E-United States, iZingazana zeNkantolo Ephakeme iUnited (2010) zavumela ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlangano zezentengiselwano okungenamkhawulo emikhankasweni yezombangazwe, okuye kwabangela ukukhuliswa kwegunya lezezomnotho. Lokhu kuye kwaholela esimisweni lapho abezombangazwe bengase bathathele phambili khona kakhulu ekunikeleni kunezehlawulo lwentando yeningi, kululaza ukulandisa.

Imfundo Njengomgcini Wamandla

Ukuthola imfundo ephambili kuyinto eyinhloko ephazamisa ukunyakaza nokubusa. Izikole eziphambili, amayunivesithi adumile, kanye nezinhlangano ze-almni zakha izindlela eziya emisebenzini ephezulu nasezindaweni zobuholi. Ngokuphambene, izikole ezinemivuzo ephansi emiphakathini engenisa imali ephansi ziyaqhubeka zibangela ukungalingani. Igebe lemfundo yembulunga yonke libonisa ukulingana kwezomnotho, izingane ezisezizweni ezicebile zisengozini kakhulu yokuqeda imfundo yamuva neyo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buguqula umnotho, ukufunda amanani nobuchwepheshe obukhethekile baba imithombo emisha yamandla olwazini, ngokunokwenzeka isuka ezindaweni ezikhona phakathi kwalabo abakwazi ukuqeqesha nabangenayo.

Imithombo Yezindaba, Ubuchwepheshe, Namandla Olwazi

Izinhlangano zezezindaba nezindawo zezezezokuxhumana zinamandla amakhulu okulawula umbono womphakathi, ukuhlela izinhlelo, nokuziphatha okunethonya. Imithetho-mithetho efaka phambili izinto ezithathelwanayo ingandisa ulwazi oluxeshiwe futhi ihlukanise imiphakathi. I-techhidism enjengoGoogle, Facebook, neAmazon iqukethe imininingwane eminingi yomuntu siqu, inike amandla angokwezomnotho nangokwezombangazwe. Amandla okulawula ukwaziswa ageleza awuhlobo lwanamuhla lwamandla asemthethweni nangochwepheshe, kodwa awenziwe ngendlela engenakulawulwa. Okwamanje, izinhlangano ezifana ne # MeToo zibonisa indlela izinyuko zotshani ezimelela ngayo amandla otshani ezingalawula ngayo imithombo yezokuxhumana ezwe ukuba inselele izikhali ezisunguliwe.

Ukungalingani Kwembulunga Yonke Nemiklamo YaseNyakatho - Nyakatho

Ezweni, umehluko phakathi kwamazwe usobala. Amazwe acebile eNyakatho embulungeni yonke avame ukulawula ukuhwebelana kwezizwe zonke, izimali, nesimiso sezulu, kuyilapho amazwe ampofu kakhulu embulungeni yonke eNingizimu yembulunga yonke elwa nezikweletu, ukukhipha izimali, nokubekwa imingcele yezombangazwe. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njenge World Bank ne - International Monetary Fund zibuswa amazwe acebile, aqhubekisela phambili ukuntengantenga kwamandla. Nokho, ukuvela kwezomnotho njengeChina, iNdiya, neBrazil kushintsha indawo, kwakha izikhungo ezintsha zezomnotho nezombangazwe.

Ukumelana Namandla: Izakhiwo Ezivivinyayo Zamandla

Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani abanye abantu benegunya phezu kwabanye kumane kuyingxenye yesithombe. Enye ingxenye iqonda ukuthi amandla angavinjelwa kanjani futhi asakazwe. Inqubo yokulawula ukuphila komuntu nendawo ezungezile − iyikhambi lokucindezela amandla. Umlando unikeza izibonelo eziningi zokumelana nokubambisana kwabantu: izinyunyana zezisebenzi ezifuna iholo elifanele, abashisekeli bamalungelo omphakathi bafuna ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo, imiphakathi elwela amalungelo ezwe, nezakhamuzi ezivamile ezihlela ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuma kwezulu.

Ukwenqaba okuphumelelayo kuvame ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zamandla: ukubhikisha okukhulu (ukucindezela kwe-colence), izinselele zomthetho (amandla alawulayo), ubufakazi obungochwepheshe (amandla ochwepheshe), kanye nobuholi bezekhono (amandla anamandla anamandla anamandla). Kudinga futhi ukuqapha [ nekhono lokuqaphela nokuhlaziya izakhiwo zamandla ezibumba ukuphila komuntu, njengoba zivezwe ngumfundisi wase Brazil uPaul Freire. Ngokuqonda izimpande zamandla aguqula, abantu ngabanye nemiphakathi ingasungula amasu okushintsha, kusukela ekuvocikisweni nasemphakathini ukuze kuhlelwe futhi kuqondiswe izenzo eziqondileyo emphakathini.

Kubafundisi, lokhu kusho ukuthuthukisa ukucabanga okugxekayo ngamandla ekilasini. Abafundi bangafunda ukubona izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamandla, bahlole izibonelo ezingokomlando, futhi bahlaziye izindaba zanamuhla. Bangasebenzisa amandla abo avelele nangochwepheshe ukuze basekele izimbangela abakholelwa kuzo. Ekugcineni, umphakathi osakaza amandla ngokulinganayo awugcini nje ngokulunga kodwa futhi uyakwazi ukumelana nokwakheka, futhi uyakwazi ukusekela.

Isiphetho: Igunya njengomthwalo wemfanelo

Amandla awalungile noma mabi ngokwawo; ayithuluzi elibunjwa yizindinganiso nezenzo zalabo abawasebenzisayo. Izizathu ezenza ukuba abanye abantu babe namandla phezu kwabanye zisekelwe kakhulu emlandweni, ezenhlalo, nasendleleni yokusebenza kwengqondo yabantu. Kodwa lezi zizathu aziyona isiphetho. Ngokufunda amandla − imithombo, ukusebenza kwawo, nemiphumela yawo, kanye nemiphumela yawo kungasebenza ezweni lapho amandla ehlanganyelwa khona ngokulingana futhi asetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha okukhulu.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, lokhu kuhlola kuyisiqalo. Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukusebenzisa lokhu kuqonda ekuphileni kwansuku zonke: ukungawamukeli amagunya uma kungalungile, ukwakha izivumelwano phakathi komehluko, ukusebenzisa ithonya lakho siqu ekuphakamiseni amazwi aphansi, futhi ungakhohlwa ukuthi ngamandla kuhambisana nomthwalo wemfanelo. Uhambo oluya emphakathini olinganayo luqala ngokuqonda, kodwa luphele ngezenzo.