Izindawo zemikhankaso yezombangazwe yomhlaba wonke ziye zashintsha kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, zishoshozelwa kakhulu ukuphakama kwamaKomiti e-Political Action (ama-PAC). Ngokungafani nezakhiwo zomkhankaso ezingokwesiko eziboshelwe ngokuqondile abazohlolwa noma amaqembu, la ma-omkhankasi azimele asebenza ngesilinganiso esithile sokuzibusa avumela ukuphishekela izinhloso zenjongo ezweni lonke. Ukukhula kwawo kubonisa ukuthambekela okukhulu kwezembulunga yonke kwezezimali zezombangazwe .[1] Lapho imali, ukuthumelelana, nethonya liqhubekela ngaphandle kokucabangela imingcele yendawo. Njengoba ama-PAC ekhona eyinkimbinkimbi futhi enziwa kakhulu, anikeza kokubili amathuba okubopheka kwezombangazwe nezinselele ezinkulu zokuqondisa ubuphathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela lezinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo emhlabeni wonke, ukusungula kwazo, imibuzo engokomthetho nezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zemvelo, kanye nalokho ezikuveza ngayo ukukhula kwazo emhlabeni wonke.

Yiziphi Izincwadi Ezingaxhunyiwe?

I-PAC engaxhunyaniswanga yikomiti yezombangazwe echaza imali ehlangene ne-PACs njengemisebenzi esungulwe yizinhlangano zikahulumeni, zezwe, noma zokuvota kwendawo, kodwa ayihlanganisiwe nombhalisa othile, i-PC, noma nekomiti ethile egunyaziwe. Ngaphansi komthetho wase-U.S., i-Federal Evolution Commission (FEC) ichaza i-PACs njengalezo ezisungulwe yizinhlangano zezinhlangano, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, noma izinhlangano zamalungu, kuyilapho ama-PAC ezimele ekhululekile kulezo zibophopho. Lokhu ukuzibusa kuwanika izimali ezibanzi ngendlela ezikhuphulula ngayo izimali nokuhlela izimali. Bangacela iminikelo yomphakathi, bahileleke ezinkonzweni ezizimele, futhi bahlangane nezinye izinhlangano ezifana nezinabantu abasondelene.

Isinqumo esingokomthetho se-PACs siqala kumthetho we-Federal EFomment Campaign Act (FECA) ka-1971 kanye nokulungisa okulandelayo, kuhlanganise ne-Bipartisan Champaign Reform Act (BCRA) ka-2002. Inkantolo ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. iNkantolo ePhakeme ePhakeme e[FULL:0]] i-Concizens United[v.FEC[FLC:1] [2010] [2010]) yandisa ikhono le-PACC kanye namanye amaqembu angaphandle lokusebenzisa izimali ezizimeleyo zezombangazwe zezombangazwe. Nakuba leyo nkantolo ekhuluma ngokuqondile ngenkampani nemali, futhi yaqinisa ilungelo layo lokuveza i-PACCC ngaphandle kokuhlobana okuqondiswe. Lezi zinhlangano ezinkulu manje, imelela izinhlangano ezinkulu zezizwe zezizwe zezindawo zeze zezindawo zezezwe emhlabeni wonke.

Izici eziyinhloko zama-PAC angaxhunyiwe zihlanganisa:

  • [[[QUTY:0] Baphakamisa imali ngokuzimele: evela kubantu ngabanye, ezinkampanini, noma kwamanye ama-PAC ngaphandle kokuboshelwa ngemingcele yomnikelo esebenza kumakomiti okucela ukubhapathizwa emongweni othile (nakuba kumelwe ahlale ngemithetho kahulumeni yokudalula).
  • I-Issue advocation:[ abaningi bagxila ezindaweni ezithile zenqubo", njengokuhweba, amalungelo abantu, noma isimiso sendawo ezungezile (i-"i-i-impela") kunokusekela umuntu oyedwa ozothatha i-athonsi noma i-pat.
  • Umsebenzi we-coross- dard: Abanye basebenza emhlabeni wonke ngokuxhasa amaqembu ezombangazwe akwamanye amazwe, ukuhlanganisa izenzakalo zaphesheya, noma imikhankaso esetshenziswayo yemisebe yemisebe ehlasela abavoti kwamanye amazwe.
  • Izakhiwo ezingaxhunyiwe: I-PAC ezingaxhunyiwe zingaba zesikhashana noma ezihlala njalo, futhi zingabuye zibuye zivuselelwe noma zihlelwe kabusha ukuze zivumelane nokushintsha kwezindawo zezombangazwe.

Ukwanda Kwezingcezu Ezingaxhunyiwe Embulungeni Yonke

Nakuba ama-PAC eyintuthuko ecacile yaseMelika, ithonya lawo alikho okhethweni lwe-U.S. phakathi neshumi leminyaka elidlule, abezombangazwe bakwamanye amazwe, amaqembu, namaqembu ezesithakazelo baye baqala ukwamukela izimoto ezizimele, noma baye baba izisulu zezikhulu ze-U.S. ezifuna ukuguqula ezombangazwe kwamanye amazwe. Lesi simo sishukunyiswa yizici eziningana: ukukhulumisana okulula kwezimiso zobuchwepheshe, ukuhwebelana kwezindaba zezombangazwe, nokuntula imithetho yezezimali evumelanayo yezizwe zonke.

Emazweni amaningi, imithetho yasekhaya inqabela iminikelo yangaphandle eqondiswe kuma-pacs noma emaqenjini. Nokho, ama-PAC angaxhumanisela izikhala ezilawulayo ngokuthumela imali emazweni esithathu, ngokusebenzisa izinhlangano zamagobolondo, noma ukuxhasa ngezimali okunqanda ukunqamuka kokukhethwa okuqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC esekelwe eU.S. egxile enkambisweni yesimo sezulu ingaxhasa uchungechunge lwezimemezelo zokukhangisa ezifundeni zaseYurophu ngaphambi kokuvota kwephalamende, ngaleyondlela ithonya umzwelo wemithetho ye-palement ngaphandle kokwephula imithetho yendawo. Ngokufanayo, ama-diaspora avame ukwakha i-PACs ukuze asekele izinhlangano zezombangazwe noma abathathiwe emazweni abo okuvela, ukuhlanganisa izikhwama kweminyango ezifundwe eU.

Amasu Namacebo

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe asebenzisa izinqubo eziningi ukuze afinyelele izinjongo zawo zomhlaba wonke. Lamacebo aklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ithonya kuyilapho enciphisa ukudalulwa okungokomthetho:

  • Izikhangiso ze-coross- dard: Iziteshi zezibalo ezinjenge-Google, Facebook, ne-Twitter zivumela i-PAC ukuba ibheke izakhamuzi ezithile kwamanye amazwe ngemiyalezo ehlangeneyo yezombangazwe. Ngenxa yokuthi izikhangiso zivame ukuthengwa yizinhlangano ezibhaliwe e-U.S., zingawa ngaphandle kwegunya leziphathimandla zokhetho zakwamanye amazwe.
  • Ihlanganisa amaqembu angaphandle ezombangazwe kanye nezindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo: Amanye amaPaC anikeza iziphakamiso zokucabanga, izinhlangano zobushiqela, namaqembu omphakathi ahambelana nemigomo yawo yezimiso. Nakuba leminikelo ingezona iminikelo eqondile, angalungisa isimo sezombangazwe ngezindlela ezicashile.
  • [ ihlela izingqungquthela nezenzakalo zomhlaba wonke: ngokuhlela imibuthano ephezulu ehlanganisa abezombangazwe bakwamanye amazwe, abaholi bezamabhizinisi, nabashisekeli, i-PAC ikha amathuba namapulatifomu okuthuthukisa izinqubo. Lezi zenzakalo zingasebenza njengezimoto zokuqoqa imali.
  • ifaka i-palthina edluliswayo kwamanye amazwe: I-PAC] ingaqasha amanxusa bezizwe noma omeluleki ukuze basekele ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe ezimpikiswaneni ezinjengohwebo, ukuzivikela, noma izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile. E-U.S., imisebenzi enjalo ingaphansi kwe-Externs Expablication Act (FARA), kodwa imithetho efanayo iyahluka kakhulu emhlabeni wonke.
  • Izimpande zotshani ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-digital ziqoqa: I-PACs isebenzisa imikhankaso yezokuxhumana, izinhlu ze-imeyili, ne-apps ukuze ikhuthaze abasekeli kwamanye amazwe ngezimbangela ezithile, ngokuvamile ifiphanisa umngcele phakathi kobukhazikhazi obusemthethweni nokungenela kwamanye amazwe.

Imisebenzi Yokulungisa Nokulungisa Engokomthetho

I-PAC elawulwayo esetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke iyahlukana futhi iyaphikisana. E-United States, i-FEC ifuna wonke ama-PAC ukuba abhalise, imibiko yamafayela evamile ngeminikelo nangezindleko, futhi yazise abanikeli bayo. Nokho, lemithetho yokuthulula ulwazi inezaba eziphawulekayo. Njengesibonelo, izimali ezibolewe yi-LLLC negobolondo zingafiphaza umthombo wangempela wezimali, okwenza kube nzima ukulandelela imali emuva ezithakazelweni zakwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-FEC ilinganiselwe ekuhloleni intengiselwano yomhlaba wonke, futhi izenzo zayo zokugcinwa kwemithetho ngokuvamile zihamba kancane futhi zingaphansi kwemisuka.

Amanye amazwe amaningi anemithetho eqinile. I-United Kingdom imisa ukuvinjelwa okuqinile kweminikelo yamanye amazwe emabuthweni ezombangazwe, kodwa ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuxhomeke ekubikeni nasekugadweni kwebhange. iCanada inqabela iminikelo yakwamanye amazwe ezinhlangano zezombangazwe, kodwa amaqembu azimele ezindleko asebenza njenge- “3" ibekelwe imingcele embalwa. I-European Union inemithetho engalingani: amanye amalungu anjenge-Jalimane neFrance anezimfuneko eziqinile zokufihla indalo, kuyilapho amanye anezakhiwo ezibuthakathaka. Le ngxenye iveza amathuba ama-PAC angahlangene ne-propatiatraatry angeneka angene eqekelweni lokulawula kabusha i-Romistionatruletry.

Izinselele Zokubona Kahle

Inkinga enkulu ehlobene nomsebenzi we-PAC emhlabeni wonke ukuntuleka kokukhanya. I-PAC engaxhunyiwe ingathola imali evela kubantu ngabanye nakumalungu angadingeki ukuba azise uma iminikelo iwela ngaphansi kwemigoqo ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-PAC kumelwe abike abanikela ngemali engaphezu kuka-R3,000 ngonyaka, kodwa lokhu kwaziswa ngokuvamile kugqitshwa ezinqwembeni ze-FEC eziminyene ezinzima emphakathini ukuba zihlawulwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izizwe zakwamanye amazwe ngokuvamile zenqatshelwe ukuba zinikele ngokuqondile e-U.S. PAC, kodwa zingafaka imali ekhoneni elingaphansi kwe-U.S.S.

Izinkampani zamashell nezakhiwo zokukhosela kungenza kube nzima ukulandeleka. Umnikelo owodwa ungadlula ngezindawo eziningi nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho ngaphambi kokufika e-PAC, okwenza kungabi lula ukuba abaqondisi kunoma yiliphi izwe ukuba balandele imali. Lokhu kuthatheka kuyinzuzo ngalabo abafuna ukuthonya inqubo yokhetho kwamanye amazwe ngokuyimfihlo, kodwa kulula ukuqeda ukuthembela komphakathi ezinqubeni zentando yeningi. Ucwaningo lwama 20222 eBrennan Center yeJaji luthole ukuthi imali emnyama (jectivess) ephuma emithonjeni engaziwayo. [accounting] imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-R3 000 (R1,000) esetshenziswa kwezombangazwe phakathi nomjikelezo wokhetho wokhetho lwamazwe angama-20202020, okungasholo okungamelwa kakhulu.

Ukuhlola Icala Emsebenzini Wezizwe Zonke We - PAC

Ukuhlola izibonelo zangempela zezwe kuqokomisa imiphumela esebenzayo yemisebenzi ye-PAC engekho ekuxhunyaneni phesheya. Nakuba imisebenzi eminingi isalokhu isemathunzini, izibhebhe eziningi ezibhalwe kahle zibonisa amandla akhona ekudlaleni.

Izincwadi Eziyi - Pro - Israel Nezinqumo ZaseYurophu

Ama-PAC aseMelika anezimo ezifushanisiwe njenge-AIPAC amaqembu asenesikhathi eside ekhona okhethweni e-U.S., kodwa eminyakeni yamuva, amanye aye afinyelela eYurophu. Phakathi nokhetho lwamapalapala aseYurophu ka-2019, imibiko yaveza ukuthi ama-PAC asekelwe eU.S. aye asekela imikhankaso yokukhangisa kanye nezenzakalo zokukhokha izimali ezihlasela abavoti eFrance, eJalimane, kanye ne-U.K. Umgomo wawukukhuthaza ukuthathwa kwabo njengobungane ne-Israyeli futhi aphindisele emuva ekuvuleni ukugxekwa kwemithetho yama-Israel. Nakuba kungekho mithetho ephulweyo eqekelwe yinqubo yokukhangisa njengemithetho yakwamanye amazwe ekhethekile kunokuba i-evice ukungenela i-partment mayelana nethonya elifanele le-EU.

Izindlu Zokuhlala Nezwe Elingahlali Likhona

Imiphakathi yalapha eUnited States iye yakha ama-PAC amaningi angaxhunyiwe ukuze athonye ezombangazwe emazweni ayo emvelaphi. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-American PaC ase-Melika aye anikela emikhankasweni eNdiya, ngokuvamile ngokuxhasa ngemali inzuzo engabhaliwe ethunyelwa kamuva emaqenjini ezombangazwe aseNdiya noma abathathi-mzandaba. Ngokufanayo, amaCuban-American PaC ase-Melika achithe imali emizamweni engokomlando yokubusa i-U.S. i-Cuba, kodwa nasemisebenzini ethinta i-Cuban ezombangazwe zasekhaya ngendlela engaqondile. Umthetho wethelisi unezela intengo: iminikelo emikhankasweni yezombangazwe yakwamanye amazwe angayifaneleki njengezindawo zokuphakela inzuzo ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-IRS, kodwa ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuncane.

Ukungenelana KwaseRussia Ngeqembu Elizimele

Mhlawumbe impikiswano ephakeme kakhulu ye-PAC yezizwe zonke ihilela ukumangalelwa kokungenela kweRussia kukhetho lobumongameli lwama-2016. Uphenyo lomphakathi wezobuhlakani ne-Special Counse Robert Mueller wathola ukuthi amaqembu aseRussia asebenzisa inxanxanxathela yama-akhawunti ezokuxhumana nenhlangano ebizwa ngokuthi i-Internet Research Agency (IRA) ukulwa nomkhankaso wokususa umongameli wase-U. Nakuba i-IRA yayingelona i-PAC ebhalisiwe ngaphansi kwe-U.S., yasebenza ngendlela efanayo ngokuphakamisa izimali nangokuzithengisa kwezentengiselwano zezombangazwe. Lokhu kubonisa indlela izinhlangano ezingaxhumani ezibizwa ngayo ukuthi i-International Research Agency (IRA) noma i-ogcanternal.

Ngasinye salezi zibonelo sibonisa ukungezwani phakathi kokusetshenziswa okungokomthetho kwenkulumo yezombangazwe kanye nengozi yokugxambukela kwamanye amazwe ngokungafanele. Njengoba ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe eba nekhono kakhulu ekuqhubeni imingcele engokomthetho, isidingo sezimiso ezicacile zomhlaba wonke siya siphuthuma.

Ukufuna Intando Yeningi

Ukwanda kwama-PAC angaxhunyiwe emikhankasweni yomhlaba wonke kuveza imiphumela enzima ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lezinhlangano zingakhulisa amazwi amaqembu ancishisiwe, zikwazi ukwenza imiphakathi ye-diaspora ihlanganyele kwezombangazwe zasekhaya, futhi ithuthukise ingxoxo eyimfihlo ezindabeni eziphuthumayo njengamalungelo abantu nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zifaka engozini yokululaza isimiso sokubusa okuthandwayo.

Izimbangela eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ithonya elingalawuleki: abantu abacebile noma izinkampani, kuhlanganise nalabo abangaphandle kwezwe elikhonziwe, bangasebenzisa ama-PAC ukuze bafake ukucindezela okungalinganiyo kukhetho lwakwamanye amazwe, bahlanekezele intando yabavoti.
  • Ukweqa umthetho: Ukuntuleka kwemithetho evumelanisiweyo kwenza i-PACs ishintshe imali nemisebenzi enqamula imingcele ukuze igweme ukucubungula, idala umjaho ophansi ezindinganisweni zezezimali zomkhankaso.
  • Ukuncishiswa kokwethembana:[ Lapho abavoti besola ukuthi okhetho bathonywa imali yangaphandle efihliwe, ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi kuyancipha. Lokhu kungaholela ekugxekweni nasekudukisiweni.
  • Izingozi zokhuseleko lwesizwe:[ I-Paccos yangaphandle noma labo abasebenza njengamaphepha okuvota ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe bangasebenza njengezimoto zokuhlola, ukukhipha ulwazi, noma ukuphazamisa kwezombangazwe.

Ukulinganisela Inkulumo Ekhululekile Nokulandisa

Noma yikuphi ukusabela okulawulayo kumelwe kulawule ukungezwani phakathi kokuvikela ukukhuluma − itshe legumbi lenhlangano yentando yeningi(*) futhi kuvimbele ukuphazamisa kwamanye amazwe. E-U.S. IsiHlanzi sokuqala sinikeza isivikelo esikhulu ekusebenziseni imali engokombangazwe, kuhlanganise ne-PACs engaxhunyiwe. INkantolo Ephakeme ilokhu ikholelwa njalo ukuthi izindleko ezizimele ziwuhlobo lwenkulumo evikelwe, ngisho noma isikhulumi siyinto engenziwangakhonziwa. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukubeka imingcele evimbela ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho ye-PAC yomhlaba wonke ngaphandle kokusebenzisa isiqinisekiso somthetho.

Abanye abashisekeli bezinguquko baphikisa izimfuneko eziqinile zokudalula kunokuba zivinjelwe ngokuphelele. Ngokwesibonelo, ukufuna ama-PAC ukuba abike abanikazi banoma yimuphi umnikelo ozuzisayo kunoma yimuphi umnikelo ongaphezu komnyango othile kungasiza ekukhanyiseni izimali ezifihliwe kwamanye amazwe ngaphandle kokukhomba okugunyaza umthetho. Abanye bacela izivumelwano zezizwe zonke zokuveza izimali ngomkhankaso wezezimali, ezifana nalezo ezilawula ukuthuthwa kwemali noma ukuvinjelwa kwentela. Nokho, izivumelwano ezinjalo zibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu zezombangazwe nezokugcinwa kwemithetho.

Ikusasa Lama - paC Asemhlabeni Wonke

Ukubheka phambili, indima yama-PAC angekho emikhankasweni yomhlaba wonke cishe iyanda. Izimo eziningi ziyavumelana: ukwanda kokukhangisa kwezombangazwe, ukunyuka kokungaqondakali njengendlela yokunikela okungaziwa, nokuhlangana okukhulayo kwezinhlangano zezombangazwe zembulunga yonke. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC ingamukela iminikelo ye-Bitcoin evela kunoma yiyiphi indawo emhlabeni, ibaguqulele emalini edayisa imali, futhi ichithe izikhangiso zemishini ezihlose abavoti esifundeni esijikelezayo sokhetho bezizwe (*) futhi i-onke ehlala ingamukeleki.

Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe nazo zinendima ebalulekile. Imishini efana ne-Facebook ne-Google iye yasebenzisa ezinye izinyathelo zokubonana zezikhangiso zezombangazwe, njengokufuna ukutshelwa ukuthi ubani ozikhokhela. Kodwa le mithetho isetshenziswa ngokuguquguqukayo emazweni onke, futhi ingakhishwa ngezindlela zobuhlakani zokuthenga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda kwezinhlelo eziyimfihlo zokuthumela imiyalezo njenge-Telegram ne-Signal kwenza kube nzima ukuhlola imizamo yotshani obuhlelwa kwamanye amazwe.

Abenzi bemithetho sebeqala ukusabela. E-European Union, uMthetho we-Digital Services uphoqelela izibopho eziqinile eziseziteshini ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulawulwa kwezindawo zokuvota. E-United States, umthetho ohlongozwayo njengomthetho wokuvikela i-DSCLOSE Act ne-DSCLOSE UMthetho wokwambula izimfuneko ze-PAC futhi wandise amandla okuqinisekisa. Nokho, ukunqanda nokuphikisa kuye kwanqanda eziningi zalezinguquko.

Ukutuswa kohlelo olubonisa ngokwengeziwe

Ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele ezibangelwa ama-PAC angekho emikhankasweni yomhlaba wonke, kudingeka indlela ehlukahlukene:

  • Ukubambisana kwesiphambano somngcele:[ amazwe kufanele ahlanganyele ukwaziswa ngokugeleza okusolekayo kwezimali nokuhlela uphenyo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Zomnual zingasebenza njengezibonelo.
  • Vala izikhala ezingokomthetho: [ Ohulumeni kufanele bathumele imithetho yezezimali ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu azimele akhokhela izindleko, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ahlelwe kanjani, angaphansi kwemithetho efanayo engokwesiko ye-PAC.
  • [[ITL:0] Ubuchwepheshe bezemisebenzi yokwenza ukuba sobala: Blockchain esekelwe ekulandeleni, ukufakwa kwemidwebo yezibalo kwezikhangiso zezombangazwe, kanye nezinhlelo zomphakathi zangempela zingasiza ekukhanyeni kwentengiselwano efiphele.
  • Indikimba ezimele: Izimo ezinjenge-FEC zidinga imali enele kanye negunya lokuhlola izindaba zomhlaba wonke, kuhlanganise namandla angaphansi kwabadlali bangaphandle abalawulwa yibo.
  • Ukuqapha umphakathi:[ Izinhlangano zomphakathi kufanele zifundiswe ngezingozi zethonya langaphandle futhi zihlonyiswe ngamathuluzi okuhlola imithombo yemiyalezo yezombangazwe.

Isiphetho

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe aye aba amathuluzi anamandla ebhokisini lamathuluzi lamazwe ngamazwe abakhankasi bezombangazwe. Ukuzimela kwawo kunikeza ukuvumelana futhi kufinyelele ukuthi izakhiwo zesonto azikwazi ukulingana, kodwa futhi kukhuthaza ukuxhashazwa kwalabo abafuna ukuvala icala lentando yeningi. Indawo yamanje elawulayo . .Imithetho ehlukene yesizwe kanye nokugcinwa kwemithetho ebuthakathaka − kuhlonyiswe kabi ukuphatha ukugeleza kwemali yezombangazwe. Njengoba ukhetho oluzayo ezindaweni ezinkulu zentando yeningi luyodonsa ukunakekela kwamanye amazwe, ukuphuthuma kwenguquko akunakumiswa ngaphezu kwalokho.

Ukulinganisela phakathi kokulondoloza ukuma kwezombangazwe okukhululekile nokuvikela ukuthembeka kokhetho kuyodinga ukuxoxa okuqinile phakathi kohulumeni, izinkampani zobuchwepheshe, umphakathi womphakathi, kanye nabavoti. Ngaphandle kokuthatha isinyathelo esinengqondo, ukufaneleka kwezinqubo zentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke kuncishiswa yisimiso somkhankaso womhlaba wonke. Isikhathi sokusingatha lenselele manje.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-Federal Evolution Commission e-PAC yobhaliso futhi ibike, i-Brennan Center ye- Justice i-assysis yemali emnyama kukhetho[[, ne-OpenSALT’s [[FLT:]]] i-[FLT] i-eacteds enalot eUnion. [[FLT:] ezombangazwe:][FLT].[FFT:5]]. Imiqondo ephakathi ikhona kumthetho wezizwe zonke [FLT:][FLT]