Ukukhethwa kuwumsuka wesimiso sokubusa kwentando yeningi, ukunikeza indlela ehlelwe kahle izakhamuzi ezingaveza ngayo okuthandayo, ukuthonya isimiso somphakathi, futhi zigcine abaholi benolandiso. Ngaphezu kwenqubo evamile yokuzihlela, inqubo ekhethekile ihlanganisa isimiso sobukhosi obuthandwayo .inkolelo yokuthi igunya elingokomthetho lezombangazwe lithathwa ekuvumeni kwababuswayo. Emiphakathini esemhlabeni wonke, isimo sokhetho asikona nje kuphela ophethe amandla kodwa futhi nesiqondiso sesimiso sezwe, ukuhlelwa kwemithombo yengcebo, kanye nokwakheka kwezivumelwano zezenhlalo phakathi kwemibuso nezakhamuzi zayo. Ukuqonda indima ebanzi yokhetho emphakathini kubalulekile kubalulekile ekuqapheleni ithonya lazo elikhulu ekusimameni kwezombangazwe, amasiko, nokusakazwa kwezimiso zezwe.

Indima Yokukhetha Intando Yeningi

Phakathi nendawo, idemokrasi isekelwe embonweni wokuthi izakhamuzi ezivamile zinelungelo kanye nekhono lokunquma ukuthi zibuswa kanjani. Izinhlelo zisebenza njengendlela eyinhloko yokuhumusha lombono. Zifeza imisebenzi eminingi enzima: zinika izakhamuzi amandla okukhetha abameleli, zidala ukulandisa ngokunikeza abavoti amandla okususa izikhulu ezingaphansi kokubusa, futhi zinikeza igunya elingokomthetho egunyeni likahulumeni. Ngaphandle kobukhoma, ngaphandle kokhetho oluvamile, olukhululekile, nolungakho, ayikho isimiso esingasho ngokungenakukhonziwa ukuthi sibuswa yintando yeningi; ukhetho luyikho okungahlukanisa idemocrali ebusayo ebusa umbuso wedemokhrasi.

Umsebenzi ogunyaziwe wokhetho awunakushiwo ngokweqile. Uma abantu befaka i-collet, abamane baveza intando yabo; bahlanganyela esenzweni sokwenza izinqumo ezihlangeneyo ezinquma ukwakha izishaya-mthetho, ukukhethwa kwabaphathi, nokusetshenziswa kwezicelo zemithetho. Lokhu kuveza ukuncintisana kukhuthaza umuzwa wenhlangano phakathi kwezakhamuzi, kuqinisa inkolelo yokuthi imibono yabo ibalulekile futhi ingenza ushintshe ngezindlela ezingokomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okhetho banikeza izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano zezombangazwe, bafaka ukuphikisana okuhleliwe emincintiswaneni ehlangene yemivholweni kunokuba ifakwe ebudloveni noma ekubandluleni.

Ukulandisa kungelinye itshe eliyinhloko lesimiso sokhetho. Izikhulu eziqashelwayo ziyazi ukuthi kumelwe zibhekane nabavoti njalo ngezikhathi ezithile, futhi lelithemba lizenza zibuse ngokunomthwalo wemfanelo. Izikhulu ezihlulekayo ukunikeza izithembiso, zihileleke ekonakalani, noma zishaye indiva izidingo zezingozi zazo ezivotelwa ngaphandle kwesikhundla. Lenqubo yokuhlola izenzakalo. "@voters" ibheka phambili ngokuhlola okusekelwe ekusebenzeni kwazo" //izibonelela ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka usabela ekufuneni intando yomphakathi. Ukucwaninga kwezombangazwe kubonise njalo ukuthi ukulandisa okunemiphumela engokongamelwe ihlelwe yi-votator kungcono futhi kunciphe inqubo engekho mthethweni yamanxusa, ikakhulukazi uma abavoti bekwazi ukufinyelela ukwaziswa okuthembekile mayelana nezenzo zabo.

  • Igunya lezakhamuzi[ – Izinketho zinikeza abantu iphimbo eliqondile ekukhetheni abaholi nokuhlela isimiso esiza kuqala, ukuqinisa inxusa lomphakathi.
  • ukulandisa kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe – ukhetho oluvamile lunikeza indlela yokuba abavoti bakhokhe noma bajezise abavoti ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni, ukudumaza ukonakala nokunganaki.
  • Ukuthatha uhulumeni - Ohulumeni abavela kukhetho oluthembekile bajabulela ukwamukelwa umphakathi, okusiza ukuba kuvumelane nemithetho kanye nokubambisana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Umlando Wezinto Ezikhethwayo

Umqondo wokhetho uye wavela ngokuphawulekayo emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, ubonakalisa ukushintsha okukhulu kwefilosofi yezombangazwe, izakhiwo zezenhlalo, nobuchwepheshe. E-Athene yasendulo, ngokuvamile ephawulwe ngokuthi ukuzalwa kwentando yeningi, izakhamuzi zahlanganyela ngokuqondile emihlanganweni kodwa zathembela ekukhetheni [1] ukukhethwa kwezindawo eziningi zokuphatha kunokuphikisana nokhetho. IRiphabliki yamaRoma yasungula izinqubo zokuvota ezisemthethweni, nakuba ukuthatha iqhaza kwakulinganiselwe kubantu abambalwa abavelele. Nokho, umlando wesintu omningi wawubuswa yimibuso yefa nemibuso yempatho lapho abantu babengenakho okuncane noma bengenakho okumelwe bakwenzele ekukhetheni abaholi abaholi.

Ukuvuleka kokuhlakanipha kweSikhanyiso ngekhulu leshumi nanye leshumi nanhlanu kwaguqula kakhulu ukucabanga kwezombangazwe. Izazi zefilosofi ezinjengoJohn Locke, uJean-Jacques Rousseau, noMontesquieu zachaza izinkolelo-mbono zobukhosi obudumile, izivumelwano zomphakathi, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso eyayibekela inselele ilungelo laphezulu lamakhosi. Le mibono yathola ukubonakaliswa okusebenzayo ezinhlanganweni zenguquko zezombangazwe. “‘ UkuVukela kweMelika (1775-17883) neNguquko yenguquko yaseFrance (789-171799).[1] Leyo eyayifuna ukumisa ohulumeni abasekeli begunyazwe imvume yokubusa. IMelika izama, ikakhulukazi, yaveza umqondo wokhetho oluyinhloko njengesicishicilo lwezezwe eRiphabliki, nakuba ilinganiselwe kubaphathi bempahla yabesilisa (1775-1775-1789) emashumi amaningi eminyaka.

Izenzakalo Ezibalulekile Ezingokomlando

Isimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi siphawuleka ngezenzakalo eziphawulekayo ezandisa ukuhlanganyela, amalungelo avikelwe, nezinqubo ezingokomthetho. Lezi zinyathelo ezivelele zibonisa ukulwa kwamaqembu angaphansi kwamacala amakhulu ukuze athole ibhodi lezincwadi kanye nabashisekeli bezinguquko ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi okhethweni bamelela ngokunembile intando yabantu.

  • IMagna Carta (1215) -Ngaphezu kwencwadi yentando yeningi, iMagna Carta yamisa isimiso sokuthi inkosi yayingangaphezulu komthetho nokuthi amalungelo athile ayengeke aphulwe ngokusemthethweni, abeke isisekelo sezenzakalo zamuva zomthetho-sisekelo.
  • INguquko yaseMelika (1775-1783) – inguquko yaveza irepublic entsha eyasungulwa ngesimiso sobukhosi obuthandwayo, ngokhetho oluvamile lwezikhundla zomthetho nezokuqondisa, nakuba ekuqaleni yayibekelwe imingcele.
  • I-Suffge Movement (ikhulu leminyaka le-19th-20) - Imikhankaso yokuvota, ukulingana kwezinhlanga ekuvoteni, nokususwa kwezimfuneko zempahla kwandisa ukuvota kancane kancane, kwenza ukhetho lungahlanga futhi lube nommeleli.
  • IVoting Rights Act ka 1965 (United States) - Lomthetho ophawulayo wenqabela ukucwasana ngokohlanga emikhubeni yokuvota, ususa imigoqo uJim Crow-era eyayisusile izigidi zezakhamuzi zaseMelika.
  • Ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi (1989-19991) – Ukuwa kwemibuso yobukhomanisi eMpumalanga Yurophu nase Soviet Union kwabangela igagasi lokwehliswa kwedemokrasi, imibuso emisha ezimele eyamukela imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo nezimiso zokukhetha ezisekelwe okhethweni lokuncintisana.

Izinhlobo Zokukhetha

Izimiso zedemokrasi zisebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinqubo zokukhetha, ngayinye ifeza izinjongo ezihlukene phakathi kwesimiso sokulawula esibanzi. Ukuqonda lezizinhlobo kucacisa indlela ehlukile yokuhlela, ukumelelwa, nokuthembisa komphakathi. Umklamo wezimiso zokukhetha.

Ukukhetha Okuvamile

Okhetho oluvamile yizenzakalo ezibonakala kakhulu nezilandelana kakhulu kwezentando yeningi. Banquma ukumiswa kwezishaya-mthetho zesizwe futhi, ezimisweni zobumongameli, ukuhola kwezikhulu. Ezimisweni zephalamende, okhetho oluvamile bakhetha uhulumeni ngokuphumelelayo, njengoba iqembu noma izihlalo eziningi zikha izitebhisi. Ukhetho oluvamile luvame ukwenza ezimisweni ezimisiwe [1] njalo eminyakeni emine noma emihlanu ebanzi edemocriciation eziningi . . Izinqubo ezithile zivumela ukuba kukhethwe kuqala ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. UVoter uguqukela phambili okhethweni oluvamile, uveza izihlalo eziphakeme ezihilelekile.

Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko

Ukhetho oluyinhloko lusebenza umsebenzi wangaphakathi phakathi kwamaqembu ezombangazwe, luvumela amalungu eqembu ukuba akhethe abazomelela iqembu ekukhethweni okuvamile. I-crimery ingavalwa (ivumele amalungu eqembu abhalisiweyo), ivule (ivumela noma imuphi umvoti ukuba ahlanganyele), noma kancane kakhulu. Isimiso esiyinhloko, ikakhulukazi esivelele eUnited States, sinikeza amalungu eqembu akhetha isikhundla kanye nehele asho ngokuqondile ngokukhetha umfundaze, ukunciphisa amandla eqembu labalawuli bokuthatha i-nomene. Nokho, amaPricitenthe angabangela abathathi abangeni ekudluliseni imibono eqikelele, njengoba abavoti abayinhloko bethambekele ekubeni abaqondisi abahluzi kakhulu kunabandlu abavo abavamile.

Ukukhetha Kwendawo

Okhetho bendawo balawula omasipala, iziqu, izikhungo zesikole, nezinye izifunda zomhlaba. Nakuba bengatholi ukunaka okukhulu kwemithombo yezindaba kunemincintiswano yesizwe, ukhetho lwendawo lunethonya eliqondile nelisheshayo ekuphileni kwezakhamuzi zansuku zonke(ukukhokha izintela zempahla), ukuhlanganisa imithetho esemthethweni, ukuqoqa imfucumfucu, nokuphatha izikole zendawo. Ngeshwa, umvoti othatha inxaxheba ekukhetheni lendawo ngokuvamile uphansi, kanye namazinga okujika ngezinye izikhathi ehla ngamaphesenti angu-20. Lokhu kugalelo oluphansi kungaqinisa izithakazelo ezikhethekile zezakhamuzi zendawo futhi kunciphise ukulandisa komphakathi obanzi.

Ama - “referendendom ”

Ama-Referendendium avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zivote ngokuqondile emibuzweni eqondile kunasemithethweni eqondile. Zingasungulwa yizishaya-mthetho (i-legislates democratics) noma ngesicelo sezakhamuzi (iziqu zamazwe). AmaReferendendium asetshenziselwa ukunquma ukunqanda ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, izinguquko ezinkulu zenqubo, noma izindaba eziphikisanayo ezinjengokubekwa kwempova ngokomthetho, ukwanda kwentela, noma imingcele yendawo. Nakuba kubhekiswa kuma-a i-informations eqondisa idemocracy, aphakamisa futhi izimbangela zenzuzo yemali emikhankasweni eyinkimbinkimbi, ithonya ekuqoqweni kwemikhankambiso, kanye nomthetho weningi wokulahla amalungelo amancane.

Ithonya Lokukhetha Umphakathi

Imibono ibuye ithathelwe indawo kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwezenhlalo nokungokombangazwe. Abakhi abalawuli kuphela kodwa futhi nendlela izakhamuzi ezihlobene ngayo nombuso, indlela imithombo yengcebo enikezwa ngayo, nendlela imiphakathi eziqonda ngayo. Ithonya lokhetho lingahlaziywa ngamalens amaningana ahlangene: imiphumela yezimiso, ukuhlangana kwezenhlalo, ukubambisana kwezezomnotho, nokuvelela.

Ukwenza Inqubo

Imiphumela yokukhetha ithonya ngokuqondile ekuquketheni nasekuqondiseni kwesimiso somphakathi. Imiphumela i-mecandida yomkhankaso ehlela amapulatifomu athembisa izenzo ezithile zemithetho ye-operation `intela, ukukhucululwa kwezempilo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, inguquko yezezokufuduka, njalonjalo. Uma bethatha amahhovisi, abaphumelele basebenza ngokufaka lezi zithembiso, nakuba kumelwe basebenzise izithiyo zezombangazwe ezinjengokuphikisa kwemithetho, ukulwa kwe-intellitia, nokuhlola kokwahlulela. Ithonya lenqubo yokhetho livezwa ikakhulukazi ngemithetho yemithetho ngemithetho yeqembu, lapho ukhetho olulodwa lungaveza khona izinguquko ezinkulu ezindaweni ezisukela ekwakhelweni kwezomnotho kuya emalungelweni omphakathi.

Ukucwaninga okungokwezimo kubonisa ukuthi imiphumela yezenyulo inemiphumela engenakulinganiswa ekukhishweni kwezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola kuye kwathola ukuthi ukukhethwa kwababezohlolwa abathuthukayo kuhlobene nokusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kwezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo, kuyilapho ukukhethwa kwamakhothathi ezindawo ezihloniphekile ngokunqunywa kwentela nokunqanyulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usongo lwesijeziso sokujeziswa kwabezo ngokomthetho lungathonya isimiso ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kuvele okhethwe, njengasezikhundleni zokhetho futhi kulungise izikhundla zabo ngokuvumelana. Lokhu "ukubheka phambili" kusho ukuthi isimiso sokhetho asikona nje kuphela ngokukhetha abahloli bakhona kodwa nangokuziphatha kwabafuna ukuvota.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwesivumelwano

Ukuhlanganyela kobuthathi-mdlali be-Electory kuhambisana nokuthola inzuzo engcono ngokuthembisana kwezakhamuzi. Abantu abavotayo bathambekele kakhulu ekuhlanganyeleni kwezinye izindlela zokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe, ukuhlangana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukuya emihlanganweni yomphakathi, ukunikela emikhankasweni, nokuxoxa ngezombangazwe nomakhelwane. Ukukhuthaza kuthuthukisa ulwazi lwezombangazwe: isenzo sokucwaninga nabavoti kanye nezimpikiswano ngaphambi kokuba ukhetho lwakhe isisekelo sokufunda izakhamuzi ezingenela kwezinye izifunda zokuphila komphakathi.

Nokho, ubuhlobo phakathi kokhetho nokhetho nomphakathi bubuye bubuye bubuye. Nakuba ukuvota kukhuthaza ukuthembisana, ukuthembisana kukhuthaza ukuvota. Izakhamuzi ezinezisekelo eziqinile zomphakathi (ukuzihlanganisa kokuzithandela, imithombo yezindaba ezimele, kanye nokwaziswa okufinyelelwe) nokuthi zifune ukuvota okuphakeme. Ngokuphambene, uma okhetho lubhekwa njengongaphikisi, ukonakala, noma ukungabi nanjongo, izakhamuzi zingase zihlubeki nje ekuvoteleni kodwa ezinhlotsheni zonke zemisebenzi yezombangazwe. Lokhu kungazikha umjikelezo onzima lapho ukuthatha iqhaza ekungathakazeli okuholela ekutheni uhulumeni ophansi, okungaqhubeki nokungasa.

Ukubambisana Komphakathi

Ukukhetha kungaqinisa noma kucindezele umphakathi wezenhlalo. Uma kwenziwa ngokungakhethi nangokuhlanganisa, okhetho bakhuthaza umuzwa wokuzichaza ngokuhlangene futhi bahlose icebo elilodwa. Isenzo sokuvota, ngisho nalapho izakhamuzi zisekela abathathisi abahlukene, kuqinisekisa isibopho esifanayo emithethweni yentando yeningi nesinqumo sempi enokuthula. Emiphakathini ehlukene, ukukhetha kungaba yizikhathi zokuqeda ingxoxo nokuxoxisana, ukuxubana kohlanga, inkolo, futhi isigaba sihlukahlukaniswe ngolimi olufanayo lwesizwe.

Kodwa futhi okhetho lungabhebhethekisa ukuhlukana kwezenhlalo, ikakhulukazi lapho bephikiswana ngezimo zobuhlanga noma zamahlelo. Emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu, ukuncintisana kwe-votor kungaphenduka umzabalazo wezethumbu lapho ukuwina kuba okubaluleke kakhulu kunenqubo yentando yeningi. Umkhankaso wokukhankanya ukuthi uvalo noma inzondo, kuhlangene nokuxhaphaza, kungabangela izingxabano futhi kuholele ebudloveni. Inselele ngemiphakathi yentando yeningi ukuklama izimiso zokhetho nezimiso zomkhankanyo ezinciswano ngokuthulayo kuyilapho kuvimbela ukudluliswa kwezicelo.

Umphumela Ongokomnotho

Imiphumela yezomnotho yokhetho iyanda futhi inezici eziningi. Izinhlelo zidala ukungaqiniseki kwezimiso, okunganciphisa ukutshala imali nokuqasha ngezinyanga eziholela ekuvotelweni. Nokho, inqumo yokungaqiniseki kwe-projekthi [1] kanye kanye yaziwa (ngokuvamile) imiphumela yokungaqiniseki kwezezomnotho ezivalwe ngokulandelana kwemithetho egciniwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amahlelo ezimiso zokuwina athinta ngokuqondile imiphumela yezomnotho: imithetho yezezimali, izivumelwano zezohwebo, izimiso zokulawula, nemithetho yemali yonke ilo yemiphumela yezokhetho.

Ngaphandle kwemiphumela yesimiso, okhetho bathonya ukuziphatha kwezomnotho ngethonya labo ezingeni lezeziqu zomphakathi. Amazwe anezimiso zokhetho ezithembekile athambekele ekubeni nokubusa okungcono, ukonakala okuphansi, kanye nendawo yezentengiselwano ekwazi ukubonelela kakhulu − konke okuthuthukisa ukukhula okuthatha isikhathi eside kwezomnotho. Ngokuphambene, amazwe lapho okhetho lukhohlisa noma lusetshenziswa khona ngokuvamile ahlulwa amalungelo abuthakathaka empahla, isimiso sokuzisebenzela, futhi anikwe imali ephansi. Ngakho izinga lokhetho liyisithiyo esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni kwezomnotho.

Umemo

Izinhlelo ziyindlela eyinhloko yokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zomphakathi zibonakala ezinhlanganweni ezibusayo. Ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwabameleli kuxhomeke embonweni wokuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe ziyosekela izithakazelo nemibono yabameleli bazo. Nokho, izinga okhetho abafinyelela ngalo ukuchaza ukumelelwa kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe, lapho izici zomphakathi ezikhethiwe ziveza lezo zezakhamuzi ezikuyo yonke indawo.

Ukuklanywa kwesimiso somklamo kufeza indima ebalulekile ekuklameni. Izimiso zophawu lokumelela zivame ukuveza izishaya-mthetho ezibonisa kakhulu ubulili, ubuzwe, nemibono ehlukahlukene ye-votate, kanti izimiso ezinkulu zingathatha kancane amaqembu amancane. Ukucathulwa nezihlalo ezigciniwe kungathuthukisa ukuma kwemiphakathi elinganiselwe ngokomlando. Uma ukhetho luveza izindikimba ezimelela abantu ezibukeka njengomphakathi ezibusayo, izakhamuzi zithambekele kakhulu ekuthembeni uhulumeni futhi zicabange ukuthi izithakazelo zazo ziyacatshangelwa.

Izinselele Nezindaba Ezikhethwayo

Naphezu kwendima yabo ebalulekile ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, okhetho babhekana nezinselele eziningi ezingase zilulaze ubuqotho babo nokuphumelela.

Ukucindezelwa Kwegesi

Ukucindezelwa kweVoter kubhekisela kunoma yimuphi umzamo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungokomthetho noma awukho emthethweni, wokudumaza noma ukuvimbela izakhamuzi ezifanele ekufakeni amavoti. Ama-tacct ahlanganisa imithetho eqinile yomvoti ethinteka ngokungenakulinganiswa ngokuncishiswa kwenzuzo ephansi kanye nabavoti abambalwa, ukukhishwa kwemihlathi yamavoti esusa imisebe efanelekile, ukuncishiswa kwezindawo ezisezindaweni eziseduze ezinemiphumela ephezulu yabavoti abambalwa, kanye nemingcele yokuvota. Lezi zinyathelo, ngokuvamile zifanelekile njengokudingeka ekuvimbeleni ukukhwaba okungekho ngokomthetho (okungandile kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi ze-democracratic , zinemiphumela yokususa imvume esemthethweni yokuvota kanye nokulungisa imingcele ethinta inzuzo yalabo abakhona.

Ukucwaninga kweBrennan Center for Justice kufakazele ukuthi imithetho yamavoti inciphisa imingcele phakathi kwabavoti abambalwa nabahlawulwa abaphansi ngamaphuzu amaningana, anele ukuguqula imiphumela yokhetho oluseduze. Ngokufanayo, ukuvalwa kwezindawo zokuvota ezifundeni eziningi zaseMelika ezindaweni ezinjenge Georgia ne Texas kuye kwaphoqelela abanye abavoti ukuba bahambe amabanga amade futhi balinde amahora amaningi ukuphonsa i-colotor. Ukulwa nokuvota kudinga isivikelo esingokomthetho, ukuxhaswa kwezimali ezanele zezindawo zokukhetha, kanye nezinyathelo eziphambili zokuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu abafanelekayo bangahlanganyela.

Gerrymandering

UGerrymandering uwumkhuba wokudweba imingcele yesifunda sezezivolo, ukuze kunikezwe inzuzo iqembu elilodwa lezombangazwe phezu kwezimbangi zalo. Ngokuhlanganisa ngokucophelela izigodi ezigcwele abavoti abamelene nempi ezibalelwa ezifundeni ezimbalwa (lapho bechitha khona amandla abo okuvota) noma bewaphula ezifundeni eziningi (lapho bembalwa kakhulu ukuba bathonye imiphumela), abenzi bamabalazwe banganquma ngokuphumelelayo imiphumela yokukhetha. Igama elivela ku-Elbridge Gerry, umbusi waseMassachusetts owasayina ibalazwe lesifunda esihlangene nendalo ngo-1812 elifana ne-salamper.

Ukuhlela kwanamuhla kuye kwaba nokuyinkimbinkimbi, kusizwa yi-software enamandla evumela abenzi bamabalazwe ukuba bafanise izigidi zezimiso zesifunda ezingase zivele. Imiphumela inzima: izigodi ezihleliwe ziveza ukhetho olungasheshi, zinciphisa ukukhetha, futhi zinciphisa ukuncishiswa kwezombangazwe. Ngenxa yokuthi i-gerrymerder ivikela izinyuko ezimele ukulandisa kokhetho oluvela kukhetho, ilulaza isimiso sentando yeningi esikhetha abameleli babo kunokuba abameleli babo bakhethe izikhombisi. Imizamo yenguquko igxile ekukhetheni abavoti abavoti abavoti abazimeleyo, izilinganiso zezibalo, nokuhlola kokwahlulela ama-gergermanders.

Amanga

Ukwanda kokwaziswa okungamanga noma okudukisayo phakathi nemikhankaso yokhetho kusongela ngokukhula kobuqotho bokhetho. I-Mishprogist ingathatha izindlela eziningi: izindaba zezindaba eziqanjiwe, izithombe ezisetshenziswayo namavidiyo, izincazelo zozungu ngezinqubo zokuvota, kanye nezinkulumo ezingamanga ngezikhundla noma izizinda. Amapulatifomu ezenhlalo, kanye nokuhlobisa kwawo okuvusa isithakazelo, kuye kwasheshisa ukushesha nokufinyelela amanga, okwenza kube nzima ngabavoti ukuhlukanisa iqiniso nenganekwane.

Umonakalo obangelwa ukudukiswa okunganembile udlulela ngalé kokungaqondi kahle komuntu. Amanga asakazeke kakhulu angaqeda ukuthembela enqubweni yokukhetha ngokwayo, aholela izakhamuzi ukuba zingabaze ukufaneleka kwemiphumela yokukhetha. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuqamba amanga kuye kwabhebhethekisa ubudlova, njengalapho izinkulumo ezingamanga ngokhetho obebiwe zishukumisela ukuhlasela kwe-Capitol yase-U.S. kudinga indlela ebanzi yokuhlela: imfundo yokufunda ukufunda nokubhala ukuze ihlobise izakhamuzi ngezindlela ezibucayi zokucabanga, ukuqaphela izikhangiso zezombangazwe, ukuqapha, nokuhlola amapulatifomu okunciphisa ukuvalwa kweminywa okungamanga.

Imali Yomkhankaso

Indima yemali kwezombangazwe iwukukhathalela okuphikelelayo kwempilo yokhetho lwentando yeningi. Imikhankaso idinga izimali ezicebile zokukhangisa, ukuthatha izisebenzi, ukuthatha uhambo, nokuvota, futhi abavoti abangase baqongelele imali eningi bavame ukuba nenzuzo enkulu.

Ukucwaninga okungokwemisebe yezezimali kuye kwabonisa ukuthi izazi zezombangazwe zithambekele kakhulu ekusekeleni izimiso ezithandwa yizicebi, ngisho nalapho lezozimiso zingqubuzana nokuthandwa komphakathi wonke. Imithetho yenkampano yezezimali − njengemingcele yeminikelo, izimfuneko, nezinqubo zezimali zomphakathi (isithi thiaudium) ukuze zinciphise ithonya lemali futhi zinciphise inkundla yokudlala. Nokho, izinqumo zenkantolo kwezinye izikhundla zentando yeningi, ikakhulukazi iU.S. iNkampathi yeNkantolo ePhakathi ePhakamileyo [[FLT:]] i-United ibusa, ikhiphe imingcele yokusetshenziswa kwezombangazwe, ivumela izindleko ezingalinganiyo zezelelwe yizinhlangano zezemikhankampane. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo yezentengosi yezentengosi yeze yezentengo yezentengo yezombangazwe emphakathini wentando yentando yeningi.

Ukunganaki Kwezindwangu

Umvoti ophansi uyinselele esakazekile embusweni wentando yeningi omisiwe. Uma izingxenye ezinkulu ze-votorate zihluleka ukuvota, imiphumela yokhetho ingase ingabonisi intando yabantu njengeqembu. Ukunganaki kuvela emithonjeni eminingi: inkolelo yokuthi ukuvota komuntu akunandaba (inkinga yokungaqondi"ukungaqondi"), ukudideka esimisweni sezombangazwe, ukuntula ulwazi ngabantu abazovota noma izimpikiswano, kanye nemingcele esebenzayo enjengamahora okuthatha noma ukuntuleka kwendlela.

Imiphumela yokuzihambela kancane ibalulekile. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi abangebona abavoti abancane, abampofu, futhi abangafundile kakhulu kunabo, okusho ukuthi lokho abakuthandayo lamaqembu kunikezwa ngokwezimiso. Ohulumeni abakhethwa ngokuzihambela kancane banganikeza izithakazelo zasebekhulile, abacebile, nabavoti abafundile, abalwa nokungalingani kwezenhlalo nomnotho. Izinguquko zokukhuluma nabavoti zihlanganisa ukwenza iholide le-Evolution, ukwandisa ukuvota okuzenzekelayo, ukwandisa ukuvota kwasekuqaleni nokwenza ukuvota, nokwamukela ukuvota okuphoqelelwe (njengoba kwenziwa e-Australia, eBelgium, eBelgium, naseminyeni engcono kakhulu).

Isiphetho

Ukukhetha akuwona nje umkhuba ovamile; kuyisisekelo lapho ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwakhiwe khona. Ngokhetho, ngezakhamuzi zisebenzisa ubukhosi bazo, zinikeza abaholi ukulandisa, futhi zilololonga indlela yemiphakathi yazo. Ukuziphendukela okungokomlando kokhetho .(kusukela emihlanganweni elinganiselwe ye-Athene yasendulo kuya emincintiswaneni yanamuhla ebanzi, yezobuchwepheshe, eqhubekayo yokulwa kwesintu ukuze kusungulwe izinhlangano ezimelelayo neziphumelelayo.

Kodwa isithembiso sokhetho asikona ukuzihlela. Izinselele zokucindezela abavoti, ukukhomba, ukukhohliswa, ukungalingani kwezimali, nokungakhathaleli komvoti konke kusongela ukululaza ubuqotho benqubo yokuvota. Ukuvikela nokuqinisa ukhetho kudinga ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo kwezakhamuzi, abamisi bezimiso, nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Kufuna izinguquko ezandisa ukungenela, ukuveza ukukhanya, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umvoti angaphonsa ibhola lombhali ngaphandle kokwesabisa noma ukuxhaphaza. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Brenan Center yeJaji [[FLT:], [FLT:] [FFFOLD]] [2], [FFLT:] [FFOLT]], [FFFOLT]], futhi i-FOctive Institutesty] ye-Instive [Foctenest]

Njengoba sihlola ukucupha okuyinkimbinkimbi kokubusa kwama-21 aphakathi, impilo yokhetho lwethu isalokhu ingumthwalo wemfanelo ohlangene. Zonke izakhamuzi ezibhalisayo ukuvota, zonke izisebenzi zokhetho ezisebenza endaweni yokuvota, zonke intatheli ezihlola incazelo yombhasho-bhajela, nanoma iziphi abameleli abaqhubele imithetho elungile, ziyakwazi ukusekela izinhlangano zentando yeningi. Izikhulu zesizwe kuphela azinakuqinisekisa umphakathi olungile, kodwa ngaphandle kwazo, akukho mphakathi ongathi ungowayintando yeningi. Khona - ke, kucacile: vikela ubuqotho bokhetho, ukwandisa ukufinyelela ebhokisini lokhetho, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi izwi ngalinye likhona emsebenzini omkhulu oqhubekayo wokuzilawula.