Ukuqonda Isimiso Senkantolo: Isiqondiso Sesakhamuzi Sokwakha Nokumangalela

Isimiso somthetho e-United States sisebenza ngamazinga amaningi, ngalinye elinemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene. Ukwazi ukuthi lezinkantolo zihlelwe kanjani kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zinqume ukuthi icala lazo liyolashwa kuphi futhi yimiphi imithetho esebenzayo. Isimiso sihlukaniswa kabanzi phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kanye namanye amagebe phakathi.

Izinkantolo Zombuso Ezimelene Nezinkantolo

izinkantolo zezentengiselwano zisingatha amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, izimpikiswano zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, izimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe, namacala lapho i-United States iyiqembu. Zizwa futhi amacala okulawula ahlukahlukeneyo phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene lapho isilinganiso sempikiswano sidlula u-$75000. Isimiso sombuso sihlanganisa izinkantolo zesifunda ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalo-nye (isilinganiso sezenkantolo), izinkantolo zesifunda ezingu-13 zezicelo (isilinganiso esithathelwe i-mvume), kanye neNkantolo Ephakeme ye-United States.

Izinkantolo zesifunda [ zisingatha izindaba eziningi zomthetho, kuhlanganise namacala obugebengu, umthetho womkhaya, izivumelwano, ukulimala komuntu siqu, nokungavumelani kwezindawo. Umbuso ngamunye unezikhundla zawo siqu: izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala (ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi zizikhulu, izigodlo zesifunda, noma izifunda) izinkantolo eziphakathi kwezingangemuva, nenkantolo ephakeme yezwe. Ezinye izifunda zinezinkantolo ezikhethekile ezinjengeziphakamiso ezincane, izimoto, noma izinkantolo zemikhaya.

Ukuqonda ukuthi yiyiphi inkantolo enegunya ecaleni lakho okunzima. Ukugadla enkantolo engalungile kungabangela ukulibala noma ukuxoshwa. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngesakhiwo senkantolo kahulumeni, vakashela ingosi engokomthetho ye- yase-U.S. .]

Ukuqulwa Kwecala, Ukuquliswa Icala, Nezinkantolo Eziphakeme

  • [[[QUTY: 0] Izinkantolo:[ Lapho icala liqala khona. Kunikezwa ubufakazi, kufakazelwe, futhi amajaji akhipha izinqumo. Ngezinye izikhathi lezi zinkantolo zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zezenzakalo zokuqala.
  • [ Inkantolo e-Appelete:[ Babukeza izinqumo zenkantolo zamaphutha angokomthetho. Abukho ubufakazi obusha obunikezwayo; abameli baphikisana ngokuthi umthetho wasetshenziswa kahle yini.
  • Izinkantolo zezenyusi:[ Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ephethe i-costance. Izwa izikhalo ngemibuzo emikhulu yomthetho futhi izinqumo zabo zibeka isibonelo esibophayo ezinkantolo eziphansi.

Ngokwesibonelo, icala lobugebengu liqala enkantolo equlwa icala; uma ummangalelwa elahlwa icala, angase adlulisele icala enkantolo ephakathi nendawo, futhi mhlawumbe adlulisele enkantolo ephakeme yesifundazwe noma ngisho naseNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States ngezizathu zomthetho - sisekelo.

Abahlanganyeli Abayinhloko Enkantolo

Ukuqonda lezi zindima kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zazi ukuthi ubani okufanele akhulume naye nokuthi yini okufanele ayilindele lapho kuqulwa icala.

Ijaji

Umahluleli uqondisa inkantolo, eqinisekisa ukuthi kulandela imithetho engokomthetho, agunyaze abahluleli, anikeze iziyalezo, futhi anqume imibuzo emayelana nomthetho.

Ama - lawy (Ama - Attorney)

Abameli bamelela izigigaba − abamangalelwa, abamangalelwa, noma uhulumeni ezicabeni zobugebengu. Banikeza ubufakazi, ukuphikisana, ukuhlolwa kofakazi, futhi baluleka amakhasimende abo ngecebo elingokomthetho. Zombili izinhlangothi zinelungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho; uma ummangalelwa engakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli ecaleni lobugebengu, umuntu kumelwe amiswe (umlweli womphakathi).

IJury

Iqembu labahluleli liyiqembu lezakhamuzi ezikhethelwe ukuzwa ubufakazi nokuthola amaqiniso. Ezicaleni zobugebengu, isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane (kungekho mthetho kahulumeni osho okuhlukile). Ezindabeni zomphakathi, inani labahluleli nezimfuneko zokungalingani. Ukukhonza ejajini kuyisibopho somphakathi, futhi izakhamuzi zikhethwa ngokuthanda ekubhalisweni kwevoti noma kumanani emvumeni.

Umvikeli Nommangalelwa

  • [ I-defanti:[ Umuntu noma inhlangano emangalelwa ngobubi. Endabeni yobugebengu, ummangalelwa umangalelwa uvela kuhulumeni; ecaleni lomphakathi, uyamangalelwa.
  • Platotiff: Iqembu eliqala icala (amacala ahlukene) noma uhulumeni emacaleni obugebengu (ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokushushiswa). I-paltiff ithwala umthwalo wobufakazi − ebonisa ngokuningiliziwe kobufakazi (i-civil) noma ngokungangatshazwa ngokunengqondo (ubugebengu) ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala noma unecala.

Ezinye Izisebenzi Zasenkantolo

  • Ikhokhi yaseNkantolo: Iphatha amarekhodi enkantolo, izinhlelo zokuqulwa kwecala, futhi yamukela amafakethi.
  • [[[UMTL:0]] I-BHAYILIP:[ igcina ukuhleleka enkantolo, abamangalelwa, futhi baphatha abahluleli.
  • [[INDAWO] Ikhasi lomsindo: yenza indlela eqinile yokukhuluma.
  • [ Ofakazi:[ Abantu abafakaza ngaphansi kwesifungo ngamaqiniso ahlobene nendaba.

Inqubo Yenkantolo: Inyathelo Eliningi Elilandelanayo

Kusukela ekufakeni isikhalo sokuqala kuya ekudluliseleni isikhalo sokugcina, isigaba ngasinye enqubweni yenkantolo sinezimfuneko eziqondile kanye nezikhathi.

Ukukhononda Noma Ukumangalela

Amacala angokomthetho aqala lapho ummangalelwa efaka isikhalo nenkantolo, esho amaqiniso nesisekelo esingokomthetho sokumangalelwa. Isicelo sinikezwa ukuba kwaziswe ummangalelwa. Emacaleni obugebengu, amafamende kahulumeni amangalela ngecala (ngejaji elikhulu) noma isikhalo sobugebengu, lilandelwa imvume yokuboshwa noma ukubizelwa. Ummangalelwa ubekwa icala ngokusemthethweni, futhi ucelwa ukuba angene esivumelweni (icala, ukungamangalelwa, noma ukungenwa).

Ukusabela Kwesikhulumi

Ngemva kokwenziwa, ummangalelwa kumelwe abhale impendulo phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-20-30). Impendulo ingavuma noma iphike izinsolo, iphakamise izikhuselo, noma amafayela aphikisana. Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuphendula, kungangenwa isahlulelo esiphelele kubo.

Ukuthola

Ukuthola ukuthi inqubo engokomthetho lapho bobabili abaxhumani bebopha khona ukwaziswa futhi beqoqa khona ubufakazi.

  • [[IMIFULT:0] Imibuzo elotshiwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Izilinganiso:[ Ubufakazi bomlomo obuthathwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, abameli bekhona.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izicelo zokuveza: Izicelo zamabhukwana, ama-imeyili, noma amanye amarekhodi.
  • [ Izimemo ezicela ukuvunywa: Izinkulumo omunye acela omunye ukuba avume noma aphike.

Ukuthola ukuthi ikhona kungathatha izinyanga futhi ngokuvamile kuvame ukuba isigaba esithatha isikhathi esiningi. Kusiza ekugwemeni ukumangala lapho kuqulwa futhi kungakhuthaza ukuxazulula inkinga.

4. Izinyathelo Zangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, amaqembu angase athathe amafaktha ukuze axazulule izindaba zomthetho. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukhipha: I-Ague ukuthi icala alinaso isisekelo esingokomthetho.
  • [[INTLO] I-Motion ye-fusion Ukwahlulela: icela inkantolo ukuba inqume icala elisekelwe emaqinisweni angaphikiswa, ukugwema ukuqulwa kwecala.
  • [[INTLA:0] Motion in Limine: ifuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile ukuba bunganikezwa lapho kuqulwa icala.

Ijaji liqulela isahlulelo ngalezi zindaba eziwuphawu oluphoqelelwe nezimpikiswano ezibusayo.

5. Ukuqulwa Kwamacala

Icala liyisiphetho senqubo. Ecaleni lejaji, abajaji bakhethwa phakathi [[FLT: 0] i-voir jad (ukubuza ngabameli). Lenqubo ilandela uhlelo oluvamile:

  1. [[Umthetho:0] Izinkulumo ezivulayo:[ Izinhlangothi zonke zihlela indaba yazo.
  2. Icala lobuProsethiff/Prosecutition: linikeza ubufakazi nezingcingo zofakazi. Isivikelo singanqamleza i-examine.
  3. [ Icala loDefense: Ummangalelwa unikeza ubufakazi nofakazi. I-placttiff ingahamba nge-examine.
  4. Izimpikiswano ezichazayo: Izinhlangothi zonke zifingqa impikiswano yazo.
  5. [[Umthetho:0] Iziyalezo: Umahluleli uchazela abasizi bejaji umthetho obalulekile.
  6. I-Deliberation kanye ne-Verdict: Ijaji lifinyelela esinqumweni, esimenyezelwa enkantolo.

Ecaleni lebhentshi, ijaji lenza indima yokuthola iqiniso.

6. Isahlulelo Nokwahlulela

Umahluleli ekhipha isinqumo, uthatha isahlulelo esingokomthetho. Ezicaleni zomphakathi, isahlulelo singalimaza noma sikhiphe ukukhululeka okunganqamukiyo (njengeyadi). Ezicabeni zobugebengu, umahluleli ukhipha isigwebo, esingase sihlanganise isikhathi sasejele, inhlawulo, ukugcinwa isigwebo, noma ukubuyiselwa. Ukugwetshwa kungavela ngokushesha noma ngemva kokulahlwa ngokuhlukene.

Ukukhanga

Iqembu elilahlekelwayo enkantolo ephakeme lingase lidlulisele icala enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo azizona inkantolo ephinde yaqulwa; zibukeza ukuthi inkantolo yecala yenza amaphutha angokomthetho athinta umphumela. Amaface imposiso yempikiswano emfushane, futhi i-appellee ifake impendulo. Inkantolo ye-appellate ingaqinisekisa, ibuye ibuye i-end (kuhlehlela emuva ukuqulwa kwecala elisha). Ukudlulisa amacala kungathatha izinyanga eziningi. Ukubheka ngokujulile inqubo ye-appellete, bheka i-stalte syste, i-meotation’s stameter Bar’s treaption encencer [.

Okungasetshenziswa Enkantolo: Ukunquma Nokukhipha Icala

Akubona bonke abantu abaphikisanayo abagcina enkantolo, amacala amaningi axazululwa ngezindlela ezihlukile zokuxazulula izimpikiswano (ADR), ezingalondoloza isikhathi nemali.

Isiphazamiso

Kuyi-media, ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi (umlamuleli) isiza abahilelekile ukuba baxhumane nesivumelwano sokuzithandela. Umlamuleli akanqumi icala kodwa wenza kube lula ukuxhumana. I-media iyimfihlo futhi ayibophi ukubopha inkantolo uma ingekho isivumelwano esifinyelelwe.

Ukudluliselwa Kwezindawo

Ku-arbitration, ummisi we-orbitrous uzwa ubufakazi futhi ukhipha isinqumo esibophayo noma esingabophani, kuye ngesivumelwano. Ukuhlanganisa ngokuvamile kuyashesha kunokuqulwa kwecala futhi akunamthetho osemthethweni, kodwa ilungelo lokudlulisa icala lilinganiselwe. Izivumelwano eziningi zihlanganisa izigaba ezibophekile.

Kokubili ukuxhumana nokukhipha izijeziso kusetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni zombango, emacaleni omthetho womkhaya, ngisho nasezimisweni ezithile zokuzilibazisa zobugebengu. Izakhamuzi kufanele zicabangele lezizinketho ngaphambi kokuba zibhekane nokuqulwa kwecala okuphelele.

Amagama Avamile Angokomthetho Okufanele Wonke Izakhamuzi Zazi

Ukukwazi amagama ambalwa ayinhloko kukusiza ukuba ulandele izinqubo futhi uxhumane nommeli wakho.

  • Affidavit: Isifungo esibhaliwe phambi kwesikhulu somphakathi noma esigunyaziwe, esisetshenziswa njengobufakazi.
  • Isibopho sokufakazela amacala. Emacala obugebengu, “kudlula ukungabaza okunengqondo”; ezicabeni zomphakathi,“ ukucabangisisa ngobufakazi.”
  • Subpoena:[ Isinqumo senkantolo esifuna umuntu ukuba afakaze noma akhiqize amaphepha; ukungalinaki kungaphumela ekudeleleni.
  • [ Isivumelwano sokuxazulula impikiswano ngaphandle kwecala. Izinqumo zivame ukuhilela ukukhokhwa kwemali noma ezinye izimvume.
  • Inqubo yonke yokumangalela enkantolo.
  • [ Ukungaqondi Ukulinganiselwa: Isilinganiso sesikhathi sokufaka icala. Ubugebengu obuhlukahlukene nokuzisholo komphakathi kunezikhathi ezihlukene ezimisiwe.
  • Incazelo: Inkathi yangaphambi kwezohlelo lapho imicimbi ishintshisana khona ngobufakazi nokwaziswa.
  • [ HAbeas Corpus: Isenzo esingokomthetho sokubekela isigwebo esingekho emthethweni; ifuna uhulumeni ukuba athethelele ukuboshwa.
  • [[UMTL:0] i-Probono:[ izinkonzo zomthetho ezinikezwa mahhala ngabameli.
  • I-Picence Fee: Ilungiselelo lokukhokha lapho ummeli ethola khona amaphesenti esabelo noma umklomelo kuphela uma icala linqobile.

Ukuze uthole incazelo ebanzi, vakashela i U.S. izikhathi ezichaza amagama angokomthetho.

Lokho Izakhamuzi Okufanele Zikulindele Lapho Ziya Enkantolo

Nanka amacebiso awusizo ezakhamuzi ezingase zingawazi amaphutha aphathelene nenqubo yasenkantolo.

Phambi Kosuku Lwakho Lwenkantolo

  • [ noma uhlangana nommeli: Uma ungakwazi ukuthenga eyodwa, hlola ukufaneleka kosizo olungokomthetho noma umvikeli womphakathi (icala lobugebengu kuphela).
  • Ibhukwana elisho ukuthi: Liletha noma yiziphi izivumelwano ezifanele, ama-lithili, ama-imeyili, izithombe, noma obunye ubufakazi.
  • Izingubo zebhizinisi ezihloniphekile zibonisa inhlonipho ngenkantolo.
  • [[UMTH:0] Ukushesha:[ nikeza isikhathi esengeziwe sokuhlola ukuphepha nokuthola isakhiwo senkantolo.

Phakathi Nokuzwa

  • Yima uma umahluleli engena: Lolu uphawu lwenhlonipho; i-beiff izakumemezela umahluleli.
  • Akente umahluleli njengo-“Udumo lwakho.”
  • [[I] khuluma ngokucacile futhi kuphela uma kuyisikhathi sakho.[[Umthetho:1] Ungaphazamisi.
  • Ukuqapha “awukho umakhalekhukhwini” umthetho: izinkantolo eziningi zinqabela ukuqopha, ukuthatha izithombe, noma ukusetshenziswa kocingo.

Ngemva Kokuzwa

  • Umahluleli uyokhipha isinqumo noma abeke usuku olusha lokugcina isikhathi.
  • Uma ungavumelani nomphumela, buza ummeli wakho ngokukhetha ukudlulisa isikhalo nangesikhathi esimisiwe.

Imithombo Ezokusiza Ukuba Uthole Isimiso Senkantolo

Akudingeki ukuba ungene wedwa enqubweni engokomthetho. Izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza usizo mahhala noma oluphansi.

Ukuze uthole isiqondiso esengeziwe sokuzimelela, i-encyclopedia yezemthetho ye-Notlo inikeza izincazelo zesiNgisi esicacile kanye nemithombo ewusizo.

Isiphetho: Zinike Amandla Ngolwazi

Izinqubo zenkantolo zingazizwa zinamandla, kodwa zilandela imithetho engaguquki. Ngokuqonda isimo sesimiso senkantolo, indima yabathathi-nxaxheba, nezingalo ezivamile zecala, izakhamuzi zingathatha iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho ngokuqiniseka okukhulu. Ukwazi ukuthi zingalutholaphi usizo olungokomthetho, izikhungo zokuzisiza, noma imithombo ye-intanethi . Ngokuqonda i-internet i-system ilula, kodwa ingeyabantu abayisebenzisayo. Ukuthatha isikhathi sokufunda izinyathelo eziyisisekelo kungenye yezinyathelo ezinamandla kakhulu ezingathathwa yisinye isakhamuzi.