Table of Contents

Isisekelo Somphakathi Wangaphakathi: Ukuqonda Ukubaluleka Kokukhokha Intela

Intela ayiyona nje isibopho sezemali, kodwa iyinto edinga impucuko yanamuhla. Yonke imigwaqo, isikole, isibhedlela, nenethi lokuphepha yomphakathi kuxhomeke ekuthutheleni okuqhubekayo kwentela. Ngokukhokha izintela, abantu namabhizinisi banikela equlwini elihlangene lezimali ezisiza umphakathi ukuba usebenzise izinkonzo, uphephe, futhi uchume. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima ehlukahlukene yentela emphakathini, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zentela, ukuthi kungani kukhokhelwa izindaba, futhi kwenzekani lapho isimiso siwohloka.

Iyini Intela?

Intela iyintela eboshelwe uhulumeni ekhokhwa izakhamuzi, izakhamuzi, noma amabhizinisi. Ngokungafani nenkokhelo yokuzithandela noma intela yezinkonzo, intela iyaphoqeleka futhi iyaphoqelelwa ngokomthetho. Injongo eyinhloko yentela ukutshala inzuzo ukuze kuxhaswe izindleko zikahulumeni − kodwa futhi intela ifeza imigomo yesibili enjengokukhipha imali, ukulawula imijikelezo yezomnotho, nokuthonya ukuziphatha (isibeletho, ukukhokha ugwa kukagwayi ukuze kunqandwe ukubhema).

Intela ingasetshenziswa emalini eholwayo, impahla, izimpahla, izinkonzo, intengiselwano nefa.

Umlando Wokukhokha Intela

Umsuka Wasendulo

Intela yasendulo yayikhokhwa ngentela yemfuyo nemfuyo. UMbuso waseRoma wasekela umsebenzi wawo wempi nomphakathi ngesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sentela yesifundazwe, imisebenzi yentela yezentela, nentela yefa. EYurophu yenkathi ephakathi, intela yayithatha amafomu njengezeshumi (intela yesonto) kanye nentela (isekelwe enanini lezindawo zokushisa).

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kwanamuhla

Intela yanamuhla yavela ngekhulu le - 19 leminyaka. iBrithani yaqala intela yesikhashana yeholo ngo - 1799 ukuze ixhase iNapoleonic Wars, futhi i-United States yamukela intela kahulumeni ehlala njalo yeholo ngeSichibiyelo se - 16 ngo - 1913. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izimiso zentela zathuthuka kakhulu, okusho ukuthi abaholi bakhokhela inani eliphakeme kakhulu (ngoba imiphakathi yaqaphela isidingo sokuxhasa izinkonzo zomphakathi ezibanzi njengemfundo yomhlaba wonke, ukulondeka kwezenhlalo, kanye nezokwelapha.

Indima Yentela Emphakathini: Ngaphandle Kwenkokhelo

Azikhokhi nje kuphela izintela, kodwa zilololonga umphakathi, nazi izindawo eziyinhloko lapho iminikelo yentela yenza khona umehluko ongokoqobo:

Imfundo Yomphakathi

Intela yempahla nentela yeholo kunikeza ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yokuxhasa ngezimali izikole zeK-12 namayunivesithi omphakathi. E-United States, malunga namakhulu amahlanu% emali yesikole yomphakathi ivela kuhulumeni nasenkokhelweni yendawo. Lemali ihlanganisa imiholo yabafundisi, izinto zasekilasini, izakhiwo zesikole, izinhlelo ezikhethekile zemfundo, nemisebenzi yangemva kwesikole. Ngaphandle kwentela, ithuba lemfundo liyoxhomeke cishe emholweni wezezethuntumekelelo.

Izinkonzo Zokunakekela Impilo

Emazweni anezimiso zokunakekela impilo yomphakathi − njengeCanada, i-United Kingdom, kanye namazwe amaningi aseYurophu — intela iqoqa izibhedlela, imithola-mpilo, ukucwaninga kwezokwelapha, nezinhlelo zemilaliso kadokotela. Ngisho nasemazweni athembele kakhulu kumshuwalense womuntu siqu, njenge-United States, intela yemali exhasa iMedicare, iMedicaid, i-Edicaid, i- Health Inshuwarectors Program (CHIP), kanye nezindlela zezempilo zomphakathi ezinjengokusakaza umjovo kanye nokuhlola izifo.

Izakhiwo Nezokuhamba

Imigwaqo, amabhuloho, izikhumulo zezindiza, izikhungo zomphakathi, imishini yokwelapha amanzi, kanye nemishini kagesi konke kuxhaswa ngokuyinhloko ngentela, ikakhulukazi ngentela kaphethiloli, intela yempahla, kanye nemali enikezwa uhulumeni. INhlangano yaseMelika ye-Civil Enginegers ilinganisela ukuthi idinga izigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-R3 [ ekuthengiseni izisekelo zezemfutho phakathi neshumi leminyaka elizayo (imali etholakala ezinkokheni zentela, intela yomsebenzisi, noma ekuboleni.)

Izinkonzo Zomphakathi Nezingosi Zokuphepha

Izinhlelo zokukhokha intela ezisekela asebekhulile (Ukhuseleko lwentela, impesheni), abantu abangasebenzi (umshuwalense wokungasebenzi), imikhaya ehliswayo (usizo lokudla, izikhokhisi zezindlu), nabantu abakhubazekile. Lezinhlelo zinciphisa ubumpofu futhi zinikeza ukuzivikela phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho. Ngokwe [[FLT: 0] [[FLT]] CD, ukuthengwa kwemali engokwenhlalo kweRC] cishe kungamashumi amabili% we-GDP emazweni athuthukile.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nezokuzivikela Zesizwe

Iminyango yamaphoyisa, izikhungo zomlilo, izinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo, izinkantolo, amajele, kanye nezempi konke kuxhaswe ngentela. Ngo-2024, uhulumeni we-United States usebenzise imali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-800 ekuvikeleni kuphela. Endaweni yendawo, izintela zempahla zisekela amaphoyisa nezinkonzo zomlilo ezisabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo zansuku zonke.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile

Intela isekela nezinhlelo zendawo ezungezile: ukuthatha izinhlelo zamanzi ahlanzekile, amapaki esizwe, ukugada ukungcola, ukuvuselela izimali zokusekela amandla kagesi nokucwaninga ngesimo sezulu. Abanye ohulumeni basebenzisa intela yendawo ezungezile − njengentela yekhabhoni — ukudambisa ukukhishwa kwegesi okuyingozi nokunyusa inzuzo yokutshala izimali eziluhlaza.

Izinhlobo Zentela Okufanele Wazi

Intela

Intela ekhokhelwayo iyingxenye yemali umuntu ngamunye ayikhokhayo noma yebhizinisi. Amazwe amaningi anentela ekhokhelwayo eqhubekayo, lapho amazinga entela enyuka khona ngezinqola zeholo. Ngokwesibonelo, intela yemali ehholo kahulumeni wase-U.S. isuka ku 10% kuya ku-3% kuye ngeholo elikhokhelwayo.

Ukuthengisa Intela

Intela yokuthengisa ithengiselwa ukudayisa izimpahla nezinkonzo. Kuvame ukuba ipesenti eliyisicaba elinezelwe lapho kuthengwa. Ezindaweni eziningi, izinto ezibalulekile njengempahla nemithi zikhishwa ngesihlengo noma zikhokhwa ngesilinganiso esiphansi ukuze kuncishiswe umthwalo emikhayeni engenisa imali ephansi.

Intela Yempahla

Intela yempahla isekelwe entengoni ehlolwayo yezindawo nezakhiwo. Ziyinzuzo eyinhloko yohulumeni bendawo, izikole, imigwaqo, nokuphepha komphakathi. Abanikazi bezindlu bangasusa intela yempahla ngokukhokhela intela yeholo kahulumeni emazweni amaningi, okunciphisa izindleko zenetha.

Intela Yomthetho

Intela yezentela yezebhizinisi iwukukhokha inzuzo yezinkampani. Amazinga entela aphansi embulungeni yonke phakathi namashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlule njengoba amazwe encintisana ukuze akhange ibhizinisi. I-OECD iye yahola imizamo yokumisa izinga eliphansi lentela yembulunga yonke le-15% ukuze kuvinjelwe "uhlobo lwezwe eliphansi"

Inhloko - dolobha Ithola Intela

Imali ekhokhelwayo ikhokhelwa intela ekhokhwa ngemali enjengokuthengiswa kwamasheya, amabopho, indawo, kanye nezinto eziqoqwayo. Inzuzo yezimali zesikhathi eside (izilinganiso ezigcinwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka) ngokuvamile ikhokhelwa intela ngamazinga aphansi kunemali evamile ukukhuthaza ukutshala imali.

Ukukhokha Intela Nabantu Abayiphethe

Izintela zokukhokha imali zibekwa ezintweni ezithile njengotshwala, ugwayi, uphethiloli, namathikithi ezindiza.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukukhokha Intela Kubaluleke: Izizathu Ezinhlanu Eziyinhloko

1. Intuthuko Yomphakathi Nezinto Zomphakathi

Intela ixhasa amapaki, imitapo yezincwadi, izikhungo zomphakathi, nezinhlangano zamasiko. Lezi yimpahla zomphakathi ezizuzisa wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungakwazi ukukhokha. ipaki lomphakathi elinakekelwe kahle lithuthukisa inzuzo yempahla, linciphisa ubugebengu, futhi lithuthukisa izinga lokuphila.

Ukuqina Kwezomnotho

Phakathi nokwehla kwezomnotho, intela ivame ukwehla, kodwa ukuchithwa kwezinhlelo ezinjengenzuzo yokuswelakala kwemisebenzi nemisebenzi yezesisekelo kungaqinisa umnotho. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ukuzishintsha komnotho.

3. Ukudayisa Nokulinganisela

Intela eziqhubekayo nezinhlelo zokudlulisa igebe phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu. IBhange lezwe iphawula ukuthi amazwe anezimiso zentela ezithuthukayo athambekele ekungalinganini okuphansi. Ngaphandle kwentela, izinzuzo zokukhula kwezomnotho zingagxila kakhulu phakathi kwabacebile.

Ukuqinisekisa Izinkonzo Ezibalulekile

Amagumbi okuzimela, amaloli okucisha umlilo, amaphoyisa, nezikole zomphakathi kutholakala kubo bonke ngenxa yokuthi intela iqinisekisa ukuxhasa kwabo. Ezinye izinkonzo zikhona, kodwa azikwazi ukuthatha indawo yezindawo ezikhona emhlabeni wonke ezinikezwa yizimiso zentela. ukukhokha izintela kuqinisekisa ukuthi umntwana ogulayo kumkhaya othola imali ephansi usathola ukwelashwa. [

5. Izinkonzo zikahulumeni Nokubusa Komthetho

Intela ikhokha izinkantolo, izishaya - mthetho, izinkampani eziqondisayo, nezinkonzo zobumeli ezenza uhulumeni usebenze. Ngaphandle kwenzuzo eyanele yentela, ohulumeni abanakuphoqelela imithetho, balondoloze ukuhleleka, noma bamelele izakhamuzi emhlabeni wonke. Uhulumeni osebenzayo uxhomeke ekuthengeni intela okunokwethenjelwa.

Imiphumela Yokungakhokhi Intela

Ukulahlwa Ngokomthetho

Ukubalekela ukukhokha intela − imali ekhokhwayo noma ekhokhelwayo ukuze kugwenywe ukukhokha izintela (*) kuyicala. Isigwebo sihlanganisa ukukhokhwa kwentela, inzalo ngentela engakhokhelwanga, ukuthunjwa kwempahla, ngisho nokuboshwa. E-United States, ukubalekela intela kungaphumela eminyakeni emihlanu ejele likahulumeni. Ngisho nokuhluleka ukubuyisela izijeziso.

Izinkonzo Zomphakathi Ezincishisiwe

Uma abantu abaningi noma izinkampani zibalekela izintela, uhulumeni uqoqa imali encane. Lokhu kubangela ukunciphisa imfundo, ukulungiswa kwezakhiwo nezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubalekela intela eGreece okwandile phakathi nonyaka ka-20000 kwaba nengxenye ezinkingeni zezikweletu eziphezulu zalelizwe futhi kwalandela izinyathelo ezilandelayo.

Ukuwohloka Kwezomnotho

Ukungakhokhi kululaza ukusebenza kahle kwezimiso zentela. Uma ukuthobela kuphansi, ohulumeni bavame ukuphakamisa amazinga kulabo abakhokhayo, babangele umthwalo onzima ezakhamuzini nasemabhizinisini avimbela umthetho. Lokhu kungadumaza umsebenzi nokutshala imali, kulimaza ukukhula kwezomnotho.

Ukungalingani Komphakathi

Ukugwema intela kuvame kakhulu kubantu abacebile, abakwazi ukuthenga abaqongeleli abaphambili bama - countain nama - akhawunti angekho ogwini.

Ukuphelelwa Ukwethenjwa

Impucuko yokungaholi esakazekile inciphisa ukwethembela kuhulumeni nakusivumelwano sezenhlalo. Izakhamuzi ziyayeka ukuvuma ukukhokha izintela uma zikholelwa ukuthi abanye abakhokhi. Lokhu kungaholela ekuncipheni kwemali enciphayo, izinkonzo eziphansi, kanye nokungahlangani.

Ukuxoshwa kwentela kuyaphikisana. Intela iyakugwema: Uyini umehluko?

Ukuqonda umehluko kubalulekile. ukunciphisa intela kungekho emthethweni: kuhilela ukufihla ngamabomu iholo, ukuthengiseka okukhuphukayo, noma ukuhluleka ukukhipha amafayela abuyayo. Ukugwema ukulawula[ ukusebenzisa izindlela ezingokomthetho zokunciphisa intela, ngokwesibonelo, ufaka igalelo ekuthengeni ama-akhawunti omhlalaphansi, ukusebenzisa inzuzo yemali ethengisiwe, noma ukutshala izimali ezitshazwayo ukuze kufaneleke intengo ephansi. Nakuba ukugwema izinhlelo ezixhaphaza intela ngokuvamile zigxekwa ngokungekho mthethweni futhi zingasusa intela ephansi.

Ukugqugquzelwa Kwentela Okukhuthazayo: Izinhlangano Zesimiso Esinempilo

Imfundo Nokuqaphela

Izakhamuzi zivame ukuvumelana nemithetho lapho ziqonda indlela ezisetshenziswa ngayo izintela. Ohulumeni kufanele basakaze imibiko ecacile, efinyelelekayo mayelana nenkokhelo yentela. Amazwe amaningi anikeza abakhokhi bentela i-lisithi ebonisa indlela imali yabo esetshenziswa ngayo (ngokwesibonelo, "Ukhokha u-$X (R1) ezintela, eyakhokhela amahora ka-Y emfundo no Z amakhilomitha omgwaqo."

Ukubona Kahle Nokulandisa

Lapho izakhamuzi zibona ukuthi intela isetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo futhi ngaphandle kwenkohlakalo, ukuthobelana kuyathuthuka. Ama-apendent, amasu okusebenzisa imali, namakomiti aqondisa izakhamuzi asiza ekwakheni ukwethembana. Imali yeGeneral Bactation international [[[FLT: 1] ihlela amazwe ekuhleleni imali.

Ukuqashelwa Nokusekelwa

Imithetho yentela eyinkimbinkimbi ikhuthaza amaphutha nokugwema. Izindlela zokwenza lula, ukunikeza usizo lwamaface, nokunikeza isiqondiso esicacile kunciphisa umthwalo kubakhokhi bentela. Amazwe amaningi manje anikeza amasheya agcwele asekelwe kumqashi nasemininingwaneni yasebhange, okwenza kube lula ukuthobela.

Isigwebo Seminyaka Engaphezulu

Imivuzo yenkokhelo efike ngesikhathi − njengentethelelo yenzalo noma ukungena emotweni yomphakathi − iye yazanywa kwezinye izifunda. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuphoqelela okunamandla, kuhlanganise nokuhlola okuzihambelayo kwemininingwane (umz., iholo elifanayo elibikwe abaqashi emhlabeni ngamunye), kwandisa ingozi yokuthola.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Ukuhlanganyela ekusebenziseni imali esetshenziswayo − lapho izakhamuzi zivota indlela yokusebenzisa ingxenye yentela — qhakambisa khona abantu ngokuqondile ekusebenziseni imali yomphakathi. Lendlela iye yasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo emadolobheni anjengePorto Alegre, Brazil, neNew York City, e-USA.

Umbono Womhlaba Wonke Ngentela

Izimiso zentela ziyahlukahluka kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Amazwe aseScandinavia anjengeDenmark neSweden anentela ephakeme (intela efinyelela ku 55% kwabaholi abaphezulu) kodwa futhi anikeza izinkonzo ezinkulu zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nemfundo ephakeme, ikhefu lobuzali eliphayo, nokunakekela impilo yendawo yonke.

Amazwe asathuthuka ngokuvamile alwa nokukhokha intela ngenxa yezomnotho ezinkulu ngokwethukela, amandla okulawula abuthakathaka, nenkohlakalo. Ngokwe- International Monetary Fund[, ukuthuthukisa ukuqoqwa kwentela emazweni angenisa imali ephansi kubaluleke kakhulu ekufinyeleleni izinjongo ezinamagebengu ezizinzileyo.

Ikusasa Lokukhokha Intela: Izimo Nezinselele

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamanani Nesimo Sezomnotho Se - geg

Njengoba umsebenzi uhamba kuyi - Internet nasemapulatifomu anjenge - Uber, i - Airbnb, nezimakethe ezikhululekile, ohulumeni babhekana nezinselele ekutholeni intela kulezi zindleko.

Intela Encane Kakhulu Yombuso Wesonto

Ngo - 2021, amazwe angaphezu kuka - 130 avumelana nesilinganiso sentela encishisiwe yezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke samaphesenti angu - 15, ehloselwe ukunqanda inzuzo eshintsha izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yentela kuyahamba, futhi kumelela esinye sezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu zentela emhlabeni wonke ekhulwini leminyaka.

Ukukhokha Intela Endaweni Ezungezile

Intela yekhabhoni kanye nezimiso ze-cap-trade ziya ngokuya zivame kakhulu njengamathuluzi okulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Inzuzo yalentela ingaxhasa imisebenzi evuselelwayo yamandla noma ibuyiselwe ezakhamuzini njengenzuzo." iWorld Bank ibika ukuthi kusukela ngo-2024, izinyathelo zokususa ikhabhoni ezingaphezu kuka-70 ezithatha isinyathelo emhlabeni wonke.

Intela Ecebile

Amazwe amaningana aseYurophu anentela yengcebo, nakuba amaningi eye ayibuyisela ngenxa yezinkinga zokugcinwa kwemithetho kanye nokuthunyelwa kwezindiza eziyinhloko.

Isiphetho: Ukutshala Imali Nakwelinye Ikusasa Lethu

Ukukhokha intela akuyona nje isibopho esingokomthetho, kodwa kuwukutshala inzuzo ehlanganyelwayo emphakathini esifuna ukuphila kuwo. Imali ngayinye eqoqwe ngentela imelela isibopho sokwakha izikole ezingcono, imiphakathi elondekile, izakhiwo eziqinile, nendawo enempilo. Nakuba izimiso zentela zingaphelele, futhi izimpikiswano ngamazinga nokungakhethi ziyohlala zikhona, isimiso esiyisisekelo sihlala njalo: [[FLD:0] umphakathi usebenza kangcono uma wonke umuntu enikela ngokwekhono lakhe futhi athola izinzuzo ngokwesidingo sawo.[ Ngokuqonda ukubaluleka kwentela nokuvumelana nemithetho yentela, izakhamuzi namabhizinisi adlala indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni inzuzo enziwayo.