Ilungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho liyikhokha eliyisisekelo lezimiso zokwahlulela zanamuhla, liqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu noma abahilelekile ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho bayakwazi ukufinyelela abasekeli abanekhono abangavikela izithakazelo zabo futhi basekele izimiso zobulungisa. Ngaphandle kweseluleko esingokomthetho esifanelekayo, inzuzo yokuqulwa kobulungisa iba yize, njengoba abamangalelwa bevame ukungabi nolwazi, imithombo, nobuchwepheshe obubalulekile ekuhloleni izisekelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingokomthetho, bahlola ukubaluleka okubalulekile kobukhombangolelwa ezinkantolo, bahlole ukuziphendukela kwayo okungokomlando, bahlole ithonya labo emiphumelweni ephelele, futhi babhekane nezithiyo eziphikelelayo ezivimbela abaningi ukuba bafinyelele lelilungelo elibalulekile.

Ukubaluleka Kokumelela Ngokomthetho

Ukumelelwa okungokomthetho kusebenza njengesivikelo ekulweni namandla ombuso omthetho futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokuzimela ihlala ilinganiselwe. Ezimisweni zokushushisa, ukushushisa izigebengu kuletha imithombo emikhulu(i-investarigiator), ochwepheshe bezentengiselwano, nabameli abanolwazi (nesikhathi), abamangalelwa, uma bengamelelwanga, bamelana nalemishini kuphela. Ummeli onekhono umisa le mishini ngokunikeza:

  • [ Ukukhuphula eMthethweni: Ama-atney anokuqonda okujulile kwezimiso, umthetho wezendaba, imithetho yobufakazi, nemithetho efunwayo. Angabona amaphutha angokomthetho, amahele ahamba ngendlela efanele, futhi abekela ukuziphatha okungafanele inselele ngokushushiswa.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo: Kusukela esikhathini sokuboshwa ngokuqulwa kwecala nangokudluliswa kwecala, ummeli uqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa − njengamalungelo amelene nokuzimela, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo − liyahlonishwa.
  • Isivikelo sobuphekula: Icala ngalinye linikeza amaqiniso ahlukile kanye nokwaziswa okungokomthetho. Ummeli uthuthukisa icebo elilungiswe kahle, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufaka isicelo, ukuphikisa ubufakazi, noma ukunikeza isivikelo esiqinile lapho kuqulwa.
  • Izazi zomthetho zingabiza abaphenyi, ofakazi abangochwepheshe (umz., ochwepheshe bezibalo, ochwepheshe bezokwelapha, ochwepheshe be-balletics), kanye nama-paralegales ukwakha icala eliphoqelelayo. I-prothigate awanakusekelwa okunjalo.
  • [[QUT: 0] Ukusekela okungokomzwelo nesiqondiso: Ukubhekana nomthetho kuyacindezela. Ummeli uchaza izinqubo, ulawula amathemba, futhi usiza ikhasimende ukuba lenze izinqumo ezinolwazi, ukunciphisa ukukhathazeka nokuhlanganyela kowodwa i-’ uzivikela.

Ukuhlola kwamacala omphakathi kuqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa baphumelela kakhulu uma bemele izenzakalo ezingcono kunalabo abahamba bodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, umbiko ka-2020 owenziwa yi- American Bar Association wathola ukuthi abamangalelwa abangamelelwanga ezicabeni zomphakathi basengozini enkulu kakhulu yokulahlekelwa yizono zabo, ukulahlwa kwezahlulelo, noma ukulahlekelwa noma ukulahlekelwa yilungelo lokugcinwa kwabantwana. Ezindabeni zobugebengu, umehluko ukhona ngisho nangokwedlulela phezulu: abamangalelwa nabavikeli bomphakathi noma iseluleko esigciniwe futhi basengozini kakhulu yokuhoxiswa noma ukuncishwa.

Umlando Ongokomlando Wokumelelwa Kwemithetho

Umqondo welungelo lokunikeza iseluleko awuzange uvele ngobusuku obubodwa.

Imisuka Yasendulo NeyangeNkathi Ephakathi

E-Athene yasendulo, ama-litulignt akhuluma ngokwawo, nakuba ayengaqasha umdwebi wezesayensi yezemisebenzi ukuba abhale izinkulumo. Umthetho wamaRoma wavumela ukuba aphinde afake izinkulumo [[FLT]]] ukuncelela abanye, kodwa ukumelelwa kwakuyilungelo kwabacebile. Phakathi neNkakhulu leminyaka engu-17 [12], umthetho ovamile wamaNgisi wathuthukisa umqondo we- ̴ i-Applice & #821; kuphela umqhele; abamangalelwa emacaleni efelini babenqatshelwe ukuba nommeli kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nambili leminyaka. [12] [125] Umthetho ovamile wesiNgisi u-ansuthenwa umuntu oboshelwayo nge-#2]; u-52, kodwa umthetho wakhe wanqatshelwa ngokusemthethweni.

Izisekelo Zanamuhla

Inkathi echithiwe yafika ngokukhanyiselwa namalungelo abantu ngabanye. Isichibiyelo seSisithupha soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. (1791) safaka ilungelo lokwelulekwa emacaleni obugebengu. Nokho engxenyeni enkulu yekhulu le-19, lelilungelo lalinganiselwe kulabo ababenganikeza ummeli. Sathatha icala leNkantolo ephakeme yase-U.S. [[FLT:]] Geonv. [[FFLT] [FLT] [191]] [1963]] [1963]) ukunwengisa ilungelo lokudlulisela abamangalelwa ezinkantolo zezwe, ukumiswa kwesimiso somphakathi somthetho, ukumiswa kwesimiso somphakathi somthetho. [i-International Convention of Human Rights] [198] [1948]

Izenzakalo Ezibalulekile Ekumeleleni Okungokomthetho

  • Magna Carta (1215): imise izimiso ezifanele zenqubo ezasekela ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko kamuva.
  • Isichibiyeli se-Sixth (1791): ngokusemthethweni iqinisekisa ilungelo lokusiza ekunikezeleni iseluleko emacaleni obugebengu kahulumeni.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): isho ukuthi inikeza abameli abamangalelwa abangakwazi ukuthenga.
  • [ I-Legal Aid Movements (ikhulu lama-20th khulu): Imizamo kanye nezinhlelo zikahulumeni kwandisa usizo olungokomthetho lwesizwe kubantu abahliswayo, beqaphela ukuthi ubulungisa budlulela ngalé kwezinkantolo zobugebengu.
  • IZizwe Ezihlangene Izimiso eziyisisekelo emoyeni yama-Lawyers (1990): zamisa izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke zokuthola iseluleko nokuzimela komsebenzi ongokomthetho.

Ithonya Lokumelela Ngokomthetho Ekulingweni Okufanele

Ukuthola iseluleko esifanelekayo akuyona imfuneko yokunethezeka; kuyimfuneko yokwakha ukuze kuqulwe icala ngokufanele.

Ukulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Isimiso sokulingana sifuna ukuba wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ingcebo, isikhundla, noma imfundo, athole isivikelo esinengqondo. Izinga lokumelela okungokomthetho emkhakheni wokudlala, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abacebile nabampofu ngokufanayo bangabubekela inselele ubufakazi, ofakazi be-examine, futhi baphikisane namanje. Ngaphandle kwabameli, i-“ ukulingana ̵ ukulingana kwenkantolo kungumbono oqanjiwe kakhulu.

Ukuncishiswa Kwezisu Zobulungisa

Izinkolelo ezingalungile ziyizinto ezingokoqobo ezidabukisayo, futhi ukuntuleka kokumelelwa okuphumelelayo kuyimbangela ephambili. Iprojekthi ye-Innocement ifaka amakhulu ezinto eziye zakhishwa nge-DNA, kanye nezingalandu eziningi ezihilela iseluleko esingenamali somthetho. Ummeli onekhono uyohlola izinqubo zamaphoyisa, aphikise ukukhomba okungaboni, afune ukuhlolelwa kofakazi bokuzibonela, futhi axoxe ngokuhlola okuvimbela imisho ephakeme kakhulu. Ngokufusha, abameli basebenza njengesehlolo olugxekayo oluqinile oluyiphutha enkantolo.

Ukwenziwa Kwesinqumo Esinolwazi

Abalweli babhekana nokukhetha okuyinkimbinkimbi: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kufanele bafakazele, bamukele isicelo esigunyaziwe, noma sesephulwa amalungelo athile. Abameli bachaza imiphumela ngolimi olulula, beqinisekisa ukuthi amakhasimende anikeza imvume engokolwazi. Ngokwesibonelo, ummangalelwa oncenga icala ngaphandle kokuqonda imiphumela yokulingaqondi kahle, ukulahlekelwa yilayisense yobuchwepheshe, ukubhaliswa kwamacala obulili (ukubhalisa) kamuva uzisola. Ukumelelwa kunciphisa ukungaqondani okunjalo okubuhlungu.

Ubuhle Bemvelo

Izinqubo zomthetho ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi azithetheleli. Ukungavumelani nomthetho olandelwayo, ukuhluleka ukumelana namahemuhemu, noma ukusebenzisa kabi iziyalezo zejaji kungaphazamisa lelicala. Abaqondisi balawula lezehlakalo, bagcina izimpikiswano zokudlulisa icala futhi baqinisekise ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kuqhubeke ngokwemithetho yomthetho. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi amaqembu asengozini kakhulu yokuvumelana nemithetho yenkantolo futhi cishe ahluleke, athuthukise ukuphumelela kwezimiso zobulungisa.

Indima Ye - athoneney Yokuvikela Emininingwaneni

Ukuqonda lezi zindima kucacisa ukuthi kungani ukumelela kubalulekile.

Ukuphenya Nokulungisa Icala

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala, ummeli uqoqa amaqiniso: ukuxoxa nofakazi, ukuvakashela izigcawu zobugebengu, ukuthola imibiko yamaphoyisa, nokuhlola ubufakazi obungokwemishini. Baveza ukungavumelani, ofakazi be-abi, noma ubufakazi bokuqamba izibalo. Ezimweni eziningi, uphenyo lokuqala lwamaphoyisa lusekelwe ohlangothini olulodwa; iseluleko sokuvikela sinikeza isilinganiso esidingekayo.

Ukubhoboza Ingqondo Nokudla I - “lea Barganing ”

Iningi lamacala obugebengu liphela ngokufaka izikhankaso, hhayi ukuqulwa kwecala. Ummeli onokuhlangenwe nakho angaxoxa ngezikhalazo ezivumayo, izigwebo ezimfushane, isigwebo esinqunyiwe esikhundleni sejele (h) ukuthi ummangalelwa ophambili ngeke afeze. Umshushisi uyazi ukuthi ummeli uzakuthwesa umbuso umthwalo wakhe wobufakazi, ngakho unikeza izimali ezingcono. Ngaphandle kweseluleko, abamangalelwa ngokuvamile bamukela izikhalo ezingezona ezobulungisa ngenxa yokwesaba noma ukungazi.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Ecaleni, ummeli uphatha ivoir eshaqisayo (ukukhetha inkohliso), unikeza izitatimende zokuvula, ukuziphatha okuqondile nokuhlola, uphikisa, futhi uthatha izimpikiswano. Bafaka uphenyo oluphoqelelayo futhi bafaka ukungabaza okunengqondo. Ngisho nommangalelwa oqaphile kakhulu akakutholi ukuqeqeshwa okungokomthetho kobufakazi nezimiso ezihloniphekile zenkantolo.

Ukugwetshwa Nokukhanga

Ngemva kokukholwa, ukumelelwa kusebalulekile. Abameli bamacala baveza izici ezinikeza izici ezithi shú (software, ukuzisola, izibopho zomkhaya, izimo zempilo zengqondo − ukunxenxa umahluleli ekudluliseni. Balondoloza futhi amaphutha okudluliswayo ukuze badluliselwe ekuqulweni kabusha noma izigwebo ezingemthetho. Inqubo yokunxusa ingeyobuchwepheshe kakhulu; bambalwa abamangalelwa abangayisebenzisa kuphela.

Izinselele Ekutholeni Incazelo Engokomthetho

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwawo, izigidi zabantu zibhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu ekutholeni iseluleko somthetho, futhi lezi zithiyo zilulaza isithembiso sobulungisa obulinganayo.

Izindleko Negebe Lobulungisa

Abameli bobulungu bakhokha izindleko eziphakeme, ngokuvamile amakhulu ama-dollar ngehora, ukuvala abantu abahhanjwayo. Ezindabeni zomphakathi (izindawo zokuhlala kwezingane, ukuqoqa izikweletu, ukuthuthela kwamanye amazwe), akukho gunya lomthetho-sisekelo weseluleko, ngaphandle kwezimo ezilinganiselwe. INhlangano Yezezimali [inani eliphansi] lingenisa abantu baseMelika abangaphansi kwenzuzo ephansi] alitholangalutholi usizo olungokomthetho lwezinkinga zabo zomthetho eminyakeni yamuva nje (igebe elibizwa ngokuthi igebe elibizwa i-̴ igebe.” ngisho nalapho abavikeli bomphakathi bekhona, ngokuvamile basebenza kakhulu futhi bengaphansi kwe-fran.

Amacala Omphakathi Agcwele

Kumazwe amaningi, abavikeli bomphakathi basingatha amakhulu ezenzakalo ngonyaka. Baswele isikhathi sokuhlola, ukuxoxa nofakazi, noma sokuhlangana namakhasimende. Amanye amazwe aye acela ngokuphumelelayo ukunciphisa ukuthwebula izikhala, kodwa amahlalakhona ayaqhubeka. Le nhlekelele isho ukuthi abamangalelwa abaningi abangenamandla bathola kuphela izimpawu ezibonisa ukuma kwezethukubili, ngokuphumelelayo i-#820;et ̰em futhi bancenge i-̰ࢭ &821; ukusondela.

Imingcele Yezwe Neyolimi

Izindawo zasemaphandleni zingaba nezigqebhezana ezimbalwa noma zingabi nalutho olusekela ubugebengu noma usizo olungokomthetho. AmaMelika Omdabu asezindaweni ezikhona abhekene nokuntuleka kwabameli, njengoba kunjalo kubantu abasemaqenjini aqhelile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhulumi ezingawasesiNgisi zizama ukuthola abameli abakhuluma ngolimi lwabo, futhi izinkonzo zokuhumusha zivame ukuhluleka.

Ukungaqapheli Nokungasheshi

Abantu abaningi abazi ukuthi banelungelo lokwelulekwa, noma bakholelwa ukuthi abantu abanecala kuphela abadinga abameli. Lokhu kuphambanisa kuholela ekuphunyukeni kwesokudla (8) ngezinye izikhathi ngokungazi. Abanye abathemba isimiso somthetho ngokuphelele futhi bakhetha ukuziveza ngokwabo ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi ummeli omiswe inkantolo ngeke abe kwicala labo. Ukuthatha imvume nemfundo kubalulekile ukuze banqobe lokhu.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngokumelelwa Ngokomthetho

Nakuba ilungelo leseluleko liqashelwa kabanzi, ukusetshenziswa kwalo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu emasikweni angokomthetho.

United States

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, iSichibiyelo seSisithupha siqinisekisa iseluleko ezicaleni zobugebengu, kodwa isimiso sinamaphutha amakhulu: abavikeli bomphakathi abakhandlekile, izinga elingalingani, futhi akukho lungelo lokweluleka ezicaleni zomphakathi ngaphandle kokuba ukuboshwa kuyisijeziso esingase sibe khona (isizk., ukusekela izingane). INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iye yanqaba ukunwebela [ Gideon emongweni yomphakathi, ishiye igebe elikhulu.

United Kingdom

Isimiso sosizo lwezomthetho se-UK, esake saba nesandla esivulekile, siye sancitshiswa kakhulu kusukela ngo-2010. I-Legin Aid, Isigwebo neSijeziso somthetho woMthende 2012 sasusa izindaba eziningi zomphakathi ezisezingeni, futhi inani labameli bomthetho bezehla kakhulu. Ukufinyelela iseluleko, ikakhulukazi ngeseluleko sakuqala, kuye kwancitshiswa, kwabangela ukugxekwa kwezinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu.

EYurophu Ezwenikazi (Izimiso Zemithetho Eziyizinhlamvu)

Amazwe anjengeJalimane neFrance aqinisekisa iseluleko emacaleni obugebengu futhi ngokuvamile anikeza usizo olungokomthetho ezindabeni zomphakathi ezisekelwe emalini nasenzuzoni. Izimiso ze-Inquisition zinikeza ijaji umthwalo wemfanelo owengeziwe wokuhlola, kodwa abameli bavikelayo basafeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni amalungelo. INkantolo yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu iye yaqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ilungelo lokuthola usizo oluphumelelayo lweseluleko ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 6.

Izinhlalo Zomhlaba Wonke

Izinkantolo zobugebengu zomhlaba wonke (isinye isi. International Criminal Court, ICTT) zinikeza usizo olubanzi olungokomthetho kubamangalelwa, ziqaphela ukuthi amalungelo angokomthetho adinga ukumiswa kwemithetho eqinile emingceleni.

Isiphetho

Ukumelelwa okungokomthetho akuwona nje umthetho owenziwe ngokusemthethweni, kodwa kuyindawo yokukhokha indinganiso elungile. Kuwo wonke umlando, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwelungelo lokululeka kuye kwaphawula ukuzinikela komphakathi okwandayo ekulungeni nasekulingana. Nokho, namuhla, lowomgoqo uvivinywa yimigoqo ephikelelayo: izindleko eziphakeme, izimiso ezisindayo, ukuhlukana kwezwe, negebe elandayo lobulungisa. Ukuqaphela isithembiso sokulingwa okulungile kwakho konke, ohulumeni kumelwe bafake izimali zomphakathi, bandise usizo lwezemthetho, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi wonke umuntu (/ongenamali) ongasenamfako esemthethweni noma isizinda. Okunye ukufinyelela imingcele engokomthetho. Okungasetshenziswayo yisimiso sokulunga sobulungisa lapho imiphumela ixhomeke khona ebukhulwini be-̱ izikhwama, ukukhashelwa kwezimiso zomthetho ezingokomthetho ezihloselwe ukugcinwa yizimiso.