Isingeniso

Kuhulumeni wanamuhla, inqubo yokuqamba umthetho ingenye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu efezwa umphakathi. Imithetho yonke edluliswayo, yonke imithetho emisiwe, futhi uhlelo ngalunye lomphakathi oluxhaswe ngokuqondile luthinta inhlalakahle yezigidi. Izigxobo ziphakeme, futhi imingcele yephutha incane. Emashumini eminyaka, abenzi bemithetho baye baphikisana nombuzo wokuthi ukwenza izinqumo eziveza imiphumela engcono. Impendulo, ngokuqhubekayo, isekelwe ekubophekeni kwesimiso esisekelwe enkambisweni yemithetho esekelwe ekwakheni.

Isimiso esisekelwe kubufakazi asiwona umqondo omusha, kodwa ukubaluleka kwaso kuye kwakhula kakhulu enkathini eyinkimbinkimbi, ehlangene nezinselele zokwenza izinselele zezinkinga zezomnotho kanye nesimo sezulu zishintshele ekungalinganini kwezomnotho nasezinkingani zempilo yomphakathi. Ngaphandle kobufakazi obuqinile, izishaya-mthetho zifaka engozini yokumisa imithetho engcolisa imithombo yemali, ukulimaza okungahloniphi, noma ukuhluleka ukubhekana nezimbangela eziyinhloko zezinkinga. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima ebucayi yobufakazi ekwenzeni izinqumo zemithetho, sidwebela izinzuzo zayo, sihlola izithiyo ekuzamukeleni kwayo, futhi sifaka amasu okuyenza iqhubekele phambili enqubwebweni yezimiso.

Ukuchaza Umthetho Osekelwe Ebufakazini

Isimiso esisekelwe ebufakazini siyisisekelo sokuthi izinqumo mayelana nokuthi yini okufanele yenziwe, kanye nendlela yokuyenza ngayo, kufanele kwaziswe ngokwaziswa okunenjongo engcono kakhulu okukhona. Lokhu kwaziswa kungavela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuhlola okulawulwa ngokuzenzakalelayo, ukuhlola okuthatha isikhathi eside, ukuhlolwa kobucukubhede, ukubukeza okuhleliwe, kanye nokuhlola uhlelo. Umgomo ukuthatha indawo yokuqagela nolwazi, ukuhlola imibono, nokufunda kulokho okuye kwasebenza, futhi okungakatholakali kulokhu okusemongweni ofanayo.

Lomqondo uvela kakhulu kwezokwelapha ezisekelwe ebufakazini, ezaguqula ukunakekelwa kwempilo ngokugcizelela ukuthi izinqumo zokwelapha kufanele ziqondiswe ngokutholwa kokucwaninga esikhundleni sesiko noma ukubikelwa. Ngendlela efanayo, isimiso esisekelwe kubufakazi sifuna ukuletha ukuqina kwesayensi ebucikweni bokubusa. Asisho ukuthi izindinganiso, izimiso zokuziphatha, noma ukufakwa komphakathi ziyashaywa indiva; kunalokho, kusho ukuthi lezozici zihlolwa zibekwa phezulu kwesisekelo esiqinile.

Umlando

Ngokwesibonelo, izisekelo zesimiso esisekelwe kubufakazi zingalandelelwa phakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, lapho ososayensi bezenhlalo beqala ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuhlola izinhlelo zikahulumeni. Impi yobumpofu eUnited States phakathi nawo-1960, yahlanganisa ukuhlola okukhulu njengokuhlola okungakhiyo kwe-Income Taxis kanye ne-Perry Preglagedy Studys, eyanikeza izibonelo zokuqala zokuthi ukuhlaziya inqubo engaklama ngokuhluzekile. [[FLT:] kanye [FL:] [FF:] kanye ne- 2000, izinhlangano ezifana “ezisebenza” eUnited Kingdom nase-“evidentidemist , ” eUnited Kingdom nase-scrited project:[3] eUnited States, lapho kusungulwa khona ukucwaninga kwezinhlangano, okuholela ekudalweni kwezinhlangano ezinje [FLD: 0]

Izimiso Eziyinhloko

Isimiso esiphumelelayo esisekelwe ebufakazini sisekelwe ezimisweni eziningana eziyisisekelo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Sebenzisa ubufakazi obusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu[[[FTL:1] - hhayi noma yimuphi umniningo, kodwa ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa, okusebenzayo, futhi okuvumelana nomongo wesinqumo esithile.
  • [[UMTH:0] Umehluko ezindleleni nasemithonjeni [ - ukuze ubufakazi bucubungulwe, buphinde buphikiswe, futhi bubeke inselele.
  • Imfundo eqhubekayo kanye nokuzivumelanisa - izinqubo kufanele zibhekwe njengezingahlolwa, zicwengisiwe, noma zithathelwe indawo uma kuvela ubufakazi obusha.
  • Ukuhlanganisa umongo wendawo [ - - ubufakazi obuvela kwesinye isimo kumelwe buvumelaniswe ngokucophelela namaqiniso ezenhlalo, ezomnotho, namasiko esinye.

Indima Yokwaziswa Nokucwaninga Ezinqumweni Zomthetho

Izishaya-mthetho zanamuhla zibhekene nomthamo ongavamile wokwaziswa. Izincwadi, izincwadi ezizwayo, izincwadi, izinto ezingenisa abantu, kanye nemibiko yezindaba zihlasela abenzi besinqumo nsuku zonke. Ngaphandle kokwenza inqubo eqinile yobufakazi, kuba lula kakhulu ukuthembela emagameni anomsindo noma ezihloko zamuva kakhulu. Ukwaziswa nokucwaninga kunikeza indlela ehlelekile yokuhlukanisa umsindo nokuthola ukuthi yini ngempela.

Indima yobufakazi ingancishiswa ibe imisebenzi eminingana ehlukile:

  • Incazelo eguqulayo: Imininingwane isiza izishayamthetho ukuba ziqonde indalo, isikali, nokwehlukana kwenkinga. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwaziswa kokuqondisa okuvela ezikoleni kungaveza amagebe aqhubekayo okufinyelela esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba zibe izihloko zezingxoxo zezombangazwe.
  • Isizukulwane se- inkathi yokuzibopha: ukubukeza kwezinhlelo ezikhona kungasikisela izindlela ezithembisayo eziye zazanywa kwenye indawo, zonga isikhathi nemithombo ekuthuthukiseni izihlokwana ezintsha.
  • Ukuhlolwa okungaguquguquki: ukuhlolwa kokubikezela nokuhlelwa kwezindleko kungalinganisela imiphumela engenzeka yomthetho ohlongozwayo ngaphambi kokuba udluliswe, kuvumele abamisi-mthetho ukuba balinganise ukuhweba.
  • i-actusation kanye nokulungisa: Uma sekwenziwe inkambiso, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa okuqhubekayo nokuhlola kunquma ukuthi iyayifinyelela yini imigomo yayo, nokuthi izilungiso zidinga yini phakathi ne-course.

Lomjikelezo awuzenzakaleli; udinga izisekelo zezakhiwo, njengezindawo zokucwaninga ezinikezelwe ezindlini zomthetho, ukubambisana namayunivesithi, nokuthola izinhlelo zikahulumeni. Amazwe anjengeCanada ne-Australia aye afaka imali eningi kulezo zakhiwo, futhi imiphumela iphawuleka.

Izinzuzo Zesimiso Esisekelwe Kubufakazi

Lapho isetshenziswa kahle, isimiso esisekelwe ebufakazini sinikeza izinzuzo eziningi zikakhonkolo ezingaphezu kakhulu kokwaneliseka kwemibono.

Imiphumela Ethuthukisiwe

Inzuzo esobala kakhulu iwukuthi izinqubo ezinikezwa ubufakazi zisengozini kakhulu yokufinyelela izinjongo zazo ezihlongozwayo. Inguquko yemfundo esekelwe ekulingweni okungahleliwe ebonisa ukuthi ukuthuthukisa amanani okuhlola cishe ngokuqinisekile kuyofeza inguquko esekelwe emfundisweni ethandwayo kodwa engahlolwanga. Ngokufanayo, ukungenela kwezempilo yomphakathi okulandela ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokudluliselwa kwezifo − njengokukhankasela ukugoma okungahlolwa.

Ukudambisa Izindleko

Ohulumeni basebenzisa imali elinganiselwe. Isimiso esisekelwe kubufakazi sisiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimali ezilinganiselwe ziqondiswe ezinhlelweni ezinikeza inzuzo enkulu kakhulu ekutshaleni imali. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola okunzima kwezinhlelo zabantwana bakudala kuye kwabonisa ukuthi izindleko zonke zesikole zasenkulisa ezisetshenziswa ngokulinganayo zithela imali engamaRandi angu-4 emalini elondolozwayo emalini eshisiwe ngesilinganiso esiphansi sobugebengu, iholo eliphezulu, nemiphumela engcono yempilo. Ngaphandle kobufakazi, lawomadollar angageleza kuzinhlelo ezinemiphumela emincane noma engekho.

Ukwethenjwa Nomthetho Womphakathi

Izakhamuzi zithambekele kakhulu ekuthembeni izinqumo zikahulumeni lapho zibona ukuthi lezozinqumo zisekelwe ekuhlaziyweni okunenjongo kunokuvunyelwa kwezombangazwe noma imibono. Ukubona ubufakazi obusekelwe enkambisweni kunganciphisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezizwe futhi kwakhe ukusekela kwe-bipartisan. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho abashaya imithetho abavela kuzo zombili izigaba bengakhomba ekwazini okufanayo okubonisa ukuthi ushintsho lwezigebengu lunciphisa ukuncishiswa kwemithetho, kuba lula ukumisa umthetho ongase uvinjelwe yi-slip translock.

Ukuvumelana Nezimo Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

Isimiso esisekelwe kubufakazi asisona esikhona. Ngenxa yokuthi sisekelwe ekwazisweni, singazivumelanisa nolwazi olusha njengoba luqala ukutholakala. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, iziqondiso zempilo zomphakathi zazilokhu zihlelwa ngokushintshwa ngokusukela ekucwaningeni okusandayo mayelana nokudluliselwa, ukuvikela, nokuphumelela komjovo. Lokhu kuvumelana nezimo kwenza ohulumeni baphendule ngokuphumelelayo esimweni esishintsha ngokushesha. Indlela yokuqonda nje kuphela ibingaqina kakhulu futhi ingasebenzi kakhulu.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Ekusebenziseni Umthetho Osekelwe Kubufakazi

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo ezicacile, isimiso esisekelwe ebufakazini sibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwazo.

Ukumelana Nezombangazwe

Mhlawumbe umngcele omkhulu kakhulu yintando yezombangazwe. Ubufakazi obuphikisana nenkolelo egxilile noma iqembu lesithakazelo esinamandla lingashaywa indiva, licinezelwe, noma lihlatshwe izehlo. Abenzi bomthetho bangamisa inzuzo emfushane engcono kakhulu ngokusebenza isikhathi eside, izinhlelo zokuxhasa imali ezithandwayo kodwa ezingasebenzi kodwa ezilimazayo kuyilapho zisika lezo ezisebenzayo kodwa ezingenakho ukubonakala. Ukunqoba lokhu kumelana kudinga ushintsho lwamasiko nezimiso zezinhlangano − njengokuhlola okuzimele kwemizimba − okuvimbela ubufakazi obusekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemininingwane

Ubufakazi bokulingana okukhulu abutholakali ngaso sonke isikhathi. Imibuzo eminingi yesimiso ebalulekile ayikaze ihlolwe kakhulu. Imininingwane ingaba engaphelele, ephelelwe isikhathi, noma iqoqwe ngezindlela ezidala ubandlululo. Emazweni asathuthuka, izimiso zokwaziswa zokulawula zivame ukuba buthakathaka, okwenza kube nzima ukulandelela imiphumela. Ngisho nalapho i-data ikhona, ingahlukaniswa phakathi kwezinhlangano futhi kube nzima ukuhlobana. Ukufaka ukwaziswa ezinqwini zemininingwane ezihlanganisayo ezilandela abantu phakathi nemfundo, impilo, nomsebenzi, kuyisidingo senqubo yobufakazi ngokwesilinganiso.

Isikhathi Esinzima

Izishaya-mthetho zivame ukusebenza ngezimiso eziqinile, kanye nezindleko ezihamba phakathi kwamakomiti naphansi ngendaba yamasonto noma ngisho nezinsuku. Ukuhlola ngokucophelela noma ukubukeza okuhleliwe kungathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka. Abaphathi-mthetho ngezinye izikhathi kumelwe benze izinqumo ngaphambi kokuba ubufakazi bufike. Ezimweni ezinjalo, isimiso esisekelwe kubufakazi sisho ukusebenzisa ukwaziswa okungcono kakhulu okukhona ngesikhathi."Ngisho uma kungaphelele, futhi kuzimisele ukuphinde kubuye kuthathwe ubufakazi obuqinile.

Ubunkimbinkimbi Nendima

Izinkinga zezenhlalo azivamile ukuba lula. Uhlelo olunciphisa ubugebengu kwelinye idolobha lungahluleka kwelinye ngenxa yokungafani kwenani labantu, imisebenzi yamaphoyisa, noma izimo zezomnotho. Ubufakazi obuvela ekuhloleni okulawulwa kakhulu bungaguqula ngokuqondile kumongo womthetho omkhulu wesilinganiso. Lokhu “ukubekwa phambili kwe-stental " inselele kusho ukuthi ubufakazi kumelwe buchazwe ngokunakekela, futhi ukuthi ukushayela nokuzivumelanisa nendawo kudingekile.

Ukuhlola Inqubo Esekelwe Ebufakazini

Izibonelo ezicacile ziyasiza ekuboniseni amandla esimiso esisekelwe ebufakazini esisebenzayo.

Impilo Yomphakathi: Ukulawula Ugwayi

Ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwamanani okubhema emazweni amaningi kuyindaba yempumelelo efundwayo. Amashumi eminyaka okucwaninga ngezifo zamagciwane aveza ukuhlobana phakathi kokubhema nomdlavuza, isifo samaphaphu, nesifo senhliziyo. Ukulingwa okungenamkhethe kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezomnotho kwabonisa ukuphumelela kwentela, izingqapheli ezicacile, nemithetho ekhipha intuthu. Ohulumeni abalandela ubufakazi bokukhuphula izintela zikagwayi, ukuvimbela ukukhangisa nokuxhasa ukubhema, kwaveza ukwehla kwezinhlelo zokubhema ngo-50% noma ngaphezulu. Ubufakazi babonisa ukuthi ekugcineni banqoba ukuphikisa okunonya kwemboni kagwayi.

Imfundo: Iziphazamiso Zokufunda Eziphumelelayo

E-United States, iNhlangano yezemfundo ixhase amakhulu amagalelo alawulwa ngokungenamthethweni ukuze kubonwe ukuthi iziphi izinto ezisebenzayo emfundweni. Okunye ukungenela okukhona kuSearting Recovery, uhlelo olulodwa olufundisa abafundi bokuqala abazama ukufunda. Ukuhlola okuningi okunzima kwathola ukuthi uhlelo lwaveza intuthuko enkulu, ehlala njalo ekufundeni. Izifunda zesikole ezamukela iReading Recovery ngokusekelwe kulobufakazi zabona intuthuko engcono ekufundeni izibalo, kuyilapho izifunda ezincikene nohlelo olungahlolwanga zibone intuthuko ephansi kakhulu.

Ukwahlulela Kwesigebengu: Ukunciphisa Ukunquma

Isifunda se-Washington’s Access-Needs-Responsúe (RNR) sibonisa indlela ubufakazi obungaguqula ngayo izinguquko. Ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi okuhlola ayingozi asebenzayo ukuze kucaciswe iziboshwa ngokwethuba lazo lokubuya, bese zifanelana nezinhlelo zokulungisa izinhlelo ezisekelwe ebufakazini. Njengendlela yokwelapha ye-Reculturation-Needs metal nezokwelapha ngemilaliso yezidakamizwa − Yahington inciphisa amazinga e-redivivism ngo-15% kuya ku-20%. Lezindlela ze-data-drivene ziye zasetshenziswa kwezinye izifunda zezindawo, zigcina izigidi ngezindleko zokugcinwa kuyilapho zithuthukisa ukuphepha komphakathi. [[FLT:]] Inhlangano yeJanoral Institute of Justice[[FLct:1] inikeza ukusekela okuqhubekayo kokucwaninga i-enturt.

Umthetho Wendawo Ezungezile: Isimo Sezulu Siyashintsha

Isimiso esisekelwe kubufakazi sibalulekile emizamweni yokunqanda ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukudayiswa kwesimo sezulu, ukwaziswa okukhipha ugesi, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezomnotho kuye kwathola ukuncishiswa kwezindawo zokungenela − icarbon prification, inzuzo evuselelwayo, isilinganiso samandla asebenzayo, kanye nokulondolozwa kwamahlathi okunganciphisa amagesi ashisayo ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu. Amazwe asesebenzise icarbon primeting esekelwe kulobufakazi, njenge-Sweden ne-British Columbia, aye afinyelela ukuncipha okukhulu kokukhishwa kwamandla amandla amandla asebenza ngokusebenza ngokunenzuzo ngaphandle kokulimaza ukwanda kwezomnotho.

Izinqubo Zokuthuthukisa Umthetho Osekelwe Kubufakazi

Ukuyeka ukufisa ukuba umuntu aphile kudinga ukuba athathe isinyathelo ngamabomu ngamazinga amaningi.

Vikela Imininingwane

Ngaphandle kokwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa, okufike ngesikhathi, inqubo esekelwe kubufakazi ayinakwenzeka. Ohulumeni kufanele bakhe izimiso zokwaziswa ezihlangene ezihlanganisa amarekhodi anqamule izinhlangano kuyilapho zivikela amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu. Kufanele basekele futhi izinhlelo ezinkulu eziqhubekayo, besebenzisa imiklamo eqinile njengokuhlola okulawulwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kanye nezindlela zokulinganisa.

Ukwakha Ikhono Lezinhlangano

Imithetho ingakha amahhovisi okucwaninga angekho necala, afana ne-Congregational Research Service (CRS) e-United States noma i-Palamente Office of Science and Technology (POST) e-UK, enikeza ubufakazi bokufingqa, izibalo zezindleko, nokuhlola. La mahhovisi kufanele abekwe abahlaziyi abaqeqeshiwe futhi avikeleke ekungeneni kwezombangazwe.

Qeqesha Abaphathi Nezisebenzi

Abenzi bezimiso abaningi abanakho ukuqeqeshwa okungokomthetho ekuchazeni imininingwane noma izindlela zokucwaninga. Ukunikezela amashabhu, ukuhlangana, nemithombo ye-inthanethi ngesimiso esisekelwe kubufakazi − njengezinto zezifundo ezithathwe J-PAL e-MIT[ .-accubungula ukuba babuze imibuzo engcono futhi bahlole ubufakazi ngokugxeka.

Ubudlelwane Bangaphakathi Nabacwaningi

Izenzo ezingekho mthethweni, izithathi-mkhakha, nezinhlangano zokucwaninga zinganikeza ulwazi olungenazo izishaya-mthetho. Izihlobo zomthetho, njengezigqizo zokucwaninga (RPPs), ziqinisekisa ukuthi ucwaningo luyasebenza ezidingweni zesimiso nokuthi okutholakele kudluliselwa ngamafomethi afinyelelekayo.

Cela Ubufakazi Enqubweni Yokushaya Indiva

Ezinye izikhulu ziye zamisa imithetho efuna ukuba umthetho omkhulu uhambisane nokuhlola okusekelwe kubufakazi. Ngokwesibonelo, “isimiso esisekelwe ekufakazeleni” se-Oregon sigunyaza ukuba izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenzise izinhlelo eziye zaphumelela ngokucwaninga okunzima. Izimfuneko ezinjalo zikha“ okungagqibeki” okukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Zesimiso Esisekelwe Ubufakazi

Njengoba intuthuko yobuchwepheshe nokwaziswa kukhula kakhulu, inqubo esekelwe ebufakazini izakukhula. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kanye nokufundwa komshini kungahlaziya izilinganiso ezinkulu zokubona imiklamo nokubikezela imiphumela, nakuba lamathuluzi kumelwe asetshenziswe ngokuqapha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvukelwa kwemifantu. Amabhodi angokoqobo emininingwane anganikeza abenzi bezimiso zokuthuthukisa intuthuko. Ukuhlakanipha kwesayensi kokuziphatha kuya kusetshenziswa kakhulu ekuklameni izimiso ezishukumisa izakhamuzi ekukhetheni okuhle, ngokuzivivinya ngokunemba.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umkhakha ugcwele izingcingo ezibalulekile. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukuncika ngokweqile ebufakazini obuyindida kungaveza ukuqonda okunengxenye okuvela emiphakathini ethintelwe yizimiso. Abanye baveza ukuthi okubalulekile njengokuthi “ukuzimela” kuvame ukunqunywa yilabo abanamandla, futhi ukuthi amazwi aphansi kumelwe ahlanganiswe enqubweni. Isizukulwane esilandelayo senqubo yobufakazi obusekelwe kudinga ukuvama ngokwengeziwe, ukukhanya ngokwengeziwe, nokuvumelana ngokwengeziwe nokubaluleka kwamandla nomongo.

Isiphetho

Indaba yesimiso esisekelwe kubufakazi iyaphoqeleka. Uma abashaya imithetho bemisa izinqumo zabo ngokucwaninga okuqinile nangokwaziswa, baveza imithetho esebenza kangcono, ebiza kancane, futhi elawula ukwethenjwa komphakathi. Nokho indlela esukela emfundisweni iyasetshenziswa igcwele izithiyo / kwezombangazwe, ezobusunguli, nezokusebenza. Ukuzinqoba kudinga ukugcinwa okuqinile kokwaziswa, amandla, nokushintsha kwempucuko. Kudinga futhi ukuthobeka: ukuqaphela ukuthi ubufakazi buhlala buhleli, ukuthi imiyalo kumelwe ihlolwe futhi ilungiswe njalo, nokuthi umgomo oyinhloko awukona ukuqeda isahlulelo somuntu, kodwa ukukwazisa ngolwazi olungcono olutholakalayo.

Kulenkathi yezinselele zembulunga yonke − i-pandemics, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungalingani, nokuphazamiseka kwezobuchwepheshe − isidingo sokubusa okusekelwe kubufakazi asikaze sibe sikhulu. Ngokuzenza kube yimisebenzi, nangokuthembeka ngalokho okungakhi, abamisi-mthetho bangakha ikusasa elingenamandla kakhulu, kodwa futhi nelinobulungisa kakhulu.