Umsuka Ongokomlando WeSichibiyelo Sokuqala

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala asizange siphume kungena lutho. Abakhi baso bathatha ngokuqondile emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka okulwa nokucusumbula, ukushushiswa okungokwenkolo, nokulawulwa kwezikhulu. IMagna Carta yaseNgilandi (1215) yatshala imbewu yokuqala ngokumisa ukuthi ngisho nenkosi yayingaphansi komthetho, kodwa kwakuyiSigqi samuva saseNgilandi iSikhulu samalungelo enkululeko yokukhuluma ephalamendeni. Nokho, amaMelika angaphansi kwezwe abhekana nokuxhashazwa okungathandeki kokuvukela kwemithetho namasonto amiswe umbuso. Imibono enjengoJohn Zeanger, owagwetshwa ngo 1735 ngokugxeka umbusi waseNew York ngo-Ermost, waveza ukulindela obala ukuthi impikiswano enzima nenokhasa izikhulu .

Isizukulwane esitholakele saqonda ukuthi ngaphandle kwenkululeko yokukhuluma, yokushicilela, ukuhlanganisa, nokunxusa, leli republic elisha laliyomane lifane nobushiqela elalibuphumile. UJames Madison, umklami omkhulu weSiphendulo Sokuqala wayegodlele ukuthi isivikelo sikahulumeni asinikezwanga amalungelo angokwemvelo okuthi uhulumeni akanakwenza ngokomthetho. Njengoba uMadison abhala kuyi-Virginia Raiving Convention, "inkululeko yezindaba ingenye yezinqaba ezinkulu zenkululeko, futhi ayinakuvinjelwa kodwa nguhulumeni onamandla ombuso wobushiqela." Lokhu kuvumelana nolimi olungenamthetho olungenamthetho: "I-Cenforeatry ngeke yenze umthetho..." — umyalo othi akukho ndawo ephumayo eVirginia imvumeni noma ezindaweni zokulawula izigwegwegwegwe.

Ukuqonda lomongo ongokomlando kubalulekile kubafundisi nakuzakhamuzi zanamuhla. Isichibiyelo sokuqala sasingahloselwe neze ukuba sibe esinethezekile noma esiwusizo; sasiklanyelwe ukuvikela ukuphikisana, imibono engathandeki, nezinselele zegunya. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme kamuva yaphawula ku West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette [1943], "Uma kukhona inkwenkwezi emisiwe engqukuvani yethu, kuwukuthi akukho ngokomthetho, noma okuncane, okungagunyaza ukuthi yini esemthethweni, engokobupolitiki, ubuzwe, inkolo, noma ezinye izindaba zombono.""

Ukuqonda Inkululeko Eyisihlanu

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala eqinisweni sihlanganisa inkululeko ehlukene emihlanu kodwa ehlangene: inkolo, inkulumo, ukunyathelisa, umhlangano, nesicelo. Ngamunye unemfundiso yakhe ecebile engokomthetho kanye nezindlela ezisebenzayo zokuyisebenzisa. Ukuqonda lenkululeko kusiza abafundi ngabanye ukuba baqondise abafundi ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo angokomthetho.

Inkululeko Yenkolo

Izigaba zenkolo zinemigomo emibili: Ukuvikela u-Claus , okuvimbela uhulumeni ekumiseni inkolo engokomthetho noma ukusekela olunye ukholo, futhi Inkululeko Yokubukisa u-Claus [, evikela ilungelo labantu lokuqhuba inkolo yabo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni. Lemisho evimbela ukumelana nobunzima, kodwa i-okanye uhulumeni akanakusekela imisebenzi engokwenkolo eqotho ngaphandle kokuba nesithakazelo esishukumisayo sokuyiyeka. Imicimbi yezwe ihlanganisa [[FLT:] eV.[FLT:] eV [FLT] [5] futhi, futhi ingekhona iscet mvume, futhi ikanye nekanye nenkolo ephakeme.[5]

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Inkululeko yokukhuluma iyindawo evame kakhulu yokuVuselelwa kweSichibiyelo sokuqala. Sekuyisikhathi eside iNkantolo Ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala asivikeli nje amagama akhulunywayo kuphela kodwa futhi sisho amazwi angokomfanekiso, njengalokhu kushiswa ifulege ( téxas v. Johnson, 1989]) futhi ufake amangalo ekuvukeleni ([[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] [isimendev. [iinterrv] v. Des[FLT], [[FLT], 1969],). Nokho, akuyona inkulumo etholakala njalo. INkakhululo iyaqaphela izigaba ze [FLT:]] ezivikelweni ezivikelekile zenkulumo eqinile, ukusongela, noma ukugcona okunga, ezinye iziphethonsi, kodwa izimpawu eziqinile, kodwa ezinye zezindlela ezithiyo, ezithiwe kanye nezithiyo, ezinye izintetheneze, zikhona, kodwa ezithi, ezinye izimpawu

Inkululeko Yezindaba

I-Pinetanon Papers isebenza njengendawo "yesine" ehlola amandla kahulumeni futhi yazisa umphakathi. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela kokubili izintatheli ezingochwepheshe nabamemezeli bezakhamuzi ekuvimbeleni kwangaphambili − uhulumeni wokuhlola ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwezincwadi. Indaba yePentagon Papers (]] iNew York Times Co. v. United States, 1971) iqinisekisiwe ukuthi uhulumeni unomthwalo onzima wokuthethelela noma ikuphi ukucindezelwa kwezindaba, ngisho nalapho kukhishwa ukulondeka kwesizwe. Namuhla, ukunyuka kwe-widges, imithombo yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo, nezindaba ezizimele kuye kwanciphisa inkululeko kodwa futhi kwaphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene mayelana nokulandisa, ukukhohliswa kokwaziswa, nokuchazwa komagazini. Abafundi kufanele bafundiswe ukuhlola imithombo yezindaba nokuqondiswa ngokunenzuzo futhi bafundele imali.

Ilungelo Lokuhlangana Ngokuthula

Ilungelo lokuhlangana liyisisekelo sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Amaqembu abantu (noma izinhlangano zezisebenzi, izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi, noma izinhlangano zendawo) ahlangana ukuze axoxe ngezindaba, izenzo zokuhlela, noma abonise ubunye. Leli lungelo lihlanganisa kokubili imibuthano engokomzimba, njengokubhikisha nokuhamba, kanye nemibuthano, enjenge-i-inthane yomphakathi. Uhulumeni angaphoqelela isikhathi, indawo, nendlela yokuvimbela [[ (umz., ifuna imvume yokuhamba okukhulu) uma nje begcwele i-injini evulekile. Abafundi bahlela ukuphuma ngaphandle kwe-'i-iqembu. Kufanele bazi ukuthi lapho behlangene kwesokudla sokuhlangana, kumelwe bazimbise imithetho engokomthetho esekelwe esekelwe ewuwini.

Ilungelo Lokunxusa

Ilungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo ngezinye izikhathi libizwa ngokuthi "inkululeko evaliweyo". Ivumela abantu namaqembu ukuba bacele uhulumeni ukuba akhulume ngokusemthethweni izikhalo zabo − ngezincwadi, izikhangiso, izikhangiso, noma izikhalo zomphakathi. Ngokomlando, lelilungelo lalibalulekile ekulweni nobugqila, njengoba abaphehli bemthetho babegcwalisa uMkhandlu ngezicelo. Namuhla, lisekela izinqubo ezifana ne "Thina Bantu" isicelo ezindaweni ezimhlophe.gov nelungelo lokukhonzwa izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Othisha bangakhuthaza abafundi ukuba basebenzise lelilungelo ngokubhalela izikhulu ezikhethiwe, bahlanganyele ekulaleleni umphakathi, noma ekuhleleni izimemezelo zomthetho.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Ezikoleni Zomphakathi

Izikole zomphakathi ziyizinkundla ezikhethekile zamalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Abafundi abenzi "ilungelo labo lomthetho-mthetho lenkululeko yokukhuluma noma lokukhuluma esangweni lesikole," njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yamemezela ngokudume kakhulu e Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District [1969]. Nokho, izikole zingalinganisela inkulumo ephazamisa inqubo yemfundo noma iphula amalungelo abanye. Lokhu kulinganisela kuye kwathuthukiswa ngezindaba ezilandelayo:

  • Isigodi saseBethel School No. 403 v. Fraser (1986): izikole ezivunyelwe ukuqeqesha abafundi ngenkulumo engcolileyo noma engcolileyo ezikoleni.
  • Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier [1988]: izikole zanikeza igunya elibanzi lokuhlola amaphephandaba abafundi akhiqizwa njengengxenye yezifundo, uma nje ukuhlolwa kwezincwadi kuhlangene ngokunengqondo nezici ezingokomthetho ze-padgogist.
  • [FOLT:1] More v. Frederick (2007): izikole ezivunyelwe ukujezisa inkulumo yabafundi ekhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa okungekho emthethweni, ngisho nasezinsukwini ezingekho emthethweni.

Lemithetho idala uhlelo: inkulumo yabafundi esikoleni ivikelekile ngaphandle kokuba ibekwe ezigabani ezilinganiselwe (inkulumo engcolile, ingcacayo, inkulumo yesikole eguquguqukayo evumelana nemigomo yemfundo, noma ukukhuthaza umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni). Inkulumo ye-campampus, ikakhulukazi kwezezenhlalo zezokuxhumana, iye yaba indawo enkulu yokuziphikisa. Izinkantolo eziphansi zihlukene lapho izikole zingayala abafundi ngemisebenzi ye-inthanethi engenziwa ngaphandle kwesikole. INkanto Ephakeme ayikanikezi isiqondiso esicacile, ishiya abafundisi nabafundi besendaweni empunga. Umkhuba ophephile uwukufundisa abafundi ukuba bacabange ngaphambi kokuba bafike emaposini futhi baqonde ukuthi izikole zingezwa ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa kweze futhi zisongela zingasekelwa uma zibangela ukudilika okuqinile.

Ukukhuthaza Ukukhuluma Okunomthwalo Wemfanelo Ekilasini

Kunokuba bagweme izihloko eziphikisanayo, othisha kufanele bawamukele njengezikhathi zokufundisa. izimpikiswano ezihleliwe, izimemezelo zokuhlobisa, nokuziqeqesha komkhakha wezindaba zomphakathi kusiza abafundi ukuba bafunde ukuveza imibono yabo kuyilapho behlonipha imibono ephikisanayo. Amasu alandelayo angathuthukisa isimilo sekilasi esihlonipha izindinganiso zeSichibiyelo sokuqala:

  • Izifundo zobuSocrates ezikhuthaza ukubuza nokucubungula.
  • Amahlelo okufunda ukufunda nokubhala afundisa abafundi ukubona ubandlululo, ukuhlola imithombo, nokuqonda indima ye-manyumoni ekhululekile.
  • Izincwadi ezihlanganyelwe nge-'FLT' (ngokuqondisa komhleli okufanele) ezinikeza umkhuba wangempela wezwe kumagazini okhokhelwayo.
  • Imisebenzi yesivumelwano ehilela ukunxusa uhulumeni wendawo noma ukuhlela isikole sonke.

Uphawu Lwecala LeNkantolo Ephakeme Lulahla Umthetho Wokuqala Wesichibiyelo

Ngaphandle kwendaba yesikole, amacala amaningana aye athonya ngokuyisisekelo indlela iSichibiyelo Sokuqala esisebenza ngayo ekuphileni kwaseMelika.

  • [FLT][FLT]Brandenburg v.Ohio [1969]] yafaka isivivinyo esidala "create nengozi yamanje" ngesilinganiso sanamuhla sokuhlohla igwebu]. Ingajeziswa kuphela uma "iqondiswe ekuvuseleleni noma ukuveza isenzo sokungalungi umthetho" futhi i "njengekukhuthaza noma ukwenza isenzo esinjalo"" lesisinqumo sandisa kakhulu isivikelo sempikiswano ye-dvocacy, kuhlanganise nenkulumo emhlophe ye-suprematic, uma nje inqamuka ubudlova obusheshayo.
  • [FLT] New York Times Co.V. Sullivan [1964]: wavikela ukugxekwa kwezikhulu zomphakathi ngokufuna ukuba amahlazo abekwe amadedisi afakazele "izenzo zengozi" `unya" `ummemezeli wayazi ukuthi inkulumo yayiyinkohliso noma wayenza ngokunganaki iqiniso. Lesinqumo sasibalulekile e-Civinic Rights Movement, ivumela izishisekeli zokukhuluma ngaphandle kokwesaba amasutusi encikekayo.
  • I-CIZIN [U-United (2010): yaqaphela ukuthi ukuxhasa kwezentengiselwano ezizimele zezombangazwe akunakulinganiselwa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ukulinganisela imali ngenkulumo. Lokhu kuhlala kungesinye sezinqumo eziphikisana kakhulu, kubonisa umehluko phakathi kwenkulumo ekhululekile nemithetho yezezimali.
  • [FLT] v. Town of Gilbert (2015: Igobe lesibonakaliso sedolobha elihlukanisa phakathi kwezenkolo, kwezombangazwe, nezinye izimpawu, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imingcele yenkulumo esekelwe ekuqukethe ayifani nemithetho engokwesiko.

Lamacala abonisa ukuthi umthetho weSichibiyelo sokuqala awusebenzi; ushintsha njengoba umphakathi ushintsha. Icala eliningiliziwe lifushanisa, iwebhusayithi yase-U.S.[ inikeza iqoqo elibanzi lezinqumo ezingokophawuliwe.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Enkathini Yezinombolo

I-Internet ikhuliswe kokubili amandla nezingozi zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Amapulatifomu ezenhlalo njenge-twitter, Facebook, kanye nawenutube aseyindawo yomphakathi yanamuhla, kodwa ayizithuthi ngasese ngemibandela yazo siqu. Lokhu kudala ukushukuma okubalulekile: iSimemezelo sokuqala sivimbela kuphela isenzo sikahulumeni, hhayi izinkampani ezizimele. Uma indawo yezokuxhumana isusa iposi noma ivala i-akhawunti, isebenzisa amalungelo ayo siqu, ayiphuli inkululeko yokukhuluma yomsebenzisi ngenkululeko. Noma kunjalo, amandla amakhulu ale ndawo yokulungisa inkulumo yomphakathi aye aholela ekubizeni umthetho, njengempikiswano eqhubekayo [[FOLD:] 230 [FFF:1] [FLD] ye-Activective, evumela ukuxoxilongwa kwemisethiyo, i-Decctive Active ne-octive."eright."

Izinselele Eziyinhloko

  • I-Disform and Misformation: Ukwaziswa okungamanga kusakazeka ngokushesha kuneqiniso kuyi-inthanethi, kululaza okhethweni nemizamo yezempilo yomphakathi. I-Platform ilwa kanzima ukulinganisela ukususwa kwamanga alimazayo nengozi yokucubungula inkulumo engokomthetho.
  • Online Administ and Trolling: Ukungaziwa kwezithuba zobuchwepheshe kwenza ukuba kuxhashazwe, ikakhulukazi abesifazane, amaphato, nezintatheli. Izikole kumelwe zikhulume nge-inthanethi lapho zihlonipha amalungelo abafundi okukhuluma angekho.
  • Ukuhlanganisa: I-Platforms zobukhoma zingathuthukisa ukufinyelelwa ngokungaqondi, kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi uhulumeni angalawula yini izimiso ze-algorithism ngaphandle kokukhipha isiphakamiso seSichibiyeli sokuqala.
  • I-Goverment Social Media akhawunti: Lapho izikhulu zomphakathi zivimbela abagxeki emakhasini azo ezokuxhumana, izinkantolo ziye zathola ukuthi zephula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngokuvala umphakathi (umz., [[FLT:]] Umphakathi weSichibiyelo Sokuqala Sakusihlwa . Trump, 2 Crir.2019).

Amathuba Okuhlanganyela Emsebenzini

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, amathuluzi emishini anika abafundi amandla okuhlanganyela embusweni wentando yeningi kunanini ngaphambili.

  • [ Imikhankaso ye-inthanethi [ ezimpikiswaneni ezisuka ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuya ekuxhaseni imali yesikole, usebenzisa izicelo, i-hashtag, kanye nezingosi zokuqoqa imali.
  • Yenza amawebhusayithi omfundi wezindaba noma ama-podcast abika ngezindaba zendawo ngenkululeko yomhleli.
  • Isigaba esisemahholo edolobhana cishe samukelwa izikhulu ezikhethiwe, noma sinikeze ukukhulumela kwasobala ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni ezihlongozwayo.
  • Sebenzisa amathuluzi okuxhumana afihliwe ukuhlela nokuvikela imfihlo yabo lapho besebenzisa amalungelo abo ukuhlanganisa nokunxusa.

I-Electronic Frontial Foundation inikeza imithombo emihle kakhulu yokuqonda izindaba zenkululeko yokukhuluma, kuhlanganise neziqondisi eziqondiswe abafundi ezibonisa indlela yokuvikela indlela abakhuluma ngayo kuyi-website.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngokuvezwa Kwamahhala

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela kakhulu ekukhulumeni uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye imibuso eminingi ebusa ngentando yeningi. Ngokwesibonelo, iCanada namazwe amaningi aseYurophu anqabela ukuzonda ukucwasa nokuphika ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe, ngisho nakuba izinkulumo ezinjalo ziyovikelwa e-United States. Imithetho yaseJalimane emelene nezimpawu zamaNazi nokunqatshelwa kokuQothulwa Kwesizwe ibonakalisa isibopho sangemva kweMpi Yezwe II sokulwa nentando yeningi, kuyilapho iFrance ivimbela inkulumo yenzondo nenkulumo ehlamba isithunzi sobuzwe. Lokhu kuveza impikiswano eyinhloko: ingabe inkululeko enkulu yokukhuluma ifeza kangcono idemokramenti, noma ingabe ivimbela isivikelo esithile sezentethelelo nezimiso zomphakathi?

Abafundi bayazuza ngokuhlola ngokuqhathanisa ngoba kubenza bathandabuze ukulinganiselwa. I-Melika ayiyona indlela esemthethweni kuphela; ukuqonda ukuthi kungani amanye amazwe elinganisela ngendlela ehlukile kusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde izindinganiso nezenzo ezizuzwa yikho noma yimuphi umbuso wenkululeko yokukhuluma.

Ukulondolozwa KweSichibiyelo Sokuqala Sezizukulwane Ezizayo

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sixhomeke ekutholeni imfundo eqinile nasekwenzeni umkhuba wokuqapha. Enkathini yokubekwa kwezombangazwe, amagumbi okunanela, nokuncipha kokuthembela ezinhlanganweni, ukufundisa iSichibiyelo sokuqala kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Othisha kumelwe bathathe iziphakamiso ezicatshangelwe ngekhanda zenkululeko emihlanu futhi kunalokho basize abafundi ukuba babambe imibuzo enzima: Kufanele bavinjelwe nini ukukhuluma? Sisivikela kanjani isimemezelo esikhululekile ezweni lokungathembekile?

Isivikelo esingcono kakhulu seSichibiyelo Sokuqala siwumphakathi osiqondayo nosithanda kakhulu. Ngokusebenzisa izifundo zezezimali, ukulingisa, kanye nezinhlelo zangempela zezwe, othisha bangahlomisa abafundi hhayi ngolwazi kodwa nangemikhuba yobuzwe bentando yeningi. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphawulwe Whitney v. California [1927], "ikhambi elifanele lezeluleko olubi lihle" ukukholelwa emandleni enkulumo engeziwe, hhayi ekutheni i-democracy, ukumelana nokuzonda ukholo oluhlala njalo lweSichibiyeli sokuqala. Ukuhlola okujulileyo kwendlela inkulumo ekhululekile esekela ngayo idemo-democricity, i-[FLDict:2] [FFOLD] [FOLD]] [F:3]

Ekugcineni, iSichibiyelo sokuqala asiyona imithetho engekho ngqiqweni qha, kodwa iwumthetho ophilayo wohulumeni. Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sifunde ukusebenzisa lenkululeko ngokuhloniphekile, funa singabi yize. Ikilasi liyindawo yokuqala yokulwa nalokhu kufunda, futhi umfundi ngamunye ofunda ukuphikisana nobufakazi, inhlonipho, futhi onegunya ungomunye owengeziwe ovikela idemokrasi.