Imisuka Engokomlando Yesikhungo Sehhovisi

Isifungo sobumongameli sihlelwe njengendwangu ye-Melika ebusayo. ISiphakamiso II, iSiqendu 1, u-Claus 8 soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. situsa amagama aqondile uMongameli-womahluleli okumelwe awaphimisele: [] ngifunga kakhulu ukuthi ngiyoyifeza ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngiyoyifeza ngokungcono kakhulu, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States. Lolu hlobo, oluthiwe ngokuyinhloko kumaFramers afake ekuthatheni kweJaji eNkosi u-Olivel Olive Ellsworth, luye lwahlala lungashintshiwe kusukela ngo-1789. Nokho, umqondo wokufunga obala, isithembiso phambi kofakazi (ngokuvamile noma abantu) nomthetho ovamile we-19).[FLT. Lomthetho ovamile we-bushinststrison.

George Washington wanezela ngokudume kakhulu amazwi " ngakho ngisize nguNkulunkulu" ekunikezelweni kwakhe kokuqala, isiko eliye lalandelwa omongameli abaningi kusukela, nakuba lingafunwa ngokomthetho ngokomthetho. Ukucindezela phakathi kombhalo oqinile womthetho-sisekelo kanye nomkhuba ocacile kubonisa ukuthi isifungo sisebenza kanjani kokubili ngokomthetho nangokophawu. Ezweni nasezingeni lendawo, izimpande ezingokomlando zijule ngokulingana. Imithetho yemithetho yesizwe eminingi yabunjwa phakathi nenkathi yenguquko futhi yahlanganisa izifungo ezicacile zababusi, izigebengu, futhi abahluleli, ngokuvamile, ezibekwe ngokwezingayezentengiselwayo. Izikhulu zendawo, izinduna zedolobha, izinduna zesifunda, izikhulu zesifundazwe, izikhulu zesifundazwe, izifundazwe eziboshwe ngokwemithetho efuna ukufushayo kokubili inkathi yomthetho womthetho. US.

Izimboni Zomthetho - sisekelo Nemithetho

Isifungo sobumongameli sigunyazwe ngokukhethekile nguMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. izikhulu zesifundazwe nesomphakathi, isisekelo esingokomthetho siyahlukahluka. Wonke umthetho-mthetho wezwe ufuna izikhulu zawo eziphethe (izikhulu, amajaji) ukuba zenze isifungo, ngokuvamile kuboniswa isithembiso sikahulumeni sokusekela u-U.S. uMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo wase California ufuna uMbusi ukuba afunge " ukusekela nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States noMthetho-Constitution wezwe wase California. ulimi olufanayo luvela eMithethweniscrinics yase-Texastravia, eNew York, naseFlorida.

Izikhulu zendawo zibuswa yizimiso zikahulumeni nayimithetho kamasipala. Izigodlo eziningi zinomthetho wesifungo osebenza kubo bonke abakhethiwe nabaphathi abamisiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, 5 U.S.C. 76 3331 zimisa isifungo sezisebenzi zikahulumeni (zidlulisa uMongameli), ezifuna ukuba zisekele futhi zivikele uMthetho-Mpathiso-sisekelo. Isikhulu esiphula umthetho singasilingisa lesi sibonelo. Ngokuyinhloko, amanye amazwe adinga futhi izikhulu ukuba ziqinisekise ukuthi azibophelele ngokufanele, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izenzo zokungaqiniseki. Ukungantengi okukhethekile, kodwa okuyisisekelo somthetho singesomhlaba wonke: izifungo ziveza isibopho esingokomthetho. Isikhulu esiphula isithembiso singakhipha, isijeziso noma isijeziso sobugebengu, noma ukwephulwa kwezelele.

Ukuguquguquka Ekukhulumeni Nasekuqondiseni

Nakuba isifungo sobumongameli silungisiwe, isifundazwe nezindawo zibonisa ukuhluka okuthakazelisayo. Ezinye izifungo zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwe " ngifunga kakhulu"[ kuyilapho abanye bevumela ukuvuma ngaphandle kokubhekisela kunkulunkulu. Amazwe ambalwa ahlanganisa izifungo ezicacile zokuvikela imithombo yemvelo noma ukusekela amalungelo abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, izifungo zesifunda sesifunda semisebenzi ehlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezwe nempilo yasobala. Igunya elisebenzisayo libuye lihlukahluka: ababusi ngokuvamile bafungwe ngobulungisa obukhulu benkantolo ephakeme, kuyilapho amameya engase afunwe umahluleli, hhayi ummeli wezwe, noma ngisho nomphathi-meyase - dolobha okhululekileyo. Lokhu kubonisa ukungafani okuhlonipheyo kwemisebenzi ye-Orencelmusmus Americanism.

Ukuvumelana nenqubo yomkhosi ngokwawo. Kwamanye amadolobhana, isifungo sinikezwa phakathi nomhlangano wesifungo wasikhathi sonke ngomkhandlu ophansi. Emadolobheni amakhulu, ukunikezelwa kungalingana nesenzakalo sobumongameli, esiphelele ngesembozo, iziqhumane, nesimiso eside sezinkulumo. Kodwa isenzo esingokomthetho sokuphindaphinda isifungo nokusayina isifungo. Ngaphandle kwaso, isikhulu singase singangeni ngokomthetho esikhundleni noma sisebenzise noma imuphi amandla kahulumeni.

Imifanekiso Nemifanekiso Engokomfanekiso

Inkathi isikhulu esithatha isifungo ingaphezu komthetho ongokomthetho; umkhuba womphakathi obonisa ukufaneleka, ubunye, nokuthuthwa ngokuthula kwamandla. Isifanekiso sinamandla kakhulu ekunikezelweni komongameli, lapho umongameli ophumayo ngokuvamile ephelezela umongameli ozayo ukuya eCapitol, futhi isixuku sibona ushintsho. Ezweni nasemazingeni endawo, lomkhosi ufeza umsebenzi ofanayo, nakuba ngokwezinga elincane. Siqinisekisa izakhamuzi eziyobusa ngaphandle kokuphazamisa futhi umholi omusha athathe umthwalo wemfanelo wenhlalakahle yomphakathi.

Ezindaweni eziningi, isifungo sithathwa emkhosini womphakathi, cishe ngaphandle ezitebhisini zehholo ledolobha noma enkampane kahulumeni. Ukuba khona komkhaya, abangane, kanye nezinhlangano kuqinisa isivumelwano sezenhlalo: isikhulu sifunga phambi kwabantu, futhi abantu bayafakaza. Lokhu kulandisa komphakathi kuyitshe eliyinhloko lokwethenjwa kwentando yeningi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezakhi Ezingokwenkolo Nezempucuko

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wenqabela ukuhlolwa kwesikhundla sikahulumeni (Article VI, Claus 3), ukunikezelwa kwezwe nokunikezelwa kwendawo kuhlanganisa izici ezingokwenkolo. Ukusetshenziswa kweBhayibheli noma omunye umbhalo ongcwele kuvamile, njengoba kunjalo nokufakwa kwabefundisi befaka intela yokungena noma yokulahla. Ezinye izikhulu ziye zakhetha ukubeka isandla encwadini yomthetho, umthetho wemithetho, noma ngisho nomfanekiso ongokomlando onjengefulegi. Eminyakeni yamuva, ezinye ziye zakhetha ukungasebenzisi uphawu olungokoqobo, zisebenzisa nje ukuvuma. Lokhu kubonakalisa ukwahlukahluka kwemikhuba yenkolo nezwe laseMelika.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasiko angokwesiko acebisa lomkhosi. EHawaii, umbusi angase enze isifungo kokubili esiNgisini naseHawaii. Kweminye imiphakathi yamaMelika Omdabu, abaholi bezizwe bahlanganisa imithandazo engokwesiko noma ukushaya isigubhu. Lokhu kugcizelela ukuvumelana kwesifungo njengesiko eliphilayo elingamukela ukuma kwendawo kuyilapho kusekela izindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo wendawo yonke.

Ukulinganisa Okungokomthetho Nesimo: Ukulandisa Nemiphumela

Isifungo asisona nje isifungo esingokomfanekiso, kodwa sinobukhulu bangempela. Isikhulu esephula isifungo singabhekana nokujeziswa, ukukhunjulwa, noma ukususwa yisigebengu noma umbusi wesizathu. Kwezinye izizwe, isifungo sisetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokumangalelwa kwesizwe noma ukumangalelwa kobugebengu. Ngokwesibonelo, umbusi owephula umthetho kahulumeni ngamabomu angasolwa ngephutha noma ngecala elibi. Isifungo futhi siveza indinganiso engokokuziphatha engaphoqelelwa ngemithetho yokuziphatha. Ukuphula ukukhokhwa kwecala komphakathi, ukufumbathisa, ukufumbathisa, noma ukubhalisa i-athomo.

Abahluleli, ikakhulukazi, bagcinwa ngokwendinganiso ephakeme. Isifungo sabo ku-"Yenza ubulungisa kubo bonke" siphoqelelwa ngokuyalwa kokwahlulela. Ezingeni lendawo, amameya namalungu omkhandlu baye basuswa ehhovisi ngenxa yokuzama ukusebenzisa izikhundla zabo ukuze bazuze bona siqu, futhi isifungo siba isifungo esiyinhloko esingokomthetho kumacala anjalo. INkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi isifungo singu "isigqizo" sesikhundla nokuthi izikhulu ezinqaba ukusithatha azikwazi ukusibamba. Eqinisweni, eminye imithetho yesizwe ifuna ukuba isifungo sidluliselwe kunobhalane noma umabhalane wezwe njengerekhodi yomphakathi.

Ukusekela Ukwethenjwa Komphakathi Nokuhlanganyela Kwesivumelwano

Ukuthembela komphakathi kuhulumeni kuye kwehla kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva. Isifungo sinikeza ithuba elibonakalayo lokwakha kabusha lokho kuthembana. Uma izikhulu zimi phambi komphakathi futhi zifunga ukwethembeka kuMthetho-sisekelo, zizenza isibopho esibonakalayo sokuthatha isinyathelo esithakazelela umphakathi kunokuba zithathe inzuzo yazo siqu. Lesi senzo singashukumisela izakhamuzi ukuba zihileleke ngokwengeziwe ekubuseni ngentando yeningi.

Isifungo siqinisa futhi umqondo wokuhola izisebenzi. Izikhulu zikhunjuzwa ukuthi igunya lazo alinikezwanga, alinikezwanga ifa, futhi ukuthi zilandisa ngomthetho nabantu. emadolobheni amancane, lapho izikhulu zingaba omakhelwane nozakwabo, isimo somuntu siqu sesifungo siqinisa isibopho sokuthembana okungenakufezwa imithetho yemithetho yezokwethusa kuphela.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nezimpikiswano

Eminyakeni yamuva, kuye kwasetshenziswa isifungo sobumongameli ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe eziphikisanayo. Abanye amongameli baye bamangalelwa ngokwephula isifungo ngemithetho yezikhulu edlula igunya lomthetho-sisekelo noma ngezenzo ezilulaza umthetho. Lezimpikiswano ziqokomisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kolimi lwesifungo sesifiso sobuProfethi kanye namaqiniso amandla ezombangazwe. Ngokufanayo, uhulumeni nezikhulu zendawo baye babhekana nezimpikiswano ngokwethembeka okuhlobene. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye baye benqaba ukufunga ngenxa yokuphikisa kwenkolo ukufunga, okungase kuxazululwe ngokusekela esikhundleni salokho. Abanye baye baphikiswa izikhalo ngenxa yokunga ngokugcwele "ukusekela nokuvikela nokuvikela" uMthetho-semlandukusweni wabo wokuvota.

Enye inselele yanamuhla ukuphakama kwezinhlangano "zomgcini" nezimfuno zezifungo ezihlukile. Kweminye imiphakathi, izikhulu ezikhethiwe ziye zacelwa ukuba zifunge ukwethembeka eqophelweni elithile noma zenqabe imithetho ethile kahulumeni. Nakuba izifungo ezinjalo ezingagunyaziwe zinganandi ngokomthetho, zifanekisa ukulwa okuqhubekayo phakathi kokwethembeka komthetho-sisekelo nokwethembeka kwezombangazwe. Izinkantolo ziye zalokhu zikholelwa ukuthi umthetho noma isifungo somthetho-sisekelo kuphela esibophayo, futhi noma iziphi ezinye izifungo akumelwe zingqubuzane nesibopho esiyinhloko sokusekela uMthetho-sisekelo.

Izindaba Ezihlanganisayo Ezifinyelelekayo

Imikhosi yanamuhla ilwela kakhulu ukuvala izifungo. Amazwe amaningi manje anikeza isifungo ngezilimi eziningi, anikeza incazelo yolimi lwezandla, noma aqinisekisa ukuthi indawo itholakala kubantu abakhubazekile. Eminye imikhosi ihlanganisa isikhathi sokuthula noma ukufundwa kweSifungo sobuphili. Lokhu kulungisa kusiza ukuba isifungo sibe isikhathi esihlanganisayo kubo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki isizinda.

Kukhona nokunikezelwa okungokoqobo futhi okuye kwavela, ikakhulukazi phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOID-19. Ngo-2021, izikhulu eziningi zikahulumeni nezindawo zathatha izifungo zazo, njengoba umkhosi uqhubeka ubhekiselwa emphakathini. Nakuba abanye bethi lokhu kunciphisa isibopho, abanye bancoma ukutholakala okukhulisiwe. Imikhosi yeqiniso ingaba yinkomba engcono, ikakhulukazi kumasipala amancane anemali elinganiselwe.

Umbono Oqhathaniswayo: Amathumbu Emhlabeni Wonke

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila e-United States, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukufunga kuyisici esivelele sokubusa. Amazwe amaningi afuna ukuba abaholi bawo bafunge isifungo kumthetho-sisekelo wabo, kumbusi, noma embhalweni ongokwenkolo. Ngokwesibonelo, umbusi waseBrithani ufunga isifungo sokugcina ukulandelana kwamaProthestani, kuyilapho uMongameli waseFrance efunga ukuvikela izimiso zeRepublic. Umbusi waseCanada ufunga iNdlovukazi, noMmeli waseJalimane ufunga ukuvikela uMthetho oyisisekelo. Lezi zifungo zifeza imisebenzi efanayo: ukuqinisa igunya, ukuqinisekisa imisebenzi, ukwenza isibopho obala phakathi komholi nomthetho.

Ngokuyingqayizivele, i-U.S. ibeka isifungo sayo ekuqaleni komkhosi wokunikezelwa, okubonisa ukuthi isikhulu asifanele sinikwe amandla kuze kube yilapho isifungo sesiphelile. Lokhu kubonisa inkolelo yaseMelika yokuthi akekho umuntu ongaphezu komthetho, futhi ngisho nomphathi omkhulu. UHulumeni nezithembiso zendawo zinengqondo efanayo: izikhulu zendawo zithola igunya kuzo kubantu nakumthetho-sisekelo, futhi lelogunya lixhomeke ekufezeni kwazo isifungo ngokwethembeka.

Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo

Isifungo sobumongameli kanye nozakwabo esizweni nasezingeni lendawo asiyona into edala kakhulu. Kuyisiqinisekiso sokulandisa ngentando yeningi, isibopho esingokomthetho, kanye nokuthemba umphakathi. Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho isikhulu esisanda kufukwa siphakamisa isandla saso futhi siphindaphinde lawomazwi angokomlando, siqinisekisa isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi uhulumeni uyithemba, hhayi ilungelo. Isifungo sikhumbuza kokubili isikhulu kanye nomphakathi wesithembiso esiqotho sokukhonza ngobuqotho nokusekela uMthetho ovikela inkululeko yethu.

Enkathini yokwehlukana okujulile kwezombangazwe, isifungo sifana nesiko elihlanganisayo elidlula ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu. Sihlanganisa wonke umholi okhethiwe kuMongameli wase-United States nomkhandlu wedolobhana elincane kakhulu ekubophekeni okufanayo ekubuseni komthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwesifungo sobumongameli kanye nombuso waso kanye nabantu abafana nawo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zigcine abaholi bazo benobuphini futhi bazise ukuqina kwentando yeningi yaseMelika. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubukele ukunikezelwa kukamongameli kuthelevishini noma ukubuswa kwe-meyamkhanka yesizwe, khumbula ukuthi ukufakaza kuyisiko esiphilayo esiye sasekela isizwe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngomlando nangesisekelo esingokomthetho sesifungo, bheka iSikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo sesizwe sokuhlola iSiqendu II kanye .S. amarekhodi omlando onikezelo eNkantolo [. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa ngezimfuneko ze-funo-mfunda, amawebhsayithi amaningi ombuso anikeza umbiko wawo okhethekile, njengamalungiselelo [[FLT:] e-Pennlanchia.]