Indima Yezimpikiswano ESociety Edemocratic Societies

Kusukela emihlanganweni yakudala ebhaliwe yezakhamuzi e-Athene yasendulo, ingxoxo yasobala ehlelwe kahle iye yakha umsuka wokubusa obala. Izingxoxo zinikeza izingozi eziyivelakancane, eziphezulu lapho imiqondo ephikisanayo iphoqelelwa ukuba ibhekane nomphakathi ukuhlolwa. Ziguqula iziphakamiso zezimiso ezingabonakali zibe izikhundla ezingokoqobo abavoti abangazivivinya, bavimbe noma bazilahle. Ngaphandle kwalenqubo yokuphikisana okuqondile nokuveza intando yeningi, izingozi zezihloko ezingaqondani, izakhamuzi ezincishiselwe ekubeni abathengisi bemiyalezo eqinile kunabantu abakhuthele abathatha igalelo lenqubo yokuzigodli.

Enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yempikiswano ikhono layo lokuveza icala lezombangazwe. Uma abaholi nabahlongozeli bema esiteji ukuze bavikele amarekhodi abo nezihlongozo, abakwazi ukufihla ngemva kokunyathelisa ukukhipha noma ukukhangisa okuhlelwe ngokucophelela. Ukuma okungacaci kahle, iphutha elingokoqobo, noma ukwenqaba ukuphendula umbuzo oqondile kusobala ngokushesha ezilalelini. Lokhu kucindezela kwangempela kushukumisela abathatha inxaxheba ukuba balungiselele kahle futhi bacabange ngezinyawo zabo, banikeze umfanekiso ocacile wekhono labo nobuqotho babo. [[FLT:] [FLT]] imvume yokuphendula umongameliempikiswano kugcizelele isikhathi eside] ukuthi lezi zenzakalo ziyindlela kuphela yokubona abaholile abaholileyo, bephendula imibuzo efanayo, ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo.

Ukubulala I - Electorate Eyingcweti

Ngaphandle kokulandisa komuntu ngamunye, izimpikiswano zisebenza njengethuluzi lemfundo elihlangene. Zikhipha izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi zenqubo ezididayo ezisekelwe ezimpikiswaneni, zisiza abavoti ukuba baqonde ukuthi yini abayikholelwayo kodwa ukuthi kungani beyikholelwa. Inkulumo - mpikiswano ehlelwe kahle yembula ukucabanga okuyisisekelo (noma ukuntula) okuhambisana nezicelo eziphikisanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nengxoxo yenguquko yezempilo, umuntu othatha isigaba angaphoqeleka ukuba achaze ukuthi icebo lakhe liyohlanganisa kanjani izimo ezikhona, ukuthi libiza malini, nokuthi ubani ozokhokha. Ophikisayo angabe eseyibekela inselele leyo migomo, anikeze eminye imininingwane noma aveze imiphumela engacacingisiswe. Lokhu kuveza ukuphikisana kokucabanga kwezilaleli ngenhlalo ephakeme, ukuqonda okungcono kakhulu kunanoma yimuphi umkhankaso noma uhlelo olungcono.

Ukucwaninga okungaguquki kubonisa ukuthi abavoti ababuka izimpikiswano bathambekele kakhulu ekuboneni kahle izikhundla zabazohlolwa ezindabeni eziyinhloko. Ukuhlola kweMelika Economic Review [[FLT: 1] kwathola ukuthi izimpikiswano zomongameli zandisa ulwazi lwezombangazwe kakhulu, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezingafundile kakhulu. Lokhu kukhulunyelwa ikakhulukazi izibukeli ezinganakiwe noma ezinezinga elilinganiselwe lesithakazelo kwezombangazwe – kanye isilinganiso esinquma imiphumela yenkokhelo.

Umlando: Impikiswano Eyathonya Izizwe

Isiko lengxoxo yezombangazwe njengesesenzakalo esingokomthetho, somphakathi aliyona isenzakalo sanamuhla. Sihlehlela emuva eRome Republic, lapho abameli be-Istamente bezophikisana khona nemithetho ehlongozwayo eForum. EMelika, imihlangano yamahholo yamadolobha yasebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola ngokwethukela kodwa ezinamandla lapho izakhamuzi ezivamile zingabekela abaholi bendawo inselele. Lemikhuba yokuqala yabeka isisekelo sezenzakalo ezisunguliwe, ezitholwe ngokwesizwe manje ezibusa imijikelezo yokukhetha.

AmaDougla akwaLincoln aphikisana ngo - 1858

Inkulumo - mpikiswano ngayinye yayithathwa njengendinganiso yegolide yenkulumo yezombangazwe yaseMelika, ukuhlangana okuyisikhombisa phakathi kuka - Abraham Lincoln noStephen Douglas phakathi komjaho weSigele sase-Illinois kwakungaphezu nje kombukwane womkhankaso womkhankaso. Kwakuyingxoxo ejulile yesizwe ngokuphathelene nobugqila, amalungelo ezwe, nekusasa le-Union. Inkulumo ngayinye yayilandela uhlelo oluqinile: umhlangano wamahora amathathu nezinkulumo eziguquguqukayo ezifinyelela kumashumi amahlanu. Lendlela efuna ukuba womabili amadoda achule, asekele izimpikiswano. Nakuba uLincoln walahlekelwa isihlalo seSishayathini, izinkulumo zawombangela ukuba avelele futhi alungise isigqi esasizochaza ubuPriciji. Izingxoxo eziphelele zisaye zifundwa ezifundwe ezifundweni zesayensi zezombangazwe namuhla njengezazi ezingolwazi eziwumphini ekuphikisa.

Impikiswano kaKennedy noNixon ka - 1960

Izimpikiswano zokuqala zikamongameli eziqoshiwe e-United States zaphawula inguquko enkulu ekuxhumaneni kwezombangazwe. Okokuqala, izigidi zamaMelika zazibona abazobhapathizwa bebonke, zingazwani nje kuphela emsakazweni. Umehluko phakathi komsakazo oshubile, owehlayo, nowodwa, obonakala ngokubukekayo, uRichard Nixon wabonakala uqinile. Izilaleli zikanomathotholo, ezazizwa okuqukethwe yimpikiswano, ngokuvamile zazicabangela uNixon owawinayo; izibukeli zethelevishini zazimthande kakhulu uKennedy. Lesi senzakalo sabonisa ukuthi izinto ezifingqiwe ziwuphawule kakhulu njengomyalezo, futhi sayiguqula njalo indlela imikhankambiso elungiselela ngayo izimpikiswano, hhayi nje kuphela imikhankambiso kodwa ukubukeka, nokuthweswa kwekhamera. Ingxoxo kaKennedy-Nixen-Nixen inikeza isifundo esinamandla phakathi kwe-sethi.

Izingxoxo Ze - Obama - Romney Ngo - 2012

Kulenkathi yanamuhla yezenhlalo zezokuxhumana kanye nemijikelezo yezindaba yamahora angu-24, izimpikiswano phakathi kukaBarack Obama noMitt Romney zabonisa indlela ukuhlola iqiniso kwangempela nokuhlola i-ingosi ye-intanethi okungabangela ngayo izingxoxo zengxoxo. Ukusebenza ngamandla kukaRomney empikiswaneni yokuqala kwashintsha ngokuphawulekayo, kuyilapho isimo sobudlova sika-Obama esibhekene nezenzakalo ezalandela samsiza ukuba abuye athole indawo. Le mpikiswano yaqokomisa futhi inselele ka "izintamo" – inkumbulo eyodwa evame ukuvala ingxoxo yezempikiswano. Bagcizelela isidingo sokubuka izibukeli ukuze zibheke phambili izihloko zemidlalo yemidlalo edlalayo futhi zihlolwe ngezimpikiswano ezibheke phansi kweso eligxekayo.

Izimo Zempikiswano Nokuziphendukela Kwazo Imvelo

Ukuqonda izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene kusiza abavoti ukuba bahlole amandla nokulinganiselwa kwesenzakalo ngasinye.

Impikiswano engokwesiko noma yeOxford-Style

Lemithetho eqinile ilandela: umlawuli unikeza isinqumo esisodwa, futhi uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza izinkulumo zokuvula, ukuphikisa, nokuphetha izimpikiswano phakathi kwemingcele yesikhathi esimisiwe. Ukuhlola isiphambano ngokuvamile kuyavunyelwa, ukwenza i-errop-parton engadalula amaphutha anengqondo. Lendlela ivamile ezimisweni zezemfundo nakwiimpikiswano ezithile zezombangazwe. Ivuza ulwazi olujulile nokucabanga okushesha kodwa ingazizwa iqinile futhi ingeyokwenziwa ezixukwini ezivamile. Naphezu kokuthatha kwayo umthetho, ihlala isesivivivinyweni esinzima kakhulu sekhono lokuphikisa.

Izingxoxo ZeHholo Lasedolobheni

Kulendlela, imibuzo yabavoti abaphilayo abangazihloniphi noma abangahloniphi, kunokuba ivele kubacosheli bezindaba. Imibuzo ivame ukuba mikhulu futhi isekelwe ezinkathazweni zansuku zonke mayelana nokunakekela impilo, ukulondeka emsebenzini, imfundo – kunaleyo ebuzwa abaqondisi abangochwepheshe. Izimpikiswano ze hholo ledolobha zingaveza abantu abazofunda futhi zembule ikhono labo lokuxhumana nabantu abavamile. Nokho, badala amathuba okuhlanganisa iziteji, njengabafuni abanozwela ekunikezeni amaphuzu aphambili. Ukuxoxa ngekhono lokuxoxa.

Impikiswano Yezinombolo Nezeqiniso

Isifo se-COVOVAD-19 sandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamaqonga engxoxo ekhona. Amakhampasi avela emaqenjini akude, futhi umqondisi wezokuhlola umshini uyakwazi ukuzwana nokulungisa ividiyo ukuqinisekisa ukuncintisana okuhlelekile. Nakuba laba bantu abaphikisanayo belahlekelwa ukuma nokwaziswa okungabonisi ubuso nobuso obufingqiwe, bazuza ikhono lokuhlola imibhalo yezobuchwepheshe, baphila ngokuhlola izinto ezidingekayo, futhi ngisho nokusabela kwezilaleli. Journal of Democracy ihlola indlela amafomu ezimiso zobuchwepheshe anganweba ngayo ukuhlanganyela, ivumela ukuvota abavela ezindaweni zasemaphandleni noma ngezinselele zokusebenza ukuba banikeze imibuzo yangempela. Nokho, ingozi yezokuxhumana kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuxhumana nokuncitshiswa kwe-interliternetic, ukuxhumana nokuncishwa kwale ye-ne.

Ithonya Elingokwengqondo Lempikiswano Engokuziphatha Kwezindwangu

Amashumi eminyaka ocwaningo lwesayensi yokusebenza kwengqondo lwezombangazwe luqinisekisa ukuthi izimpikiswano zithonya abavoti ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngokuvamile ezicashile.

Imiphumela Yobugebengu Neyokubuya

Abaholi bathambekele ekukhumbuleni lokho abakuzwa kuqala (ukungafundi) nalokho abakuzwayo isikhathi eside. Yingakho ukuvula nokuphetha izinkulumo kubhalwa ngokucophelela. Isiqalo esinamandla singabeka indlela yokuchaza zonke izimpikiswano ezilandelayo, kuyilapho ukuvala okunamandla kungasusa amaphutha angaphambili. Candidates aqeqeshela kakhulu ukulungisa lezi zikhathi, ngokuvamile esebenzisa ukunxusa okungokomzwelo – izindaba zokulwa komuntu ngamunye, imibono yobunye besizwe – obungaqondakali.

Ukuqinisekisa i-Bias kanye nokudazululwa okukhethayo

Izibukeli eziningi azibukeli izimpikiswano ngengqondo evulekile. Ziza nezinkulumo ezithandwayo manje, futhi zithambekele ekuchazeni izinkulumo ezididayo njengezisekela imibono yazo ekhona. Lokhu kuqinisekisa kusho ukuthi impikiswano efanayo ingabonwa njengokunqoba okucacile ngabasekeli bazo zombili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibukeli zingakhetha ukubukela ukuhlaziywa kwangemva kuphela kwezindaba ezinobungane, ziqinisela incazelo yazo. Abafundisi nabaholi bomphakathi bangamelana nalokhu ngokukhuthaza abavoti ukuba babuke ukudla okungahleliwe ngaphandle kokuphendula futhi baxoxe nabantu abanamamibono ehlukene.

Indima Yokukhulumisana Ngaphandle Kokukhuluma

Izenzo zobuso, ukuma, ukushukuma kwezandla, ngisho nendlela ozothatha ngayo ikhefu ngaphambi kokuba aphendule ingaveza impumelelo, ubuqotho, noma uvalo. Ukucwaninga okukhishwe ku uphendulo lubonise ukuthi izahlulelo ezifinyeleyo zekhono lomfundazeli ezisekelwe ekuchazisweni okufushane kokuboniswa kwezithombe zevidiyo bungabikezela imiphumela yokukhetha ngokunemba okumangalisayo. Izimpikiswano ziveza lemibono ngoba zivumela abavoti futhi bezwe isikhathi eside, zinikeza ukwaziswa okucebile kokubili kokuhlola okuphelele nokungaqondisiqondisi.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezimpikiswano Zanamuhla

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo, izimpikiswano zezombangazwe zangaleso sikhathi zibhekene nezinselele ezingathi sína zokwakha namasiko ezingase ziphazamise injongo yazo yokubusa ngentando yeningi.

I-Media Bias ne-"gumbi le-Spin"

Ukuhlanganisa okusheshayo ngemva kwe-debate kuvame ukugxila hhayi emkhakheni wezimpikiswano kodwa ukuthi ubani "oyedwa" osekelwe kwisitayela, amagaffes, noma okhumbulekayo. Izintatheli namapeni egumbini lokuphotha indaba ngaphambi kokuba abavoti abaningi babe nethuba lokubuka isenzakalo esiphelele. Lokhu kungaveza umbono womphakathi nomvuzo osusekelwe kudala umsindo kunalabo abakhona ngezimiso ezinengqondo. Ezinye izinhlangano zezokuxhumana ziye zaqala ukunikeza izingxoxo ezingaphazamiseki ezingosini ezingaphakathi futhi ezihlola amaqiniso ukuze zinikeze umo lwesikhathi sangempela, kodwa ukulandisa okuvelele kusalondwa umjikelezo wezindaba wamahora angu-24.

Amasiko Anengqondo Nokuqiniswa Kwemiqondo Engavamile

Ngesilinganiso sesikhathi esilinganiselwa ngemizuzwana yempendulo nemizuzu yokuveza, izingxoxo zezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zivame ukuncishiswa zibe yizisho ezixegayo. Ocela ukubhapathizwa kungaba nemizuzwana engu-90 kuphela yokuchaza uhlelo lwazo lwentela, okuholela ekucijisweni ngokweqile okungadukisa abavoti. Ukucindezela kokuveza umugqa okhumbulekayo ngokuvamile kudlula isidingo sokunemba nokuqondana. Lokhu kuwumngcele wokwakheka okunganqotshwa ngokugcwele; kuwukungathiya okuyisisekelo phakathi kwesidingo sokufinyela nokuyinkimbinkimbi kokulawula.

Ukudalulwa Komphakathi Nokuthakwa Kwegazi

Njengoba ukwanda kwezindawo ezihlukene, abavoti abaningi banquma ukuthi obani abazosekela impikiswano yokuqala ngaphambi kwesikhathi, bebenza bangathonyeki kakhulu ngokwaziswa okusha. Izilaleli eziphilayo ngokuvamile zigcwala abasekeli abavolontiya abashaya izandla abafuna ukuhlangana futhi baklolodele abamelene nabo, badala umoya ofana nowe-unyaka okhubaza ukuhlelwa kwempikiswano. Ngisho naphakathi kwababukeli ekhaya, ukuthambekela kokubuka kuphela impikiswano evelele ehambisana nemibono ekhona inciphisa umsebenzi ongase ulungiseke. Ezinye idemocrafics ziye zazama "idereriatives" lapho iqembu labameleli bebuka khona impikiswano futhi bese bexoxa ngayo emaqenjini amancane alinganiselwe, angasiza ekunqandeni amagumbi okuxhumana.

Ukulungiselela Impikiswano: Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Sabahlanganyeli

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu ozongenela ihhovisi lomphakathi, umfundi oncintisanayo ekilasini, noma umholi wenkampani evikela isiphakamiso, ukulungiselela izingxoxo okuphumelelayo kulandela isimiso esingaguquki sezimiso.

  • Ukucwaninga okukhulu nhlangothi zombili zendaba. Ukwazi izimpikiswano zomphikisi kusengaphambili kuvumela umphikisi ukuba alungise amaphikiswane futhi alindele amaphuzu abuthakathaka. Lokhu kuhlanganisa hhayi ukutadisha amaqiniso enqubo kuphela kodwa nombhalo wokuvota womphikisi, izimemezelo zomphakathi, kanye namasuntswana angenza impendulo.
  • Ukuhambisa ngaphansi kwemingcele yesikhathi. Impikiswano enkulu ekhishwe kancane kakhulu noma ngokushesha kakhulu ilahlekelwa amandla ayo okuthonya. Ukuzilungiselela nge-stomwatch, iziqephu zokurekhoda, nokuthola impendulo eqotho kontanga kwakha induduzo edingekile nempumelelo.
  • Iqophelo lobuciko besikhonkwane. Lapho ebhekene nombuzo noma ukuhlasela okungajabulisi, umphikisi onekhono angawuvuma kafushane abese ebuyisela ingxoxo esihlokweni esiqinile. Lelisu kumelwe lisetshenziswe kancane ukuze kugwenywe ukuvela, kodwa kubalulekile ukuze kuhlale kusesigijimini.
  • Lungisa ngezikhathi ezingalindelekile. Ukwehluleka kobuchwepheshe, iziphazamiso eziphikisayo, noma ukuhlasela komuntu siqu kungaphazamisa ngisho nombambi qhaza olungiselelwe kahle. Ukubukeza ngengqondo ukuthi ungahlala kanjani uzolile futhi uqeqeshiwe ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu ekulungiseleleni.

Ikusasa Lezimpikiswano Ekuphileni Kwentando Yeningi

Njengoba imiphakathi yentando yeningi ishintsha, kumelwe ukuba nezinhlangano ezisekela ukucubungula ngolwazi. Injongo eyinhloko yezimpikiswano – ukubekela impikiswano inselele, ukudalula ukuphikisana, nokusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zikhethe ngokunengqondo – kuhlale kufanelekile. Nokho, amafomethi, iziteshi, namathemba angokwesiko ahlobene nezimpikiswano cishe ashintsha kakhulu emashumini eminyaka azayo.

Izimpikiswano Ezingokoqobo Nezandile

Ubuchwepheshe obuxubile bungavumela abavoti ukuba babhekane nezimpikiswano ezisendaweni ezungezile engabonakali, lapho bengabuza khona imibuzo yabo, babheke ukubukeka kokwaziswa kwangempela kokwaziswa, noma ngisho bathathe indima yomfundi obhekene nezinqumo ezinzima. Lemikhakha ingandisa ukuthembisana, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabavoti abasebasha abakhululekile ngezokuxhumana. Kodwa futhi baphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuxhaphaza: umdlali ofana nowe-athoni angagcinwa ezindinganisweni ezifanayo zobuqiniso njengomuntu ophilayo?

Izimpikiswano Zembulunga Yonke

Izimiso zomhlaba wonke ziyizinselele, njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuvuvukala kobhadane, kudinga ukuhlangana okungaqondani. Singabona ukuqubuka kwempikiswano yembulunga yonke lapho abaholi abavela ezizweni ezihlukahlukene bephikisana ngezindlela eziphikisanayo phambi kwezilaleli zomhlaba wonke. iZizwe Ezihlangene[ ziye zazama izingxoxo ezihleliwe, kodwa izimpikiswano ezihleliwe zihlala zingavamile ezingeni lomhlaba wonke. Ukunweba lomkhuba kungathuthukisa ukuqondana okukhulu nokulandisa phakathi kwezizwe.

Ukuhambisana Nemfundo Yesibalo

Ukuze zithuthukise ukubaluleka kwentando yeningi kwezinkulumo-mpikiswano, izikole kufanele zihlanganise ukuqashelwa kwezingxoxo, ukuhlaziywa, ngisho nokulingiswa kwezingxoxo ezicatshangelweyo zize zivele ngemva kwesikole. Abafundi abafunda ukubona iziphakamiso ezinengqondo, ubufakazi, kanye nemibono ephikisanayo bakulungele kangcono ukuba abathengisi abagxekayo bezinkulumo zezombangazwe. Izinhlelo ezinjengeNational Speech & Debatency Association kakade zibonisa ukuthi umkhuba ovamile wokuphikisana ohlelwe kahle uthuthukisa amakhono okucabanga ahluzekile kanye nokuthembisana kwezenhlalo. Ukwandisa izinhlelo ezinjalo kungasiza ekulungiseni amasiko okudidensi nokungalingani okusongela impilo ye-democration emhlabeni wonke.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwempikiswano

Izimpikiswano zezombangazwe aziphelele neze. Zingalawulwa kakhulu, zincishiswe zabanemiqondo encishisiwe, futhi zinganakwa yizo kanye izakhamuzi ezidinga kakhulu ukwaziswa. Kodwa akukho nhlangano yentando yeningi enikeza ukuphikisana okunjalo okuqondile, okubonakalayo kwemibono encintisanayo esikhathini esizayo. Emhlabeni wezindawo zokufaka i-algolithmscation, ukususa izibalo, nokungabethembi ezinhlanganweni, ukuxoxa ngemibono engasekelwe ezingeni eliphezulu, ukuphikisana okungasekelwe ekutheni iziphikisiwe, akuyona nje indlela engokomlando; kuyindlela yokuphila okumelwe iholwe ngokuqhubekayo. Izakhamuzi ezibuka izimpikiswano ngeso eligxekayo, zixoxa ngabantu abanemibono ehlukeneyo, futhi zivotela amavoti asekelwe emikhambisweni empikiswano kunokusekela idemo yentando yeningi ngokwayo. Inkulumo yenkulumo yenkulumo mpikiswano ayiyona nje ewudala; iyindlela yokuphila okumelwe ilungiswe, futhi ishunyaniswa.