I-Belfast Agreement, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Good Wear Agreement, yasayinwa ngo-April 10, 1998, futhi ime njengenye yezinto eziphawuleka kakhulu zezombangazwe ezafezwa emlandweni we-Irish neBrithini yanamuhla. Emashumini eminyaka, ingxabano eNyakatho Ireland (ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi iNyakatho Ireland) ibangele ukuhlupheka okujulile, ibulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-3 500 futhi ishiya imiphakathi ihlukene phakathi kwezinhlangano zehlelo nezombangazwe. Isivumelwano saqeda ubudlova obukhulu, samisa uhulumeni owenabo eNyakatho ye-Ireland, futhi samisa isisekelo sokubuyisana, amalungelo abantu, nokubambisana komphakathi. Nokho, sinweba ngaphezu kwesiqhingi sase-Ireland esinezigidi ezingu-70 zabantu abahlala kwamanye amazwe, i-Belfast Advelth imelela indawo yokuhlala kuwo; i-indexption, i-mfanday, i-mfanday ewumthombo wempi yakhona kanye nempikiswa, ukuhlanganiswa kwempikiswa, ukuhlanganiswa kwezwe.

Ukuqonda Izinkinga Nendlela Eya Esivumelwaneni

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani i-Belfast Agreement ibaluleke kangaka e-diaspora, umuntu kumelwe aqale aqonde isimo sempi eyayixazulula. Izinkinga zaqala ekupheleni kwawo-1960, zisekelwe ezimpini ezisemakhulwini amaningi eminyaka phakathi komphakathi wobuProthestani obuvamile, owawufisa ukuhlala uyingxenye yeUnited Kingdom, kanye nomphakathi wesizwe wamaKatolika, owawufuna i-Ireland enobunye. Impi eyayihilela amaqembu amabutho empi nhlangothi zombili, amabutho ezokuvikela aseBrithani, kanye nezinxushunxushunxushunxu zamazwe. Ngawo ngo-1990, inani lomuntu nezomnotho lase lingasalawuleki, futhi abadlali abayinhloko baqaphela isidingo sokuhlangana kwezingxoxo.

Inqubo yokuthula yayiyinkathi ende futhi idinga ukuqapha. Yayihilela izinkulumo eziningi phakathi kohulumeni baseBrithani nabase-Ireland, amaqembu ezombangazwe angu-8 ayinhloko eNyakatho Ireland, futhi ekugcineni amaqembu ezempi ayememezele ukupheliswa komlilo. I-United States yenza indima ebalulekile, nowayenguSenator uGeorge Mitchell ephethe izinkulumo. NgoLwesihlanu ngo-1998, lamaqembu afinyelela isivumelwano esamisa i-Novad North Ireland Assembly esekelwe ekwakheni amandla, yasungula izinhlangano ezinqamule i-ephambano ezihlanganisa i-Northern Ireland neRepublic of Ireland, futhi amisa izindlela zokukhuluma ngamalungelo abantu.

Lesi sivumelwano sagunyazwa ama-parence agunyazwa ama-parence aseNyakatho Ireland naseRepublic of Ireland, ngemvume enkulu yabavoti. ENyakatho Ireland, amaphesenti angu - 71 abavoti avuma; eRepublic, lesi sivumelwano sentando yeningi sanikeza imvume esemthethweni enkulu futhi sabonisa ngokucacile isifiso sokuthula phakathi kwabantu abavamile nhlangothi zombili zomngcele.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Esivumelwano SaseBelfast

Izinhlangano Ezibusa Ngentando Yeningi

Isivumelwano sakha isakhiwo sikahulumeni esiyinkimbinkimbi kodwa esisebenzayo. I-Northern Ireland Assembly ikhethwa ngokulingana, futhi izikhundla eziphetheyo zabelwa ngokusekelwe emandleni eqembu, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kokubili amaqembu ahlangeneyo nawabuzwe anendima. UNgqongqoshe wokuqala nesekela likaNgqongqoshe Wokuqala banegunya elihlangene, icebo lenhloso lokuphoqelela ukubambisana. I-Northern Ireland ne-Southern Serviceal Council isiza ukubambisana phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland neRepublic of Ireland, kuyilapho i-Irash Council ihlanganisa ohulumeni be-UK, i-Ireland, i-Illey of Man, neSwitslands.

Amalungelo Abantu Nokulingana

Isibopho esiyinhloko salesivumelwano sasiwukuvikela amalungelo abantu futhi sikhuthaze ukulingana. Saholela ekusungulweni kweKhomishane yamaLungelo Obuntu yaseNyakatho Ireland ne-Exchange Commission, futhi safuna ukuba uhulumeni we-UK ufake i-European Convention on Human Rights kumthetho wase-Northern Ireland. Lemimiselo yakhuluma ngezikhalo ezithathelwe isikhathi eside ngobandlululo nokuphathwa ngokungafanele, ikakhulukazi ngomphakathi wesizwe.

Ukuyeka Nokuziphethe

Lesivumelwano sadinga ukuba kukhishwe izikhali zezempi, inqubo eyayithatha kancane futhi ixabana kodwa ekugcineni yaqedwa ngo - 2005. sayala nokuba kulungiswe iRoyal Ulster Consabulary, eyathiwa kabusha i - Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) futhi yamiswa kabusha ukuze imelele womabili la maqembu.

Ukuba Izakhamuzi Nokuzichaza

I-internamediedie ebaluleke kakhulu yaqaphela ilungelo labantu abazalwe eNyakatho Ireland lokubizwa ngokuthi ama-Ireland, amaNgisi, noma womabili. Lesi simiso sokuvuma ("le simiso somthetho-sisekelo sase-Northern Ireland") singashintsha kuphela uma kuvunyelwana neningi ("isivumelwano). Ku-diaspora, lokhu kwaqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwe-Ireland phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland futhi kwasusa noma yikuphi ukungaqondi kwendawo yefa lase-Ireland esifundeni esasinempi.

AbaHlakanisiwe Ngaphambi Kwesivumelwano: Umphakathi Ohlukene Phakathi Izimpi

Imiphakathi yase-Ireland ikhona amakhulu eminyaka, ilolongwe yimiphakathi enyakazayo eqhutshwa indlala, ubunzima bezomnotho, nokungantengi kwezombangazwe. Ngesikhathi seZinkathazo, lemiphakathi (e-United States, eCanada, e-Australia, e-Australia, eBrithani, nakwezinye izindawo) kakade yayixhumene kakhulu ne-Ireland ngenxa yezibopho zomkhaya, izinhlangano zempucuko, kanye nezenzo zezombangazwe. Nokho, impi yaseNyakatho ye-Ireland yayivame ukudala izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu ama-diaspora. Abanye basekela izimbangela zerbacism, abanye basekela isikhundla sobunye, futhi abaningi bazizwa bengenalusizo lokubuka ubudlova besuka kude. Imizamo yezemiphakathi ethile yezempi yamaqembu empi yamaqembu eqembu lamaqembu esizwe yabangela ukuhlukana nokugxekwa umphakathi.

Kodwa ngisho naphakathi neminyaka emnyama kakhulu, imiphakathi yama-diaspora yasebenzela ukuthula. I-Irish-American hostry, ikakhulukazi ngezinhlangano ezinjenge-Friends of Ireland e-U.S. Congress, yafeza indima enzima ekucindezeleni ohulumeni baseBrithani no-Ireland ukuba baphishekele ukuxoxa. Abafuduki base-Ireland eBrithani bakha amaqembu anqamulene futhi basekela ukubuyisana. Ukusayinwa kwe-Belfast Agrepment kwaba yinkathi yokukhululeka okukhulu nokugunyaza lalaba bashisekeli. Kwabonisa ukuthi imizamo yabo yayingeyona ize ize futhi ukuthula kwakuyinto engcono.

Umphumela Wokungahlangani Nezwe Nokuqhosha

Uphawu Lwethemba Nobunye

Kubantu abahlala emiphakathini ye-diaspora, i-Belfast Agreement yaguqula ukulandisa kwe-Irish kusukela kwenye yezimpi nokuhlukana kwaba eyokuthula kanye nokungenzeka. Imikhosi yoSuku lwaminyaka yonke lukaPatrick emadolobheni anjenge-New York, iBoston, iLondon, neSydney yaba nencazelo entsha, njengoba yayingasacatshangelwanga izindaba zokuqhunyiswa nokubulawa kwabantu. Lesivumelwano saba uphawu lokuzimela nokubambisana, savumela inzalo yase-Ireland ukuba yamukele ifa layo ngokuziqhenya okuvusemuva. Imikhosi eminingi yezempucuko, njengaleyo yase-Ireland eyayisembhilizweni embululweni embululweni yonke, yaqala ukugcizelela izihloko zokubuyisana nomlando kunokuba ibonakale nje ingxabano phakathi kwenyakatho nenyakatho neseningizimu.

Ukuxhumana Nezwe Lasekhaya

Ukuhlukana kokuthula kwasiza ekuhambeleni nasekuxhumaneni phakathi kwe-Ireland ne-diaspora yayo. I-Tourism eya eNyakatho Ireland neRepublic yachuma eminyakeni eminingi ngemva kuka-1998. Abantu base-Ireland ababengabaza ukuvakashela indawo ehlangene nengozi manje bazizwa bephephile ukuba bahlole izimpande zabo. Lokhu kuhlangana komzimba kwaqinisa izibopho ezingokomzwelo futhi kwaholela ekuhwebelaneni okusha kwezomnotho namasiko. I-diaspora yahileleka ngokuqondile ekusekeleni imiphakathi yendawo eIreland ngezinhlangano zezentengiselwano, izimali zezentengiselwano, nezinhlelo zemfundo.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe Nokubusa Kwabantu

Impumelelo yenqubo yokuthula yanika amaqembu ama-diaspora amandla okuthatha indima ephambili ekukhuthazeni izithakazelo ze-Ireland. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Irish American Unity Conference, i-Irish Apostotad eBrithani, ne-Australia Ireland Chamber of Commerce zasebenzisa isivumelwano njengendawo yesikhulumi sokunxusa ukuba kuqhubeke kubekwa imali ekwakheni ukuthula, ukusekela ulimi lwase-Ireland, kanye nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abekwe endaweni yayo. Ukungenela kwe-Irishrish American Unity Conference kwasiza ekulondolozeni inqubo yokuthula phakathi nezinselele ezalandela, kuhlanganise nokudilizwa kwemihlangano yokuthula kanye nokuwohloka komhlangano ngo-20022.

Imibono Yezifunda: Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezivela Ezindaweni Ezihlukene Ezabhekana Ngayo Nesivumelwano

United States

I-United States iyikhaya lenani elikhulu labantu base-Ireland, abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-30 abathi bangabadansi. Isivumelwano sasibaluleke kakhulu lapha ngenxa yendima esebenzayo eyenziwa abezombangazwe base-U.S., ikakhulukazi umongameli uBill Clinton noSenator George Mitchell. UClinton wanquma ukunikeza umholi we-Sinn Féin Gerry Adams imvume yokuvakashela i-U.S. ngo-19949 yayiyisinyathelo esinempikiswano kodwa esiyinhloko enqubweni yokuthula. Ngemva kokuba isivumelwano sesayiniwe, uhulumeni walungiselela ukuxhaswa okuqinile kwezinhlelo zokuthula nokubuyisana, kuhlanganise ne - International Fund ye-Ireland. I-Melfastrists, i-Belfalsalse yayiwubufakazi bokuthi ifaziweyo emhlabeni futhi ithonya izenzakalo zakudala.

Canada

I-Irish diaspora yase-Canada, ecishe ibe izigidi ezingu-4, futhi yazizwa ihlobene kakhulu nalesivumelwano. ICanada yasiza ekulondolozeni ukuthula eNyakatho Ireland futhi yayinomlando wokudayisa izingxabano. Isivumelwano sagcizelela umbono weCanada ngokwaso njengezwe elakhiwe ngokuvumelana kwezinhlanga. Izinhlangano zase-Ireland zasebenzisa lesi senzakalo ukuthuthukisa ukuhwebelana kwamasiko nezifundo eziqokomisa izifundo zenqubo yokuthula kweminye imiphakathi ehlukene.

Australia

I-Australia’s diaspora yase-Australia, elinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-5, inomlando omude owakhiwa ngenkathi yeziboshwa. Izinkinga zazivuse izimpikiswano zentshiseko emiphakathini yase-Australia, kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezisekela i-riphabliki kanye nezinye ezisekela isikhundla saseBrithani. I-Belfast Agueption yanikeza lamaqembu indlela yokuthola indawo efanayo. Ohulumeni base-Australia basekela inqubo yokuthula ngezindlela zokuxhumana futhi kamuva bakhuthaza intuthuko yezomnotho eNyakatho Ireland. Kubantu abaningi base-Australia, isivumelwano sabavumela ukuba bavakashele umkhaya eNyakatho ye-Ireland ngaphandle kokwesaba, futhi bavusa isithakazelo solimi lwesi-Ireland nesikomkomkhakha.

EBrithani

Umphakathi wase-Ireland eBrithani ungomkhulu kakhulu eYurophu, onezakhamuzi zase-Irish ezingaphezu kuka-800,000 nayizigidi ezengeziwe zohlobo lwase-Ireland. Lomphakathi wabhekana nobandlululo olukhulu phakathi neZinkathazo, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-IRA ezwekazini lase-Britain. Ukusayinwa kwalesivumelwano kwaba isikhathi esiphelile, ukunciphisa izingxabano futhi kwenza kube lula kubantu base-Ireland eBrithani ukuveza ukuthi bangobani obala. Izikhungo zomphakathi namaqembu amasiko achumayo, kanye nobudlelwane obuphakathi kwe-commony buthuthukile. Isivumelwano sashukumisela uhulumeni waseBrithani ukuba uxolise ngokusemthethweni ngenxa yokungabi nabulungisa, njengokuphatha abantu base-Ireland phakathi nempikiswano.

Ezinye izindawo

Imiphakathi emincane kodwa enomdla wase-Irish e-Latin America ikhona kulo lonke elase-Afrika, ezwekazini le-Afrika, nase-Asia. E-Argentina, umphakathi wesihlanu omkhulu kunayo yonke e-Irish emazweni angaphandle, isivumelwano sagujwa njengesibonelo sesinqumo sokuthula kwengxabano. E-New Zealand, inzalo yase-Ireland yahlela izenzakalo zesikhumbuzo kanye nemfuno yokuxhasa izinhlangano zokwakha ukuthula. Ukufinyelela kwembulunga yonke i-Belfast Accomment kuyisivumelwano sethonya elisakazekile le-diaspora nesibopho sayo sokuhlala njalo kwisikhathi esizayo se-Ireland.

Ukulondolozwa Kwempucuko Nolimi

Enye yezinkulumo ezingaxoxwanga kakhulu kodwa ezithinteke kakhulu ze-Belfast Accom ye-diaspora iye yaba ukuvuselelwa kwesithakazelo solimi lwase-Ireland namasiko. Isivumelwano sahlanganisa iziqinisekiso zokusetshenziswa kwe-Ireland ne-Ulster Scots ekuphileni komphakathi eNyakatho ye-Ireland, ukuqaphela ngokomthetho izilimi ezazenziwe zangamukeleka. Lokhu kwathinta kakhulu imiphakathi ye-diaspora ezama ukudlulisa ifa lesizwe ezizukulwaneni ezincane. Amakilasi olimi lwase-Ireland, iziteshi zomculo, nemikhosi yamasiko yabona ukuhlanganyela ezindaweni ezinjenge-New York, i-San Francisco, ne-Melbourbournel. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Irish Language Leartenterners' ne-North American Gaeltacht's, zaqala ukuvuzwa yisivumelwano esisha esinikezwa yisivumelwano.

Ukuthula futhi kwavumela ukuhwebelana okusobala. Abaculi, abalobi, nabadwebi base-Northern Ireland bafunda imbulunga yonke, bexoxa ngezindaba zempi nokubuyisana. Imisebenzi enjengezinkondlo ze-Seamus Heaney nemidlalo kaBrian Friel, owayethandwa kakade yi-diaspora, yabhekwa njengezivumelwano zokusekela umoya womuntu ekuthuleni. Ngaleyondlela isivumelwano saba isisekelo sokuchuma kobuciko base-Ireland emazweni angaphandle.

Izibopho Nemali

Ukuzinza okwalethwa yi-Belfast Agreement kwavulela amathuba abalulekile ezomnotho kokubili i-Ireland kanye ne-diaspora yayo. Umnotho waseNyakatho Ireland, owawuncishiswe ubudlova, waqala ukukhula. Abanikeli bezimali abaHlanga bezwe bafeza indima eyinhloko, izimali, izakhiwo, nobuchwepheshe baqala ukuphakama. I-"Ireland Inc". ushidi, olwalumelela kokubili inyakatho ne-South, lwaba nomdlalidiza wakwamanye amazwe. I-diaspora yanikela nangemisebenzi yezentengiselwano nezezimali, isekela intuthuko yomphakathi eNyakatho ye-Ireland kanye nezilinganiso zomngcele.

Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Northern Ireland Bureau, ezinamahhovisi ase Washington D.C., zaqinisekisa ngentshiseko ukutshala i-diaspora. Impumelelo yenqubo yokuthula yaphawulwa njalo abaholi bezamabhizinisi njengesizathu sokuhileleka kule ndawo. Kubathengisi bezentengiselwano, ukutshala imali eIreland kwakungasabhekwa njengeyingozi kodwa njengesenzo sokushisekela izwe esasenza futhi sibe nomqondo onengqondo wezimali.

Izinselele Nefa: Isivumelwano Ekhulwini Lama - 21

IBrexit Nemithetho Yesivumelwano YaseNyakatho Ireland

I-Belfast Agreement iye yabhekana novivinyo lwayo olukhulu eminyakeni yamuva ngokusuka kwe-UK ku-European Union. I-Northern Ireland Protocol, eyakha umngcele wokuhweba e-Irish Sea ukuze igweme umngcele onzima esiqhingini, iye yacasula ababambi benhlangano futhi yaphazamisa izinhlangano ezilawula amandla. Umhlangano wawungawasebenzisi ngokuphumelelayo ama-2022-2024 njengoba iDidemoc Union Party ikhuthaza ukubhikishwa kwesivumelwano semithetho ye-Irish. Izehlakalo ziye zathinta kakhulu i-diaspora. Ziye zahlongoza ukuvikela isivumelwano, zinxusa ohulumeni bobabili eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika ukuba kuqinisekise ukuthi ukuzuza kwenqubo yokuthula akuchithwanga. Amaqembu amaningi ama-diapora aye akhuthaza ukusekela ukuvumelana kwezimiso zezimiso zesivumelwano.

Inkumbulo Nesikhumbuzo

Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nanhlanu ngemva kosayina kwayo, isivumelwano siyaqhubeka sigujwa imiphakathi. Izenzakalo ngo-2023 zaphawula isikhumbuzo ngemihlangano, izinhlelo zempucuko, nezingxoxo phakathi kwezizukulwane. Izizukulwane zase-Ireland ezintsha, ezingaphilanga phakathi kweZinkathazo, zifunda ngesivumelwano njengendaba eyisisekelo ye-Ireland yanamuhla. Ifa lesivumelwano lifundiswa ezinhlanganweni zezifundo zase-Ireland emayunivesithi emhlabeni wonke, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo ziyakuqonda ukubaluleka kwaso.

Ukuqhubeka Uncomela Ukuthula Kwembulunga Yonke

Isivumelwano se-Belfast Agreement siye saba isibonelo sesinqumo sempi kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Imiphakathi yabangahlali emazweni anjenge-South Africa, iColombia, neSri Lanka iye yafuna iseluleko kubenzi bokuthula base-Ireland. Ukugcizelela kwesivumelwano sokuphatha amandla, amalungelo abantu, kanye nokubambisana kwemingcele ye-parde kunikeza izifundo ezithinta imiphakathi ebhekene nokuhlukana okukhulu. Kubantu base-Ireland i-diaspora, lokhu kuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwesifiso sokuthula kungumthombo wokuziqhenya okukhulu. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi isiqhingi esincane sase-Ireland singaba nethonya elikhulu ezindabeni zembulunga yonke.

Isiphetho

I-Belfast Agreement ayiyona nje incwadi engokomlando; ingamandla aphilayo ayaqhubeka ehlela ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-Ireland nomkhaya wayo wembulunga yonke. Kubantu base-Ireland i-diaspora, yaphela iminyaka yosizi futhi yaphendulela ikhasi eqeshini lethemba, ubunye, nokuziqhenya. Yawavumela ukuba aphinde ahlangane nezwe lawo ngaphandle komthunzi wobudlova, agubhe impucuko yawo, futhi abe nesibindi enqubweni eqhubekayo yokwakha ukuthula. Nakuba izinselele zihlala zikhona, ukuntengantengantenga yezombangazwe, nesidingo sokulungisa izivumelwano ezingapheli, futhi izimiso zezimiso zezimiso zihlale zikhanyiswa ukukhanya okuqondisayo. Njengoba imiphakathi yomhlaba wonke ubheka esikhathini esizayo, yenza kanjalo ngokuqiniseka okunikezwa i-Belfast Agredments esisekelwe esimweni esiqinile sokuza izulu. I-Ireland, kodwa i-Argodne, i-dolls, ivela emhlabeni wonke, i-Dall kuya e-Dall, kuze kuvela e-Borne, e-Dall, embusweni, e-Da