Ukubaluleka Kwezinqubo Zokungahlangani Emacalani Okuzilimaza

Ukuqonda Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sezinzuzo Zokungahlangani

Isimiso somthetho esizungeze ukuzihlukanisa sodwa siye sashintsha ngokuphawulekayo eminyakeni edlule, sibunjwe yizisivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo nezidingo ezisebenzayo phakathi kwesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu. Elinye lamathuluzi ayinhloko asetshenziswa abashushisi nabameli ngokufanayo yisivumelwano sokuvikela. Lezivumelwano zingawuthonya ngokuphawulekayo umphumela wamacala obugebengu namalungelo ofakazi kanye nokusola, okusebenza njengebhuloho elibucayi phakathi kwesidingo sikahulumeni sobufakazi kanye nelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lomuntu ngokumelene nozibukeli bomuntu siqu.

Ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu, uhulumeni ngeke uphoqelele umuntu ukuba abe ufakazi omelene naye, isivikelo esiyisisekelo esiye saba esiyinhloko ekuvimbeleni kwemithetho yaseMelika kusukela ekunqanyulweni kweSigqi Samalungelo Abantu. Lelilungelo lokuzimela limelela esinye sezivikelo ezibaluleke kakhulu emthethweni wobugebengu, ukuvikela abantu ukuba bangaphoqelelwa ukuba banikeze ubufakazi noma ubufakazi obungaholela ekumangalelweni kwabo siqu.

Izimiso eziqinile, ezisekelwe ekujuleni komlando ezindaweni ezingokomthetho zamajaji amaNgisi namaMelika, zifuna indawo enengqondo phakathi kwesidingo selungelo nezidingo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni zokuphoqelela izakhamuzi ukuba zifakaze. Lokhu kulinganisela kubonisa iqiniso lokuthi ekuhloleni okuningi kobugebengu, abantu kuphela abanakho ukwaziswa okubalulekile ngokuphathelene namacala angathi sína yilabo abahlanganyela noma ababone umsebenzi wobugebengu ngokwabo.

Ukuba khona kwalezimiso kubonisa ukubaluleka kobufakazi, futhi iqiniso lokuthi amacala amaningi angowomuntu kangangokuthi okuwukuphela kwabantu abakwazi ukunikeza ubufakazi obuwusizo yilabo abahilelekile kulobugebengu. Ngaphandle kwamalungiselelo okuvikela ukuzivikela, abashushisi babeyobhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu ekwakheni amacala amaqembu amakhulu obugebengu, amanani obugebengu ahleliwe, nezinye izaphula - mthetho eziyinkimbinkimbi ezizivikela ngokucophelela ebufakazini obuqondile.

Izivumelwano Ezimbili Eziyinhloko

Isivumelwano sokuzivikela kuyisivumelwano esingokomthetho lapho ufakazi noma umcabango ethola isivikelo ekumangalelweni ngenxa yokunikeza ubufakazi noma ubufakazi. Izinga nalesisivikelo kuyahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lokuzivikela olunikezwayo. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ohileleke ekumangalelweni kobugebengu, kungaba njengofakazi, ummangalelwa, noma uchwepheshe ongokomthetho.

Ukuvikelwa Ngokuphelele Ekushushisweni

Ukugonywa komzimba okungabekezeleleki kusho ukuthi uma nje ufakazi esephoqelelwe ukuba afakazele ngecala elithile, angase angasolwa nakancane ngenxa yalelocala, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungavela ubufakazi obuzimele obuningi kangakanani.

Isimiso sokuvikela ukungenwa yisimo sokuzivikela esithathelwanayo. Sinikeza isivikelo esiphelele ekumangalelweni noma yiyiphi into eshiwo ebufakazini bokugoma. Ngenxa yokuthi sibanzi kakhulu, ukugonyelwa kwezokuthengiselana kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "imali noma "i - blanket". Lokhu kuvikela okubanzi kudlulela ngalé kokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamagama ofakazi ngokwabo. [1] Iveza ibhaxa lokumangalela lonke icala lokuhweba noma isenzakalo sobugebengu esixoxiwe.

Isimiso sokuvikela ukuhweba sinikeza abantu isivikelo esingaphezu kwesiSichibiyelo Sesihlanu, futhi ukugonyelwa ngokuphelele kwanoma yiziphi izinkonzo ezembulwe ebufakazini, ngisho noma uhulumeni ethola ubufakazi obuzimele bokuthi ubufakazi buye babenza lobu bugebengu.

Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukugonyelwa kwezomthetho kulinganiselwe. Ngisho noma ufakazi ethola ukuvikela ekuthengisweni, okungavimbeli ukumangalelwa kwezenzo zobugebengu ezihlobene nokuthile okuxoxwa ngakho ebufakazini bokugoma. Isivikelo sisebenza kuphela ekuziphatheni kobugebengu obuqondile nentengiselwano ufakazi akufakazeleli, hhayi ezenzweni zobugebengu ezihlukene ngokuphelele.

Abashushisi bayanqikaza ukunikeza ofakazi loluhlobo lwesivikelo ekumangalelweni, futhi isimiso sikahulumeni asilusebenzisi nhlobo. Uhulumeni kahulumeni uncike ngokuphelele ohlotsheni olulinganiselwe kakhulu lokuvikela, kuyilapho ukuthengiselana ukuvikela kunikezwa abashushisi bakahulumeni kuphela. Lokhu kubonisa ukukhetha kukahulumeni ukulondoloza ukuvumelana komthetho kuyilapho unikeza isivikelo esanele sokuphoqelela ubufakazi.

Sebenzisa Futhi Usebenzise Ukungafinyeleli: Ulinganiselwe Kodwa Uvikelekile

Sebenzisa ukugonyelwa kusho ukuthi abukho ubufakazi obuphoqelelwe ukuba bunikezwe futhi abukho ubufakazi obutholakele obuthathwe noma obutholakele ngenxa yobufakazi obuphoqelelwe obungasetshenziswa uma lowo muntu kamuva emangalelwa ngobufakazi obuzimele bomthetho wokwephula icala. Loluhlobo olulinganiselwe lokuvikela, olwaziwa nangokuthi "ukusebenzisa nokwenza ukuzivikela," lumelela isivikelo esincane somthetho-sisekelo esidingekayo ukuphoqelela ubufakazi ngokumelene neSichibiyelo sesihlanu.

Isimiso sokuvikela ukuvikela esisetshenziswayo silingana neSichibiyelo sesihlanu, sivimbela abashushisi ukuba basebenzise impendulo egonyiweyo noma ukwaziswa okutholayo ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile kuyo kumuntu. Umehluko obucayi uwukuthi nakuba ubufakazi bofakazi ngokwabo kanye nanoma ibuphi ubufakazi obutholakala kuyo bungenakusetshenziswa, uhulumeni ungabethwa icala uma engathola ubufakazi obuvela emithonjeni ezimele ngokuphelele.

Sebenzisa futhi usebenzisa izimpawu zokuvikela ukunqanda ukuqulwa kwecala kuvimbela kuphela ukusebenzisa ubufakazi bobufakazi obubodwa noma noma yibuphi ubufakazi obutholakala ebufakazini obumelene nobufakazi. Nokho, uma umshushisi ethola ubufakazi obusekela ubugebengu ngaphandle kobufakazi bobufakazi bobufakazi, ufakazi ungabe sewaqulwa. Lokhu kuveza inselele esebenzayo kubashushisi abafisa ukuphishekela amacala ngokumelene nofakazi ogonyelweyo, njengoba kumelwe bafakazele ukuthi bonke ubufakazi buvela emithonjeni ngaphandle kobufakazi bobufakazi bobufakazi bobufakazi bobufakazi besigodlo.

INkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ngomthetho - sisekelo ophelele wokusebenzisa ukuzivikela ecaleni eliyingqophamlando iKastigar v. eUnited States. Inkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukuvunyelwa kokusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa kwesimiso sokuzivikela kwanele ukunqoba ukuphikisa kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu nokuphoqelela ubufakazi. Lesi sinqumo saqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awudingi ukuvikelwa kwezentengiselwano; ukusebenzisa ukuzivikela kunikeza isivikelo esanele ngoba kubeka ubufakazi endaweni efanayo njengokungathi ubuye basebenzisa ilungelo labo leSiphendulo sesihlanu futhi wahlala buthule.

Lapho uhulumeni eletha amacala obugebengu ngokumelene nobufakazi obuboshwe ngaphansi komthetho, bunomthwalo onzima. Kumelwe bubonise ukuthi babunomthombo oqinile ozimele ngokungenakubuzwa ubufakazi obuphoqelelwe ukuba uqhubeke nokuqulwa icala. Lomthwalo wobufakazi obufunekayo usebenza njengesivikelo esiwusizo, okwenza kube nzima ngabashushisi ukuba baphishekele amacala ngokugonywa ngisho nalapho besebenzisa ukugonywa okucatshangelwa ukuthi kuvumela ukumangalelwa okunjalo.

Ukuqhathanisa Imithetho Nencwadi

Ngaphandle komehluko phakathi kokuthengwa nokusetshenziswa kwesimiso sokuzivikela, kukhona okunye ukuhlukanisa okubalulekile: umehluko phakathi kokuzivikela komzimba (ukuguqula) kanye nencwadi (ukuvikela). Ukuqonda lomehluko kubaluleke kakhulu kofakazi nabameli lapho bexoxa ngezivumelwano zokubambisana nabashushisi.

Isimiso semithetho: Isivikelo seNkantolo

Ingxenye 6001 kuya ku-6005 inikeza indlela uhulumeni angasebenza ngayo enkantolo ukuze kunikezwe umthetho onikeza ukuzivikela okulinganiselwe kuzo zonke izahlulelo zokwahlulela, zokuphatha, nokuhlela lapho ufakazi egomela ilungelo lakhe ngokumelene nokuzimela kwakhe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu. Lenqubo engokomthetho ihilela ukuqondisa kokwahlulela futhi yenza isivikelo esiphoqelelwe ngokomthetho.

Bobabili abashushisi bakahulumeni nohulumeni bangathola ukuzivikela komthetho, futhi bobabili kumelwe bahloniphe izipho zomunye zokuzivikela. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umuntu efakaza ngaphansi komthetho womthetho, umshushisi wezwe akanakusebenzisa lokho bufakazi ukuze amangalele umuntu nganoma iyiphi indlela. Lo mshushisi owenqabela ukulahlwa kwecala uqinisekisa ukuthi ofakazi ababambisana nombusi oyedwa abamangalelwa omunye ngenxa yobufakazi babo obugonyiwe.

Incwadi Ethi Ukubambisana: Izivumelwano Zokuzithandela Zokubambisana

Umthetho ovikelayo wencwadi, noma wokuvikela ngokwethukela, unikeza ubufakazi bokuzithandela esivumelwaneni. Ngenxa yokuthi umuntu ungena ngokuzithandela kulesisivumelwano futhi akaphoqelelwanga ukuba afakaze, ukuzivikela kwencwadi akunakulinqoba ilungelo ngokumelene nokuzigodla. Loluhlobo lokuvikela luvame ukuvela ezimisweni ze-propiter noma "ingxoxo yamahhala" lapho ofakazi abangase baxoxe khona ngalokho abakwazi nabashushisi ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe icala elingokomthetho.

Abashushisi bakahulumeni banikeza umuntu ukwaziswa okungavunyelwe ukumelana nokuzivikela. Nokho, kuyadingeka ukuba ummeli womuntu owephula umthetho athole isiqinisekiso esiqinile kuhulumeni ngokuthi izinga lokugonyelwa kwezifo linikezwa lini. Izivumelwano zokuvikela izincwadi zingahluka kakhulu, futhi ukungaqondi ukuthi ukuvikela kungakanani kungaba nemiphumela ebhubhisayo.

Izivumelwano zokuvikela izincwadi zivame ukuhlanganisa imingcele ebalulekile nezimo. Uma ufakazi ehluleka ukusho iqiniso phakathi nomphathi wezincwadi, noma uma eyeqisa icala labanye futhi enciphisa ngokungeyikho, uhulumeni angacabangela ukuthi ukungamanga kuphulwa kwesivumelwano, ukusikhulula ekubophekeni kokuhlonipha isibopho sokuvikela. Uma kamuva umuntu ekhetha ukungabambi noma ukuhlehla emacaleni awo athenjiswe, ukumangalelwa kuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa ukwaziswa kokuqala okubekiwe kubo phakathi nokuqulwa.

Indima Ebucayi Yokungavumelani Ezimweni Ezizilimazayo

Izivumelwano zokungalawuleki zibaluleke kakhulu ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezihilela ukuzixazulula, ukusebenza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile esimisweni sokwahlulela sobugebengu. Zikhuthaza ofakazi ukuba bafakazele iqiniso ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuzifaka, okungaholela ekuvuleni ubufakazi obukhulu obungase buhlale bufihlekile ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthatheka okungokomthetho.

Ngezinye izikhathi umshushisi angase athengisena nomuntu osolwa ngobugebengu uma kucatshangwa ukuthi unokwaziswa ngomunye umsebenzi wobugebengu. Uma efakaza ngomunye umuntu, ufakazi angase athole ukuvinjelwa ekumangalelweni. Lokhu kubonisa indlela efanelekile yokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho, eqaphela ukuthi abahlanganyeli abaphansi abangenwayo ngezinye izikhathi kungase kudingeke banikelwe ukuze bavikele izinkolelo ngokumelene nabamangalelwa abanecala elingaphezulu.

Ngokuvamile, umshushisi unikeza umuntu owenze ubugebengu obuncane isivikelo ngoba ukholelwa ukuthi buyobasiza ukuba babambe noma babophe umuntu owenze ubugebengu obukhulu. Ngokuvamile, kuvela ngomongo wobugebengu obuhleliwe, lapho umshushisi enikeza ukuzivikela okungaphansi ukuze afakazele umholi webhizinisi. Lokhu kusetshenziswa okungokomthetho kokuzivikela komthetho kubonise ukuthi kubalulekile ekususeni izinhlangano zezelele ezigebengu lapho izindlela ezingokwesiko zezesayensi zihluleka ukungena ekwakheni kwenhlangano.

Indlela Ukungahlangani Okunqoba Ngayo Izimfumbe Zesichibiyelo Sesihlanu

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu asilona ilungelo eliphelele lokuzilahla. Uma ukuzivikela ngokufanelekile kususa ingozi yokuquliswa icala, isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sokwenqaba ukufakazela sinyamalala. Lokhu kuveza umphumela ofanayo njengokungathi ufakazi wabiza ilungelo labo leSichibiyelo sesihlanu futhi akafakazi, okungenani ngokombono wofakazi ngokuphathelene nokuchayeka kwabo ngokwecala.

INkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States iye yathi "ufakazi angase abe nokwesaba okunengqondo kokuqulwa icala kodwa abe msulwa kunoma yikuphi ukonakala. Ilungelo lisebenza ekuvikeleni abangenacala abangabanjwa yizimo ezingaqondakali." I-immuniny ihlonipha lomsebenzi ovikelayo kuyilapho isavumela isimiso sobulungisa ukuba sithole ubufakazi obudingekile.

Uma ugonyelwe, ofakazi abanakucela ilungelo labo leSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngokuphathelene nendaba yokugoma. Uma uvuma lolu hlobo lwesivumelwano, kumelwe ufakazele njengoba kuthembisiwe, noma ungabhekana nesikhathi sokuvalelwa ejele nemali ehlawulisiwe. Ukwenqaba ukufakazela ngemva kokuthola ukuzivikela kungaphumela ekudeleleni izikhalo zenkantolo, njengoba isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sokwenqaba ukuphendula imibuzo siqediwe yisilwisi.

Izinzuzo Nezinzuzo Zezivumelwano Ezingahlangani

Ukuqonda lezinzuzo kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ukugonywa kwezifo kuye kwaba ithuluzi elivamile kangaka ekumangalelweni kobugebengu kwanamuhla.

Ukutholakala Kobufakazi Obuqand ’ Ikhanda Nentuthuko Yecala

Izivumelwano zobunye zilula ukutholakala kobufakazi obungafinyelelwa. Emabhizinisini obugebengu, ozungu, nobugebengu obumhlophe, ubufakazi obuqondile bobubi buvame ukuba buncane. Ubufakazi bamalungu noma ofakazi abanolwazi oba ngaphakathi bubalulekile ekumiseni izici zobugebengu futhi kuxhumaniswe abamangalelwa ekuziphatheni kobugebengu.

Ngaphandle komthetho wokuzivikela, ofakazi abaningi bangacela ilungelo labo leSichibiyelo sesihlanu futhi benqabe ukunikeza noma ikuphi ukwaziswa, beshiya abashushisi bengakwazi ukufakazela amacala abo. Ngokunikeza isivikelo ekumangalelweni, ukuvikela izifo kuvula lobufakazi futhi bavumele iqiniso livele. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni ezihilela:

• Amaqembu obugebengu ahleliwe lapho amalungu esigaba esiphansi enganikeza khona ubufakazi obuphathelene nokuhola
• Izinhlelo zokukhwabanisa lapho izisebenzi ezisemaphakathi zabona khona ukuziphatha okubi kwezikhulu
• Ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa lapho izithunywa nabadayisi bengaziveza khona izimpahla
• Izindaba zokonakala komphakathi lapho ofakazi besaba ukuziphindiselela noma ukuquliswa icala
• Amacala ayinkimbinkimbi angokwezimali adinga ubufakazi obungochwepheshe abahlanganyela kuwo

Ukubambisana Okukhuthazayo KoFakazi

Izivumelwano zokungavumelani zikhuthaza ukubambisana kofakazi abangahlala bethule. Ukwesaba ukuzichasa kuyisithiyo esinamandla sokunikeza ubufakazi obuyiqiniso, ngisho nakubantu abafisa ukusiza ekuqikelweni komthetho. Ngokususa lokhu kwesaba, izivumelwano zokuzivikela kwamagciwane zakha indawo lapho ofakazi benganikeza khona ukwaziswa okuphelele nokunembile ngaphandle kokuzikhathaza ngemiphumela yomuntu siqu.

Lokhu kubambisana kudlulela ngalé kobufakazi obubodwa. Ofakazi abaqanjiwe bangase futhi banikeze izincwadi, izithunywa eziyimfihlo ezinhlanganweni zobugebengu, ukugqoka amathuluzi okubhala, noma ukuhlanganyela ezinkonzweni ezilawulwayo ezinikeza ubufakazi obengeziwe.

Ukwakha Icala Elinamandla Lokushushisa

Ubufakazi obungaphakathi bunikeza ukukholeka nemininingwane yokuthi ubufakazi bangaphandle abunakuvumelana. ufakazi obambisanayo ohlanganyela emsebenzini wobugebengu angachaza injongo yezenzo, achaze izingxoxo nezivumelwano, futhi anikeze umongo oguqula ubufakazi obuyisisekelo bube ubufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda becala.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubufakazi bofakazi abagonyiwe ngokuvamile busekela obunye ubufakazi, benza ukulandisa okuningi okuthonyeka abahluleli abakuthola kukhanga.

Ukuvikela OFakazi Ekuzichayeni

Ngokombono wofakazi, izivumelwano zokuvikela imfuno zinikeza isivikelo esidingekile ekuzichaseni kuyilapho zivumela ukuba zifeze imisebenzi yomphakathi noma izibopho zokuziphatha ukuze zifakaze iqiniso. Ofakazi abaningi bafuna ngempela ukusiza ekumangaleleni izigebengu ezingathi sína kodwa abakwazi ukwenza kanjalo ngaphandle kokuzivikela ngoba ubufakazi babo bungaveza ukuhileleka kwazo ezenzweni zobugebengu.

Lokhu kuvikelwa kubaluleke ngokukhethekile kofakazi abafeza izindima ezincane emabhizinisini obugebengu, abathatha iziphakamiso, noma abaye bashintsha futhi bafisa ukulungisa ngokusiza abagcinwa bemithetho.

Izinselele, Izingxabano, Nokulinganiselwa Kwezimo Zokungashayeleli

Naphezu kwezindlela eziwusizo zokuzivikela, izivumelwano zokuvikela ezifweni zinezinselele nezimpikiswano.

Amandla Okuxhashazwa Nokusetshenziswa Kabi

Enye into ekhathaza kakhulu ukuxhashazwa kwabashushisi ekunikezeni ukuzivikela komzimba. Abashushisi basebenzisa ukuqapha okukhulu ekunqumeni ukuthi obani abavikelekile futhi babhekene nokuqulwa kwecala. Lokhu kuqondiseka kungaholela ekuphathweni ngokungefani kwabamangalelwa abasendaweni efanayo, abanye bethola ukuzivikela kuyilapho abanye bebhekene namacala angathi sína ngokuziphatha okufanayo.

Kukhona futhi ukukhathazeka mayelana nabashushisi abanikeza isivikelo kalula kakhulu ukuba sivikele izinkolelo, okungase kuvumele izaphula - mthetho ezingathi sína ukuba zibalekele isijeziso ukuze zithole ubufakazi obungasho lutho kwabanye okungenzeka bangabangenwa icala. Ukucindezela kokuvikela izinkolelo ezicatshangelwe emacaleni aphakeme kungabangela izisusa zokuba abashushisi banikeze izivumelwano zokuvikela izinkolelo ezingase zingafezeki ezithakazelweni zobulungisa.

Ingozi Yokubhebhethekisa Ubuqili Nobufakazi Bamanga

Izivumelwano zokuzivikela zinikeza ofakazi izisusa zokunikeza ubufakazi bokuthi abashushisi bafuna ukubuzwa, okungase kuholele ekumangaleleni noma ekumangaleleni okunehaba. Ufakazi oye wanikezwa ukuzivikela angase azizwe ecindezelwa ukuba anikeze ubufakazi obusekela ukugonywa kokuzivikela, ngisho noma ukwenza kanjalo kudinga ukuhlobisa amaqiniso noma ukumangalela abanye amanga.

Lengozi iba nkulu kakhulu uma ofakazi bebhekene nokuchayeka kwabo okungathi sína kobugebengu. Isifiso sokuvikeleka ekuvikelekeni noma ukuphathwa kahle singashukumisela ofakazi ukuba baqambe noma bahlanekezele ubufakazi ukuze bafake abanye emacaleni.

Abameli bamabutho bavame ukubekela inselele ukuthembeka kofakazi abagonyiwe, bephikisa ngokuthi ubufakazi babo abunakwethenjelwa ngokwemvelo ngenxa yezinzuzo abazitholayo. AmaJuries kumelwe ayalwe ukuba ahlolisise ngokucophelela ubufakazi obunjalo, ahlole isisusa sofakazi sokufuna umusa kubashushisi ngokumelene nezinkulumo zabo.

Ukukhathazeka Ngobulungisa Nobulungisa

Izivumelwano zezentengiselwano ziphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokulunga nobulungisa esimisweni sobugebengu. Uma umuntu ohlanganyela emsebenzini wobugebengu ethola ukuvikeleka kuyilapho abanye bebhekene nokuqulwa kwecala, kuphakama imibuzo yokuthi ingabe ubulungisa buyanikezwa ngempela yini. Lokhu kukhathaza ikakhulukazi lapho ufakazi ogonyelweyo kungenzeka ukuthi wabekwa icala kakhulu kunabamangalelwa abamangalelwayo.

Umbono womphakathi wobulungisa ungalulazwa lapho izaphula-mthetho ezingathi sína zithola ukuzivikela ukuze zithole ubufakazi. Izenzakalo eziphezulu eziseceleni lapho izigebengu ezinobudlova noma abakhwabanisi abakhulu bebalekela ukuqunjelwa ngezivumelwano zokuvikela ukunqanda ukungezwani komphakathi kungaqeda ukuthembana kwesimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu futhi kubangele ukubukeka kokuthi ubulungisa bungavunyelwa kunokuba bungacingi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitatimende ezigonyiwe nobufakazi kungase kutholakale ukuze kusetshenziswe ubufakazi ezindabeni zobugebengu, njengokuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala nokukhishwa kwentela, futhi kungase kubangele imiphumela engalahlwayo, njengokulahlekelwa umsebenzi noma imvume. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukugonywa ekuvinjelweni ezigwegwegweni zobugebengu akunikezi isivikelo esiphelele kuyo yonke imiphumela yobufakazi, kudala ukucabangela okuyinkimbinkimbi kofakazi ukunquma ukuthi bamukela yini ukuzivikela.

Izimpikiswano Ezingokomthetho Ngasezingeni Lokungahlangani

Izingxoxo ezingokomthetho eziqhubekayo ziphathelene nesilinganiso esifanelekile sokuzivikela ezifweni nezimo okumelwe zinikezwe ngaphansi kwazo. Uhlobo lokugonyelwe okudingekayo ukuze kuphoqelelwe ubufakazi luxhomeke emthethweni wegunya elisebenzayo. Izifundazwe eziningi, njenge New York, zidlula izimfuneko zoMthetho-sisekelo we-US ngokufuna ukuba kunikezwe ukugonyelwa kofakazi abaphoqelelwe. Lokhu kudala iqoqo lezindinganiso zokuvikela ezisemzileni ohlukene, okubangela izinkinga ezihilela izifunda-zifunda-kabili noma izikhulu zikahulumeni kanye nezikhongozelo zombuso.

Enye indawo yempikiswano ihlanganisa ukugcinwa kwezivumelwano zokuzivikela ezifweni kanye nomthwalo kahulumeni wobufakazi lapho kugawulwa ofakazi. Ezimweni eziningi, umbuso uyoba nobunzima ekunikezeni ubufakazi obuzimele noma ufakazele ukuthi isisekelo sawo sokuqunjelwa icala esikhathini esizayo asiveli ebufakazini obuphoqelelwe obunikezwa ufakazi. Nokho, ukunquma ukuthi ubufakazi buzimele ngempela noma buthathwe ekugonyeni kobufakazi obugonyiwe kungaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kuholele ekunikezeni okukhulu isiqinisekiso nasekunxuseni.

Inkinga Yokusetshenziswa Kwama - documenta

Esinye sezici eziyinselele kakhulu zokusetshenziswa kokuzivikela ezifweni sihlanganisa ukunquma ukuthi yikuphi okuhlanganisa "umsebenzi owenziwe ngokusemthethweni" wobufakazi obugonyiwe. Ukusebenzisa ubufakazi obuphoqelelwe nobufakazi obutholakala lapho kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa okusobala nokungacacisi, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa ngokungaqondile kobufakazi ukuze kushintshwe icebo lokuhlola noma ukumemezela isinqumo sokuqulwa. Lencazelo ebanzi isho ukuthi abashushisi kumelwe baqaphele kakhulu ukugwema noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi obugonyiweyo, ngisho nangezindlela ezingabuvezi ngokuqondile ubufakazi njengobufakazi.

Ubunzima obuwusizo bokulondoloza lokhu kuhlukana buye baholela ekuthuthukisweni kwamaqembu "amathangi" noma "amaqembu ahlanzekile" ekuhloleni okuyinkimbinkimbi. Nakuba kungekho umthetho odinga umshushisi oye wabekwa esimweni sokugoma ukuba aphume ecaleni, ukuhlukanisa ubufakazi bangaphambi kobumpoqo kubhekwa njengomsebenzi ongcono kakhulu. Nakuba udonga oluhlukanisa ngaphambi kokuqala nolwe-post - imicunity phective neqembu labashushisi kungadingeki, kuthathwa njengomkhuba ongcono kakhulu.

Inqubo Yokuthola Nokunikeza Imali

Ukuqonda indlela inqubo yokuzivikela komzimba exoxwa ngayo, egunyazwayo, futhi esetshenziswa ngayo kubalulekile kochwepheshe bezomthetho nakunoma ubani ohilelekile ekumangalelweni kobugebengu.

Ukuhlakanipha Kommangaleli Nokwenza Isinqumo

Ingxenye 6003(b) yeSihlomo 18, i-United States Code, igunyaza i-Atttorney ye-United States ukuba icele ukuvinjelwa lapho, ekwahluleleni kwayo, ubufakazi noma okunye ukwaziswa okulindeleke ukuba kutholakale kufakazi "kungase kudingeke ekwakhekeni komphakathi" ezinye zezici okufanele zihlolwe ekwenzeni lokhu kwahlulelo zihlanganisa: ukubaluleka kokuphenywa noma ukumangalelwa kwemithetho yobugebengu esebenzayo; inani lobufakazi bomuntu noma ulwazi lokuphenywa noma ukuquliswa; amathuba okushesha nokuvumelana okugcwele nohlelo oluphoqelelwe, kanye nokuphumelela kwemijeliso ekhona uma kungekho ukujeziswa okunjalo; ukuqamba komuntu okuhlobene nokuphana okungahlolwa noma ukucunulwa noma ukuqulwa, kanye nokwenziswa kwakhe; ukuvuma kwakhe ngempumelelo komlando wakhe noma ukuqulwa komthetho;

Lesi sinqumo sihilela ukuhlola ukubaluleka kobufakazi ngokumelene nezindleko zokuphuma kobufakazi, sicabangela kokubili icala ngalinye nokugcinwa komthetho okuza kuqala.

Izimfuneko Zokwamukelwa Nokuphatha

Umthetho wokuvikela izifo udinga imvume evela kubaphathi abadala bezobulungisa, uqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zokuvikela ukuzivikela zithola ukuqondisa okufanele. U-Attorney umise uMsizi we-Athorney General noSekela-Mxhasi u-Attorney General we-Criminal, Antix, i-Civil Rights, i-Civil Environment and Natural Resources, kanye ne-Tax Divisions ukuba abukeze izicelo zokuvikela ukungenwa kwezifo ezindabeni ezabelwe ukuhlukana kwazo, nakuba lokhu kuvunyelwa kusangaphansi kweCriminational Division relation.

Le nqubo yokuvunyelwa kwezinga eliyinani isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukungaguquguquki ezinqumweni zokuzivikela futhi ivimbela abashushisi ngabanye ekutholeni iziphiwo ezigonyelweyo ezingase zingavumelani nezimiso ezibanzi zoMnyango noma izinto eziza kuqala.

Izivumelwano Ezivimbelayo

Ukuxoxisana kwezivumelwano zokuzivikela kuhilela izingxoxo ezibanzi phakathi kwabashushisi nabameli abavikelayo. Ukungathathi hlangothi kuvela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi kungase kube nemingcele, ngakho kubalulekile ukuqonda izivumelwano eziqondile umshushisi azenzayo ngaphambi kokuvuma. Abameli kumelwe bahlole ngokucophelela izimfuneko zanoma isiphi isivumelwano esihlongozwayo sokuzivikela komzimba ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi isivikelo esinikezwayo kanye nezibopho abazenzayo.

Izindaba eziyinhloko ezihilela izingxoxo zokuzivikela zihlanganisa:

• Ubukhulu bokuzivikela (okungahambisani nokusetshenziswa kwesimiso sokuzivikela)
• Indaba eqondile ehlanganiswa ukuzivikela
• Ukuthi ukuzivikela kuhlobene yini namacala noma kumane nje kuqashelwe amacala aqondile
• Izibopho zofakazi ngokuphathelene neqiniso nokuphelela kobufakazi
• Imiphumela yokuphula isivumelwano sokuzivikela
• Ukuthi lo mzimba uyasebenza yini kokubili ezikhundleni zikahulumeni nakuhulumeni
• Noma ikuphi ukulinganiselwa noma ukushiyeka komgodli wokuzivikela ezifweni

Ukwanda Kobudlwangudlwangu

Uma kungavamile, umuntu owake waba ufakazi angasivikela isigwegwe ngemva kokusithola. Lokhu kuvumela umshushisi ukuba asolwe ngokusekelwe ebufakazini babo. I - raiver ingabalula, okusho ukuthi ufakazi ufaka izimpawu zencwadi yokukhipha imvume ebhaliwe. Noma umlindi angase acace, okungase kwenzeke lapho ufakazi esho amazwi okuzithandela eqinisekisa umthetho ngaphandle kokuthi uyawavikela.

Ukuqonda izimo lapho ukugonywa kunganqandwa khona kubalulekile kofakazi nabameli babo. Abalahli bomthetho abangalawuleki bangaba nemiphumela ebhubhisayo, okungase kubangele ofakazi ukuba bamangalelwe ngokusekelwe emacaleni abo siqu.

Ukuhlangana Ezicini Ezihlukene Zezomthetho

Nakuba izingozi zokuzivikela ngokuvamile zihlobene nokuquliswa kwezigebengu, zifeza nendima ebalulekile kwezinye izimo ezingokomthetho, ngayinye inezici nezimfuneko zayo.

Impisi Enkulu Iyaqhubeka

Uphenyo olukhulu lwabahluleli luhilela iziphetho ezinikezwa abavikeli, njengoba abashushisi befuna ukuphoqelela ubufakazi kofakazi abangase banxuse ilungelo labo leSichibiyelo Sesihlanu. Ukufihla ukuqulwa kwamajaji amakhulu kanye namandla amakhulu aphenyiswayo ejaji kwenza ukuvikeleka ikakhulukazi kulomongo. OFakazi bangaphoqeleka ukuba bafakazele ngezenzo zobugebengu ngaphandle kokuchayeka obala, futhi abashushisi bangasebenzisa lobufakazi ukuze bathole ukuthi bukhona yini ubufakazi obanele ukuze bafune amacala.

Ukucwaninga Kwezingqungquthela

Ingxenye 6005 ihlanganisa ukuqulwa kwemithetho ye-cornodiation, inikeza indlela yokuphoqelela ufakazi ekuhloleni kwayo. Izivumelwano zomthetho zokuvikela uhulumeni ziye zasetshenziswa ekuhlolweni okukhulu okuhilela ukulondeka kwesizwe, ukonakala kukahulumeni, nezinye izindaba ezikhathaza umphakathi. Nokho, ukumiswa kwemithetho enqanda ukuvinjelwa kweqembu nokuvinjelwa kwecala kuye kwadala izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi, ikakhulukazi lapho ubufakazi obugonyelweyo bubhikisha izigebengu kamuva.

Intuthuko Yokuphatha

Ingxenye 6004 ihlanganisa ukuqulwa kwamacala okulawula, idlulisa amalungiselelo okuhlola ukulawulwa kwezimiso zokulwa nokulawula. Lokhu kuvumela izinhlangano zokuphatha ukuba ziphoqelele ubufakazi ekuhloleni kwazo kuyilapho zihlonipha amalungelo eSichibiyelo sesihlanu sofakazi. Ukuvikela komthetho kungabaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukugcinwa kwemithetho ehilela ukuphamba kwezentengiselwano, ukuphulwa kwezemvelo, izindaba zentela, nezinye izindawo lapho izinhlangano zokuqondisa zingenza khona ukuhlola okungase kuholele emiphumeleni yomphakathi neyezenzo zobugebengu.

Izwe Liqhathaniswa Nesimiso Somphakathi

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwesimiso sombuso nesimiso sokuzivikela komzimba nohulumeni budala ubunkimbinkimbi. Nakuba abashushisi bombuso nohulumeni bengase bathole ukuzivikela komthetho, futhi bobabili kumelwe bahloniphe iziphiwo zomunye zokuzivikela. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umuntu efakaza ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni owenqanda ukunqanda ukulwa, umshushisi wezwe akanakusebenzisa lobufakazi bokumangalela umuntu nganoma iyiphi indlela. Nakuba abashushisi kumelwe bamukele iziphiwo zokuzivikela, umbuso unikeza ukuvikeleka ngokuvikela okukhulu kuneSiphendulo seFind, esinjengesimiso sokuvikela imfucucucu, esingelwe yintengiselwano, asiboshelwa abashushisi bezwe yize banikezwe ukuphathwa njengokungathi bangabacuphi abashushisi abaphethe.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi ufakazi othola ukuzivikela komshushisi kahulumeni akavikelwe ngempela ekumangalelweni uhulumeni, nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni ungenakusebenzisa ubufakazi obugonyelwe.

Ukukhathalela OFakazi Nabavikeli Okuwusizo

Abantu ababhekene necala lobugebengu abacabangela ukwamukela ukugonywa noma ukubambisana nabashushisi, kumelwe bacabangele izinto eziningi eziwusizo ngokunakekela ngosizo lweseluleko somthetho esinokuhlangenwe nakho.

Ukubaluleka Kokumelela Ngokomthetho

Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi izinhlelo zokuhamba ngemishini nezindlela zokuvikela imfuno zidinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela. Iseluleko esingokomthetho sibalulekile kubantu abahileleke kulezi zinqubo ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi amalungelo abo avikelekile, futhi izinzuzo nezingozi zingaqondwa ngokugcwele. Akekho okufanele avume ekwakheni inqubo yokuzivikela noma ukuhlanganyela esiqenjini sokuhlola ngaphandle kokuqala kunommeli ongahlola amagama aqondile nalokho okushiwoyo.

Ummeli onokuhlangenwe nakho ovikela obugebengu angasiza ekuhloleni ukuthi ukuzivikela komzimba kunikeza isivikelo esanele yini, kukhulume amagama angcono, kuphawulwe izihibe ezingase zivele esivumelwaneni, futhi kunikezwe neziqondiso ezingokomthetho ezimayelana nokubambisana.

Ukucabangela Isikhathi Esifushane

Ukuthola ukuzivikela futhi uncishiswe amacala, isikhathi esincane noma ngisho nokulahlwa kwecala kungaba yithuba uma unokwaziswa okungasiza abashushisi. Uma abantu abaningi banalokhu kwaziswa, uma ushesha ukufuna ukuvikeleka, amathuba akho angcono kakhulu okukuthola. Abashushisi bavame ukunikeza ofakazi bokuqala abafika phambili, ngoba abadingi ababambi bosizo abanele uma sebethole ubufakazi obanele.

Lokhu kwakha "ibhukwana lokuya ehhovisi lomshushisi" elinamandla emacaleni ahilela ofakazi abaningi abangase bahloselwe. Ukulibala ekufuneni ukuzivikela kungaphumela ekulahlekelweni kwethuba ngokuphelele, njengoba abashushisi kungenzeka ukuthi kakade sebethole ukubambisana abakudingayo kwabanye ofakazi.

Ukuqonda Isibopho

OFakazi abamukela ukugonywa kumelwe baziqonde izibopho zabo ngaphansi kwesivumelwano. lezi zihlanganisa izimfuneko zokufakaza ngempela nangokuphelele, ukubambisana ngokugcwele nokuphenya, ukuvela ukuze kufakazelwe lapho kudingeka, nokungaxoxi ngecala nabanye okungenzeka bayizisulu zokuphenya.

Ukwehluleka ukufeza lezizibopho kungaphumela ekususweni kwesimiso sokuzivikela, ukumangalelwa, noma ukuquliswa icala. imiphumela yokuphula isivumelwano sokuzivikela ingaba mikhulu, okungase kuphumele ekumangalelweni kokubili ukuziphatha kwakuqala namacala engeziwe ahlobene nokudilizwa.

Imiphumela Ephawulekayo

Ngisho noma ukuvikeleka kokuzivikela ekuvimbeleni ukuquliswa kwecala, ofakazi kufanele baqaphele imiphumela engase ihlolwe. Ubufakazi obunikezwa ngaphansi kokuzivikela bungase bube obala, bungalimaza idumela lofakazi, ubuhlobo, namathemba omsebenzi. Iqiniso lokuthi othile ovikelekile ngokwalo lingabangela izimpawu ezimbi ngokuhileleka kwabo emsebenzini wobugebengu, ngisho noma bengasolwanga.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubufakazi obugonyiwe bungase busetshenziswe ekumangalelweni komphakathi, ukunikezwa kwesijeziso okungochwepheshe, izindaba zokufuduka, kanye nezinye izimo lapho ukuvikeleka kobugebengu kungasebenzi khona.

Ikusasa Lezokusebenzelana Kwama - Israyeli EJaji Eliyisela

Njengoba isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu siqhubeka siguquka, izinhlelo zokuzivikela ezivikelayo ziseyindaba yempikiswano eqhubekayo nenguquko engenzeka. Ababheki bezifo abahlukahlukene baye bahlongoza izinguquko zokuthi isivikelo sinikezwe kanjani futhi siphoqelelwe kanjani, bebonisa ukukhathazeka ngokulunga, ukuphumelela nokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nokugcinwa komthetho.

Izimfuneko Zokuguqula Izwe

Abanye abashisekeli benguquko basekela imingcele eyengeziwe ekusebenziseni ukuqapha abashushisi ekunikezeni isivikelo sokuzivikela, bephikisa ngokuthi izindinganiso ezicacile nokuqondisa okuqinile kunganciphisa amathuba okuxhashazwa futhi kuqinisekise ukuphathwa ngokungaguquki kwabamangalelwa abafanayo abasendaweni ezungezile. Abanye bahlongoza ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kokuzivikela kokuzivikela komthetho ukuze banikeze isivikelo esengeziwe kofakazi ababambisanayo, beveza ukuthi ukuthembela kwamanje ekusebenziseni isivikelo kubangela ukungaqiniseki okukhulu futhi kungase kwenqande ukubambisana.

Kuye futhi kwacelwa ukuba kube nobufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda ezinqumweni zokuzivikela, ezinye zisikisela ukuthi abashushisi kufanele bafune ukuthethelelwa ukuthi iziphi izipho ezinikezwa umphakathi ezivikelayo ezicini ezibalulekile. Lokhu kungasiza ekukhulumeni nomphakathi ngokungakhethi futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi ukugonyelwa kusekelwe ezidingweni ezingokomthetho ezigcinwayo zomthetho kunokuba kuhlonishwe noma ukucatshangelwa kwezombangazwe.

Izinselele Zobuchwepheshe

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe nasekwazini ukwaziswa kudala izinselele ezintsha zezivumelwano zokuvikela izifo. Ukwanda kwezokuxhumana ngogesi, imithombo yezokuxhumana, nobufakazi bemishini kwenza kube nzima ukuthola ukuthi ubufakazi abunabuphi ubufakazi bokugoma ngempela. Abashushisi kumelwe bahlole imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi ngokuthi ubufakazi bezobuchwepheshe obutholakele ngemva kokuba ukuzivikela kunikezwe buthonywe yizikhundla noma ukwaziswa okuthathwe ebufakazini bokugoma.

Ngokufanayo, ukusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa nokubikezela ukuhlaziywa kobugebengu ekuhloleni kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nendlela yokusebenzisa izimiso ezingokwesiko zokuvikela ezimweni ezintsha. Uma i-algorithm iveza umcabango osekelwe ngokwengxenye emifanekisweni eyambulwe ebufakazini bokugoma, ingabe lokho kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi obuvelayo?

Ukulinganisela Izithakazelo Eziphindisayo

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele nezimpikiswano, ukulwa kokuzivikela kuseyingxenye ebalulekile yesimiso sobulungisa. Kulinganisela isidingo seqiniso namalungelo abantu, kuqinisekisa ukuthi amacala angaqulwa ngokuphumelelayo kuyilapho eqashelwa ekuzibekeleni icala. Ukungezwani okuyisisekelo phakathi kwesidingo sikahulumeni sobufakazi namalungelo omthetho womthetho-sisekelo azoqhubeka ehlela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwemfundiso yokuzivikela.

Njengoba izinkantolo, izishaya - mthetho, nezazi ezingokomthetho ziqhubeka zilwisana nalezizindaba, izimiso eziyisisekelo ezivikelayo cishe ziyohlala zikhona: ukuvikeleka kumelwe kunikeze isivikelo esanele ukuze kunqotshwe ukuvinjelwa kweSichibiyelo Sesihlanu, kumelwe kunikezwe ngokusekelwe ezidingweni ezingokomthetho zokugcinwa komthetho, futhi kumelwe kuphoqelelwe ngendlela ethinta kokubili amalungelo abantu ngabanye nesithakazelo emphakathini ekumangalelweni ubugebengu ngokuphumelelayo.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kobunye EMthethweni Wesigebengu

Izivumelwano zezentengiselwano zimelela elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu naphikisanayo esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu. Zivumela abashushisi ukuba baphoqelele ubufakazi obungatholakali ngenxa yesivikelo seSichibiyelo sesihlanu, ukuveza ukuqulwa kwamacala amakhulu namaqembu obugebengu ayinkimbinkimbi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, baphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nokulunga, ubulungisa, kanye nemingcele efanele yokuqashelwa.

Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuzivikela komzimba, izindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezilawula ukusetshenziswa kwabo, kanye nemiphumela ewusizo kofakazi nabamangalelwa kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile ekumangalelweni kobugebengu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi njengomshushisi unquma ukuthi uzonikeza yini ukuvikela, ummeli onikeza ikhasimende ngokubambisana, noma ufakazi ocabangela ukuthi ukwamukela ukunqanda ukunqanda ukulwa, izigxobo ziphakeme futhi izinqumo zilandela.

Isisekelo somthetho-mthetho sokuvikela ekuvikelweni kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu sokuzimela esizweni esingesona esiqinile siqinisekisa ukuthi lezivumelwano ziyoqhubeka zifeza indima enkulu ekwahluleleni kobugebengu baseMelika. Njengoba isimo somthetho sishintsha futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha, izimiso ezilawulayo zokuvikela umuntu ngamunye ezidingweni zomphakathi, ukuvikela abangenacala lapho bebopha abanecala, nokufuna iqiniso uma kubhekiselwa ezivikelweni zomthetho-mthetho, kuhlala kusebenza njengakuqala.

Kulabo abafuna ukuqonda isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu, izivumelwano zokuzivikela ezifweni zinikeza ifasitela ezingxoxweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukubala, nezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezilawula indlela ubulungisa obusetshenziswa ngayo. Zibonisa kokubili ukuvumelana nezimo nezingxabano ezibangelwa isimiso okumelwe sivikele amalungelo abantu ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi zikhonze isithakazelo somphakathi ekubekeni umthetho ophumelelayo.

Ukuthi ukulwa ekugcineni kusebenza ubulungisa kuxhomeke endleleni ezisetshenziswa ngayo ngokuhlakanipha, ukuthi ofakazi bafakazela iqiniso noma ziqiniswe kahle yini, ukuthi izinkantolo ziphoqelela izivumelwano zokuvikela izikhali ngokufanelekile, nokuthi isimiso sisonke silondoloza ukulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kwezinzuzo ezincintisanayo lezo zivumelwano zokuvikela. Uma nje isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu sincike ebufakazini bokuqinisekisa icala, ukuvikeleka komzimba kuyohlala kuyithuluzi elibalulekile, uma bengaphelele, lokuveza iqiniso nokubeka abenzi bobubi icala.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngenqubo yobugebengu namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, vakashela uMnyango woMahluleli wase-U.S. noma Inhlangano yolwazi lomthetho eCornell Law School [. Izinqumo ezibhekene nezokuvikela ukuvikela kufanele zithintane nabameli abanolwazi abanganikeza isiqondiso esivumelana nezimo zabo eziqondile. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho nezinketho zakho kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekwenzeni izinqumo zolwazi kulezo zimo ongase ubhekane nazo.