Isimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi esiqondile − umqondo wokuthi izakhamuzi ngokwazo, hhayi abameleli bazo abakhethiwe kuphela, zingabhala futhi zivote emithethweni, [1] inemisuka ejulile emcabangweni wezombangazwe waseMelika. Phakathi kwenkulumo yazo enamandla kakhulu i-collator, inqubo evumela abavoti ukuba bashiye izishaya-mthetho zesizwe futhi bamise izinguquko ezithile ngokuqondile. Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ukuthatha ama-collet kuye kwalungisa intela, ubulungisa bobugebengu, umthetho wezidakamizwa, namalungelo okuvota kulo lonke elase-United States. Nakuba lezizinyathelo zisezinhlabeni ezinamandla kakhulu zokukhokha izivumelwano zezivumelwano zesizwe nezimiso.

Ziyini Izinyathelo Zokuqala Zezibhamu?

Isinyathelo sokuvota sihlongozwa ukuba kulungiswe umthetho noma umthetho-sisekelo ofakwa abavoti ebhokisini ngenqubo yokucela. Ngokungafani ne-metandendum . ebhekisela kumthetho okhona odluliselwa ngomkhandlu obuyela emuva kubavoti ukuze bavume noma benqatshwe ("inyathelo lokuqala) lisuka ngokuphelele kuvoti-ovota. Izakhamuzi zihlela ulimi, ziqoqe izignesha, futhi uma kuqoqwa inombolo esemthethweni, isilinganiso siya evotini yasobala. Isiphetho sithwala amandla omthetho.

Lomqondo usukela emuva eNkathini ehamba phambili yasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Abashisekeli benguquko bafuna ukunqanda amandla emishini yezombangazwe nezithakazelo zezinhlangano ngokunikeza abantu abavamile izwi eliqondile ekubuseni. I-Oregon yayiwumbuso wokuqala ukuba usebenzise inqubo yokuqala ngo-19902, futhi ngo-1818, amazwe angu-20 aye alandela isudi. Namuhla, amazwe angu-24 ne-Fographim aseColumbia avumela uhlobo oluthile lwezinyathelo zokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala noma ukuthatha i-arententeum esezingeni, kuyilapho amadolobha amaningi nababalwayo futhi evumela inyathelo lendawo. i-National Conference of State Legactlatures (NCSLL)[FL:1] ilondoloza ukwaziswa okuningiliziweyo ngendlela lenqubo ehluka ngayo.

Inqubo Yokuqalisa Kwebhola: Thatha Isinyathelo

Nakuba imithetho ethile ihluka kuye ngokwesifundazwe, indlela evamile yokuthatha isinyathelo sokuvota ilandela izigaba eziningana ezivamile.

Ukuphoqelela Isicelo

Iqembu noma iqembu ngalinye (ngokuvamile) lifuna imvume yokubekwa kummeli jikelele noma ibhodi elimisiwe lesihloko se-operar, inzuzo, noma izinhlangano zezentengiselwano . Lokhu kulungisa umbhalo womthetho ohlongozwayo. Lombhalo kumelwe ucace, uzwakale ngokomthetho, futhi uvumelane nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Izizwe eziningi zifuna ukuba udwendwe lunikezwe ummeli jikelele wezwe noma ibhodi elimisiwe lokubukeza isihloko kanye nenhlawulo ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe ukuhlanganisa. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isilinganiso sihlanganisa isihloko esisodwa futhi asidukisi.

Ukubuthana Kwesignesha

Abasekeli kumelwe baqoqe inani eliqondile lezisayithi ezibhalisiwe kubavoti. Umnyango udla ngokuba amaphesenti amavoti aphonswa kukhetho lokugcina lwe-gubernator(ngokuvamile phakathi kwe 5% ne-15% kuxhomeke ekutheni kuyi-stateary noma i-ampectrictive. Ngokwesibonelo, eCalifornia, i-actritation ifuna ukuba isayinwe elingana ne-5% yamavoti aphonswe umbusi, kanti i-antementmentment idinga u-8%. EFlorida, imfuneko ingu-8% ye-amperements zomthetho-mfashini. Ukuhlanganisa umbhiyonganiso yinqubo yokusebenza esemthethweni; izinkampani ezingochwepheshe ziqashwa njalo, kodwa izinkampani zotshalo zotshalo zithembele futhi ezintwini zotshalweni ezivunyelweyo. Inkathi i-90 iyahlukahlukahluka-ka kakhulu, ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-90 kuya eminyakeni emibili.

3. Ukuqinisekiswa Nesiqinisekiso

Izikhulu ze-option zihlola izignome ezifakiweyo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi ziyasebenza, okusho ukuthi umvoti uyasebenza, futhi isignesha ihambisana nerekhodi labo lokubhalisa. Amazwe asebenzisa isampuli noma ukuqinisekisa okuphelele. Uma kuqinisekiswa izignesha ezisebenzayo, isilinganiso siyaqinisekiswa ku-colot. Uma isilinganiso sifinyeza, inyathelo lokuthatha i-odoctle liyahluleka. Ezinye izifunda zivumela “inkathi yokuzilungisa” ukuqoqa izignesha ezengeziwe.

4. Umkhankaso Nomcimbi

Lapho isigunyaziwe, lesi silinganiso singena enkundleni yamavoti. Imikhankaso yokuphakamisa imali nokuphikisana nokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala, ukukhangisa, nokuhlanganyela empikiswaneni yomphakathi. Ngosuku lokhetho, abavoti babona isilinganiso (ngokuvamile nenombolo noma iposi) kanye nombuzo we-collet. Iningi lamavoti akhankanyiwe cishe lanele ukuba lidluliswe, ngaphandle kwemikhankaso yomthetho-sisekelo kwezinye izindawo ezifuna i-supermajority (umz. 60% eFlorida).

Izinhlobo Zokuqalisa Kwebhola

Ukuqonda izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko − sta izinhlelo zokufundisa nokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo — kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izinyathelo ezithathwayo ezihlobene ngayo nomthetho okhona.

Izinyathelo Zokumisa Imithetho

Lezi ziveza imithetho emisha noma ukulungisa imithetho ekhona. Zithwala isisindo esingokomthetho esifanayo nesomthetho odluliswa yisishaya-mthetho. Nokho, ezizweni eziningi, isishaya-mthetho singalungisa noma sithathe isinyathelo sokunquma ngemva kokudlula, ngokuvamile ngemva kwesikhathi sokulinda (umz. iminyaka emibili) noma ngevoti enkulu. Lokhu kuvumela izishaya-mthetho ukuba zilungise imininingwane yezimiso kuyilapho zilondoloza inhloso yazo.

Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo

Lezi zihlongoza izinguquko kumthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Ngenxa yokuthi imithetho-mthetho iyibhukwana eliyisisekelo lomthetho wezwe, kunzima ukuthatha izinyathelo zokudlulisa i-'spective','imithetho eqinile elandela i-consis', futhi ngokuvamile izimfuneko zokuvota ezinkulu. Uma ikhona, kunzima kakhulu ukuyiguqula; enye inguquko yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo (noma isinqumo senkantolo kazwelonke) ingayisusa. Lokhu kwenza ukuba umthetho-sisekelo uthathe izinyathelo zokuthatha imingcele enzima kakhulu.

Kulezi zigaba, ezinye zisho futhi “zinezinyathelo ezingaqondile.” Enkathini engaqondile, isilinganiso sibekwa kuqala kundlu yomthetho. Uma isishayamthetho sisamukela, isilinganiso siba umthetho ngaphandle kwevoti yomphakathi. Uma isishayamthetho senqaba noma sihluleka ukwenza okuthile, inyathelo lokuqala lihamba kumphathi webhola. Lendlela exubile ihlose ukunika izigebengu ithuba lokuxazulula izindaba ngaphambi kokuba zibabeke okhethweni olungase lube nombango.

Ukubaluleka Kwezinyathelo Zokuqala Zezibhamu Ebuthweni Lentando Yeningi

Izindlela zomdlalo zifeza imisebenzi efinyelela impumelelo engaphezu kokwenza imithetho elula. Kuyi-secondar yemithetho, umzila wesakhamuzi, nomshayeli wesivumelwano sezombangazwe.

Amandla Ezakhamuzi

Izinyathelo ezithatha abantu abavamile zinikeza indima eqondile ekwenzeni umthetho lapho izikhulu ezikhethiwe zingasabeli noma zinganaki izithakazelo ezikhethekile. La mandla angaphoqelela izishaya-mthetho ukuba zixazulule izindaba ezingcono ezingazishaya indiva − njengensangu yezokwelapha, ukwanda kweholo elilinganiselwe, noma ushintsho oluncane. Ukucwaninga okungokobuzwe kusikisela ukuthi ukuba khona kwenqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo kukhuthaza ukumiswa kwemithetho ezindabeni ezithandwayo, njengoba abenzi bomthetho befuna ukukhulula isakhamuzi.

Ukulungisa Inqubo

Ama-Massachusetts noWashington benza i-aspect yempilo yonke ngokuthatha izinyathelo phambi koMthetho we-Affordhable Care Act. I-Marijuana yaqalwa ngokomthetho eColorado nase Washington ngezindlela zokuvota, hhayi ngezikhulu zikahulumeni, hhayi izishaya-mthetho zomthetho. Lokhu kuhlola kunikeza ukwaziswa okuzisa impikiswano yezwe. [[FLT:] [FLT]]

Ukulandisa Nokuziphendulela

Uma abamisi-mthetho bazi ukuthi izakhamuzi zingawadlula, bangase bawaqaphele kakhulu umbono womphakathi. Lokhu “kungathuthukisa izinga ledemokrasi emelela abameleli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyathelo zingasebenza njengendlela yokukhulula ukukhungatheka komphakathi, ukuletha ukunganeliseki enqubweni eyakhayo, ebophayo ngokomthetho kunokuphikisa noma ukungalaleli kwesizwe.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwesivumelwano

Inqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo ifundisa abavoti futhi ihlonze ukuba bahlanganyele. Ukubuthana kwesigqebhezana, umkhankaso wokuzithandela, nokuvota ezitebhisini eziphakeme kwandisa ukuqashelwa kwezombangazwe nokuthathwa. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ngokuthatha izinyathelo ezivamile zamavoti kuvame ukuba nokhetho oluphezulu. Iziqu zinikeza imiphakathi emelelweyo indlela yokuqhubekisela phambili izimiso ezivinjelwe izishaya-mthetho.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Kwabantu Abaqalayo Ekubeni Ibhola

Naphezu kokukhanga kwabo kwentando yeningi, abavoti babhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu nokugxekwa okufanelekile.

Ukukhathala Kwemali Nokwaziswa Okuningi

Kwezinye izifunda, amabhola athatha amakhasi amaningi isikhathi eside nezinyathelo eziningi. Ama-2024 ayinhloko aseCalifornia aveza izinyathelo eziyisikhombisa ezisezweni lonke, futhi amavoloti avamile angahlanganisa izinyathelo eziyishumi noma ngaphezulu. Amavota angayeka ukuthatha isinyathelo noma avote yebo/engenazo izincazelo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu kungaholela emithethweni engekho kahle ekhona engenamiphumela.

Imikhankaso Edukisayo Nobunkimbinkimbi

Izinyathelo ezithathayo zivame ukusebenzisa ulimi olulula, olungokomzwelo olufihla ubunkimbinkimbi bangempela. Ngokwesibonelo, isilinganiso esithile esibizwa ngokuthi “Khusela Abantwana Bethu” singandisa isigwebo esifunyaniswayo ngaphandle kokubhekisa ejele ekukhangiseni ngokweqile. Abaphikisayo bangasebenzisa izikhangiso ezisekelwe ekwesabeni. Ngoba abavoti abakwazi ukuwulungisa umbhalo − kuphela noma ukuwenqaba ngokuphelele. Umthetho wesihloko esisodwa usiza kodwa awuyiqedi inkinga.

Ithonya Lezimali Nokungalingani

Imboni yokuqoqa isigqebhezana nezindleko zomkhankaso zenza umngcele omkhulu wokungena. Umkhankaso wezobuchwepheshe embusweni omkhulu ungabiza izigidi zamaRandi. Abantu abacebile nezinkampani zingafaka isigqebhezana sokusayina amasondo nokukhangisa, okungaminyaniswa izindondondo zotshani. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi imikhankaso eqhutshwe kahle iphumelela, ikakhulukazi uma iphikisa isinyathelo. Inqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo ingaba ithuluzi lezithakazelo ezikhethekile kunokuba ibe yithuluzi elilinganayo kubo.

Izingxabano Ezingokomthetho Nezomthetho - sisekelo

Izinyathelo ezithatha inyathelo zingase zingqubuzane nomthetho kahulumeni, umthetho-mthetho wezwe, noma amalungelo ombuso. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Arizona’s Proposition 200 (ifuna ubufakazi obuqinile be-indawo yokuvota) yahlaselwa ngokwengxenye yizinkantolo zikahulumeni. Isinqumo seCalifornia u-8 (ukuvimbela umshado ofanayo wesixxx) sapheshulwa yi-Ninth struction. Izinkantolo zibukeza izinyathelo zobukhomfa bomthetho-mthetho-mfantu, kodwa lenqubo ithatha isikhathi eside futhi iyabiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyathelo ezivunyelwe abavoti azinakuvuselelwa kalula, zivule i-projectedssss lapho imithetho ye-sejwayekile noma inenkinga.

Izinselele Zokuqeda Imibuso Yaseburhulumenteni Nezokulwa

Imithetho emisiwe ayinayo intuthuko enikezwa amakomiti emithetho elawulayo. Ukubekwa kweziqu ngolimi kuholela ekuhlaziyweni kokufezwa. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zingamelana noma zibambezele ukugcinwa komthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo seFlorida 4, esibuyisela amalungelo okuvota kubagebengu 4, esibhekene nenzondo esheshayo eyadala imingcele emisha, edinga ukumiswa kweminye imingcele eqhubekayo enkantolo.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Abaqalayo Ukuthatha I - Landmark Ballot

Ukuhlola izinyathelo eziqondile kwembula ukuguqula kwazo ($fuse) futhi ngezinye izikhathi kubangela ukuxabana (amandla).

I - California Proposition 13 (1978)

Intela yempahla eyi-prop 13 ekhucululwe ngenani lentela elingu-1% yenani elihlolwayo kanye nokwanda okulinganiselwe ngonyaka kube ngamaphesenti amabili, kudlulisa ukulawula kwenkambiso yentela kuhulumeni bendawo. Kwabangela ukuvukela kwentela ezweni lonke futhi kwalungisa kabusha indawo yezikhulu zeCalifornia. Nakuba ituswa ngokuvikela abanikazi bezindlu, abagxeki bayiphikisa ngokuthi yaziduba izikole zendawo kanye nezinkonzo, ineqhaza ezinkingeni zemali kahulumeni ezingapheli. Impumelelo yayo ikhuthaza ukukopisha intela ye-cat ezilinganisweni kwezinye izifunda.

ISichibiyelo SeColorado 64 (202)

Lesi sinyathelo sokuzilibazisa esigunyaza insangu kubantu abadala 21 nangaphezulu, sidala intengo elawulayo. Kwakuyisikhathi esibaluleke kakhulu ekuguquleni inqubo yezidakamizwa. Isilinganiso sasihlanganisa amalungiselelo entela nemithetho, ukuveza amakhulu ezigidi zemali kuhulumeni. Ukuhlola okulandelayo kubonisa ukuthi ukwanda okukhulu kokusetshenziswa kwentsha noma izingozi zezimoto, nakuba ukukhathazeka ngokushayela okukhubazekile nokuthengisa ngezentengiselwano ezimnyama kuyaqhubeka.

ISichibiyelo SaseFlorida 4 (208)

Lokhu kubuyiselwa kwamalungelo okuvota angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-1.4 abaholi ababeqede imigwebo yabo. Yadlula ngo 64% wevoti, isivumelwano esiyivelakancane se-bipartisan. Nokho, isishaya-mthetho esilawulwa yiRepublic sidlulise isibambiso ngokushesha esifuna ukuba abahlawuli bemali yokukhokha imali ehlawulisiwe kanye nemali ngaphambi kokuba baphinde bathole ilungelo lokuvota [1] isimo sabagxeki babiza intela yokuvota. Umthetho wasekelwa ngokwengxenye yi-Preenth Frigatent, futhi lendaba iyaqhubeka ikhona. Icala libonisa indlela ukuphonsa i-provition engalulaza ngayo i-votiveractive.

Ukuma KweCalifornia 22 2020

Iprop 22 ehlelwe izinombolo zezinkampani ezinjenge-Uber ne Lyft njengezisebenzi ezizimele, ezikhulula emithethweni yezisebenzi kahulumeni edinga izinzuzo neholo eliphansi. U-Uber, Lyft, nezinye izinkampani ze-gig zichithe imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-R950 (R9,5) irekhodi lomkhankaso we-bollat mea yemali edluliswayo. Abaxhasi baveza ukuthi kwagcinwa ukuvumelana komshayeli; abaphikisi bathi kuxhaphaza izisebenzi. Kamuva isinyathelo sabuswa isikhulu sesizwe, kodwa isinqumo sidluliswa. Lesi sinqumo siqokomisa indima yemali yezenkampani emikhankampani yezo yezoqulo.

Isilinganiso Se - Oregon 110 (2020)

Lesinyathelo sokuthola isilinganiso esincane sayo yonke imilaliso, kuhlanganise ne-heroin ne cocaine, futhi sabuyisela imali egciniwe ekusetshenzisweni kokuluthwa. Sadlula ngo- 58% wevoti. Imiphumela yakuqala yaxubana: ukufa kwabantu abasebenzisa izidakamizwa ngokweqile ekuqaleni, nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi kwawudida lo mkhuba. Abagxeki bakhomba ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa zomphakathi kanye nokungabi namakhaya kuyimiphumela emibi. Ngo-2024, i-Oregon comporanceston yabuyeka kancane kancane isilinganiso, iphinde ithathe izithuba ezingxenyeni ezithile zomphakathi. Isilinganiso se-110% sibonisa ukuthi inqubo yevota-ectivective ingenza inseleleke kakhulu.

Ubuchwepheshe, Ukubonakala Kwemvelo Nekusasa Lezinti Zomlotha

Amathuluzi emishini ashintsha indlela yokuthatha izinhlelo, ukuphakanyiswa, nokuphikiswa. Ukuhlanganisa i-Online, nakuba kuphikiswana futhi kushiywe imithetho kahulumeni, kunganciphisa izithiyo zokungena. Imithombo yezokuxhumana ivumela imikhankaso yotshani ukuba ifinyelele izigidi ngaphandle kokukhangisa okungokwesiko. Nokho, futhi kusiza ukuqamba amanga . i-eeveefake video kanye nokusho okungamanga kungathonya abavoti ezinyatheloni eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Izimiso zokuvota ezisekelwe ku-blockchain zihlolwa ukuze kukhethwe ngokulondekile nangokuqinisekiswa, ezinganciphisa ukukhathazeka kokukhwabanisa. Nokho ukucindezeleka okuyinhloko kusele: ukuthatha isinyathelo kuyithuluzi elibukhali lenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi. Brennan Center for Justice[ ihlola indlela izinguquko eziye zahlelwa ngayo zenzakalela ngokusemthethweni, njengokulawula okunesibopho okunemiphumela eqinile, nezinqubo zokubukeza isigaba esiningi, futhi ukubukeza okungaphezulu-ka-kaningi okungathuthukisa ngayo isimiso ngaphandle kokusisusa.

Ezinye iziphakamiso zisekela “isibonelo esinempumelelo”: ngemva kokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala, izakhamuzi ezikhethiwe zihlola ubufakazi futhi zinikeze umbiko othunyelwa kunoma yimuphi umvoti ngaphambi kokhetho. ICalifornia iye yazama izinhlelo ezinjalo“ zobubonisi”. Eminye imiqondo ihlanganisa ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuhlanganisa izinombolo zokushona kwelanga noma ukubukeza ngezikhathi ezithile, ivumela ukulungisa lapho izimo zishintsha.

Isiphetho

Izindlela zokulwa ziye zabonakala zibalulekile, uma zingaphelele, njengendlela yokuhileleka ngokuqondile kwezakhamuzi ekwenzeni umthetho. Zinika abavoti amandla okumisa ushintsho lapho izishaya-mthetho zimisa izinqubo zokuhlela, futhi zikhuthaza ukubophana kwesizwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, basengozini yokusebenzisa kabi imali, ukubhucungwa, nokuphikisana okungokomthetho. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha futhi bungahlaziyiwe ngokwezombangazwe, ikusasa le-collet liyohlanganisa izinguquko ezingokwesiko eziklanyelwe ukulondoloza amandla abo edemocritial kuyilapho bewahlula amaphutha abo. Uma kuvela ngokusayinwa, ukubhalisa, noma ukubheka iposi, umgomo uhlala unjalo: ukunikeza izakhamuzi iphimbo enengqondo ekulungiseni imithetho ebusayo.