Ilungelo lokubhekana nabamangaleli emacaleni angokomthetho liyinsika eyisisekelo yobulungisa eye yavela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, iguqula izimiso zomthetho ovamile futhi ithonya inqubo yobugebengu emhlabeni wonke. Lelilungelo liqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abamangalelwa ngecala banethuba elibalulekile lokubhekana nobufakazi obumelene nabo, ukubekela ubufakazi obunikezwayo, nokulwa nobufakazi obunganqamukiyo. Kusebenza njengesivikelo esibalulekile ekuvikelweni okungalungile, ukuvuma izono, nobufakazi obuyimfihlo emhlabeni wonke. Uhambo olungokomlando lwalelilungelo ▪ kusukela emithethweni yokuqulwa kwesiNgisi yasendulo kuya enqubeni yayo yemithetho yezomthetho yanamuhla neyamazwe ahlukene ukulwa komthetho wesivumelwano. Lesi sihloko sihlola isihluthulelo somlando, izenzakalo zanamuhla, izinselele zomthetho, izinselele ezingokomlando, izinselele zesikhathi samanje, izinselele ezikhona.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yelungelo

Umsuka welungelo lokubhekana nofakazi ungalandelelwa ezimisweni zomthetho zasendulo, kodwa uhlu lwawo oluqondile lusekelwe eNgilandi enkathini ephakathi. Ngaphambi kokuvela kwecala lomthetho, ukwahlulela kwakuqala kwesiNgisi kwancike ezindleleni eziwubufakazi ezinjengokuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukulwiwa, nokuphikiswa. Lezizindlela azihilelanga ubufakazi obuphilayo, ingasaphathwa eyodwa impikiswano. Ilungelo lalingekho ngoba abamangalelwa babengenalo ithuba lokungabaza abamangaleli nganoma yimuphi umqondo onengqondo.

Ukushintshwa kwaqala nge-Asteresize yeClarendon (116) kanye nokukhula kwesimiso sabahluleli ngaphansi kukaHenry II. Abameleli babengofakazi bokuqala ababenikeza ukwaziswa okusekelwe olwazini lwendawo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abahluleli baqala ukuthola indikimba ebekwe enkantolo elalele ofakazi abanikezwayo. Nokho, abamangalelwa ngokuvamile babebhekene nabamangaleli abangaziwa kanye nobufakazi obuyimfihlo, ikakhulukazi ekulingweni kwezombangazwe nasekuvukeleni umbuso. [FL:] Imvume yezwe, nakuba ingasho ukuthi ibekwa ngokucacile, yabekwa isisekelo ngeSahluko 45 ukuthi “akukho umuntu okhululekile ozoba .. . . . .

Phakathi nekhulu le-14 nele-15, iPhalamende lamisa imithetho (umz. 1352, 1367) eyayidinga ofakazi ekuvukeleni umbuso nasemacala okuqulwa kwamacala okungalawuleki. Nokho, lo mkhuba wahlala ungafani. Umthetho ovamile kancane kancane wahlanganisa umqondo wokuthi ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuba khona nokuzwa ubufakazi obumelene nabo. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 leminyaka, uMnum John Fortescue, emsebenzini wakhe uDe Bus Bus Leglia [, wancoma umkhuba wesiNgisi wokuqulwa kwamacala obala nofakazi abahlolwayo. Le nkathi yaphawulwa inqumo ehamba kancane kodwa eqonde esithombeni sezelini namuhla.

Intuthuko Ngomlando Ongokomthetho

Ikhulu Leshumi Nesithupha Neshumi Nasikhombisa: Ukusuka E - mfihlo Processings Kuya Eqenjini Lokwahlukana

Ikhulu le-16 nele-17 labona izinguquko ezinkulu ezingokwenqubo yobugebengu baseNgilandi. Icala elidume kabi likaSir Walter Raleigh ngo-163 laba inguquko. URaleigh walahlwa icala lokuvukela umbuso ngokuyinhloko ngesisekelo sokuvuma okubhaliwe ngukhokhokho ongakaze avele enkantolo. URaleigh wafuna ngokuphindaphindiwe ilungelo lokubhekana nommangaleli wakhe, uLord Cobam, kodwa inkantolo yaphika isicelo sakhe. Lelicala ladalula ukungabi nabulungisa kobufakazi obuyimfihlo nombono wasobala womphakathi ngenxa yamalungelo empi. Abahlaziyi basemthethweni, kuhlanganise noSir Edward Coke, baphikisa ngokuthi ummangalelwa kumelwe avunyelwe ukubhekana nofakazi ukuze ahlole ukuthembeka kwakhe.

Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwenkosi kaStuart Stuart Camber ne-High Commission − amakhonsathi ayesebenza ngaphandle kwemikhandlu futhi ngokuvamile ayencike ekubhalweni kwezicelo zokuguqula inguquko. Ngemva kweMpi Yombango yaseNgilandi neNkulumbuso yokuBuyisela, iPhalamende laqeda iStar Chamber ngo-1641. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-161, umthetho ovamile wawuseke ngokuqinile isimiso sokuthi ubufakazi kumelwe bunikezwe ngomlomo nangenkantolo evulekile, ifanelwe ukuwela i-tablette cishe ngecala noma ngeseluleko. ISiphakamiso se-Treath se-169669 saqinisa abaningi balezi sivikelo, sidinga ofakazi ababili besenzo esifanayo futhi sinikeze ilungelo lokunikezwa amakhophi enkantolo enecala futhi sinikezwe uhlu lofakazi.

IMelika Eyikoloni Nokuthuthuka Kombangi UClaus

Amasiko angokomthetho ase-Ngilandi ayeya emakoloni aseMelika, lapho amalungelo empi ayehlanganiswa khona kaningi emithetho yamakoloni nemithetho engokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iMassachusetts Body of Liberes (1641) yaqinisekisa ukuthi “bonke abantu abaphila noma isitho noma igama noma impahla ngeke basuswe ... kodwa... ngaphandle kokuba bavunyelwe ukuzwiwa, babhekane ubuso nobuso.” Ngokufanayo, iPennsylvania Frame of Government (1682) neNew York Charter of Liberties (1683) yabaphathi be-Icelation.

Izehlakalo zamakoloni nesimiso samakoloni namaphekula ezinkantolo zaseBrithani (ezigqekeza) kanye nokusetshenziswa “kofakazi phesheya” kwabangela izikhalo ezaholela ekuvukeleni kweNguquko. ISimemezelo se - Independent sabala ukunqatshelwa kwecala ngabahluleli njengecala, kodwa ukunqatshwa kokuphikisana kwaba futhi kuyinto ekhathazayo. Ngemva kokuzimela, iBill of Rights, eyahlongozwa ngo 17899 futhi yagunyazwa ngo-1791, yahlanganisa iSiphendulo seSikhathi seSixwex, esisho ngokucacile ukuthi: “Kuzo zonke izigebekelelo zezelo, ukumangalelwa kwecala kuzoba nelungelo... ukubhekana nofakazi bakhe.” Lesi simo saba yisinqumo senqubo yobugebengu yaseMelika, sibonakalisa isinqumo soMsunguli sokugwema ukuqulumo lwezinze nezinkolelo oluyimfihlo ababenakho ngaphansi kokubusa kweBrithani.

Izenzakalo Ezibalulekile Ezingokomthetho

I - English Bill of Rights (1689)

Nakuba yayikhathalela ngokuyinhloko imibuso yombuso wenkosi nePhalamende, i-Ngisi Bill of Rights yayinemilungiselelo eyayisekela ngokungaqondile ilungelo lokubhekana nabamangaleli. ISiphakamiso 10 salahla “ukudingeka kwebheyili eshisiwe yabantu ababenziwa emacaleni obugebengu ... futhi zonke izithembiso zemali kanye nezithembiso zokukhokhwa kwabantu abathile ngaphambi kokuvunyelwa kwecala.” Ngokuqondile, uBill of Rights waqinisekisa ilungelo lezikhonzi lokunxusa inkosi futhi wenqabela“ isijeziso esingavamile.” Izazi ezingokomthetho zivame ukukhomba i-1689 Bill njengengxenye yenhlangano ebanzi eqondene nezinqubo zokuqulwa komthetho olungileyo, kuhlanganise nomkhuba wokuvumela abamangalelwa ukuba babhekane nofakazi.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha Somthetho - sisekelo Wase - United States (1791)

ISiphazamiso Sesithandathu siyisiqinisekiso esicacile somthetho-mthethweni selungelo lokubhekana nofakazi ezweni lesiNgisi elikhulumayo. Siyanikeza: “Kuzo zonke izigebengu, ummangalelwa uzojabulela ilungelo ... ukuze abhekane nofakazi abamelene naye.” Lesivumelwano sisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni, futhi ngokusebenzisa iSimemezelo se-Genetith Resmement Claus, siye safakwa ekusebenziseni izikhungo (bona [[FL:0]] iPointer v. Texas, 380. U. 400.65). INkantolo Ephakeme ichaza ukuvikelwa kuka Claus u Claus ukuze inikeze isivikelo esithathu esisobala: [FL:] [FL:], ukubekwa kwesokudla, ukuhlangana kokwasekunene ukuya kofakazi bokuhle, nokukwethukela ngaphandle kwe-Cextransten, i-Cexpomine [[3] kulokhu kuchazwa ngokufunze:] futhi kusobala.[4] i-F4]

Ukuqashelwa Kwezizwe Zonke

Ilungelo lokubhekana nabamangaleli aliqashelwanga e-United States kuphela. Kuyaqashelwa ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho, kuhlanganise neyase-United Kingdom, eCanada, e-Australia, namazwe aseYurophu. International parant Parant on Civil and Political Rights (ICPR)[FLPR], Artic 14(3), iqinisekisa “ukuhlola, noma ukuhlola, ofakazi abamelene naye futhi bathole i-spointssion nokuhlolwa kofakazi ngaphansi kwemibandela efanayo.” [[FLT:] I-Eupanon ku- Human Rights (ECH)[FLT) [FLT], iSiphakamiso esingu-6(3), inselele, ngokufanayo inikeza ofakazi abazofakazi abakhona futhi bahlolweyo yonke indawo. I-[FLT] I-octive Consurectorymentstionsston ishod produced producedmentssssssssssssssssssssssssss

Ukubaluleka Kwanamuhla

Namuhla, ilungelo lokubhekana nabamangaleli liseyingxenye ebalulekile yezimiso zokwahlulela zobugebengu emhlabeni wonke. Kufeza imisebenzi eminingi: kuvumela u-Fansofinder ukuba abone isimo sofakazi, adalule ukungavumelani nobandlululo ngokuhlola i-parn à project, futhi avimbele ubufakazi bamanga noma obudukisayo. Ilungelo futhi lisekela ikhono lommangalelwa lokuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekuzivikeleni. Ngaphandle kokuxabana, ukuqulwa kwecala kubeka izingozi ekubeni yicala lapho ummangalelwa ewumculi ophoqele ekupheni kunokuba abe umhlanganyeli okhuthele.

E-United States, i-Bhactive Calaus ibiyindaba yemfundiso enkulu yeNkantolo Ephakeme. Ngemva , izinkantolo kumelwe zihlukanise phakathi kwe- “inani elilinganayo” ne-“ataliphalial”. Amazwana okuhlola. /Amazwi aphikisanayo" njengemibuzo yamaphoyisa, i-affidavits, futhi ngaphambi kokulingwa. Ize yakhanselelwa i-parton. [2] izinkulumo ezithi zikamngane, amarekhodi ebhizinisi alungiselelwe izinjongo zenqubo ezivamile) awaphuli thuba uma ehluleka phakathi kwenhlebe. [Fogg.] [2], i-ogggg.[2] [5], i-ogg.[4] i-offase, i-oggconfice .[4] i-off.[4] i-ogconfie, i-ose: project: profile : profile [ase : : : [2]

Ilungelo futhi linemiphumela ewusizo kumthetho wobufakazi wanamuhla. Imithetho yokulalela esemthethweni ejwayelekile iklanyelwe ukuvimbela amajaji ukuba anganciki ezitatimendeni ezingahlolwanga. Imfuneko yokubhekana nempi inikeza ulwembu olungaphezulu lwesivikelo, iqinisekisa ukuthi ofakazi bakhona ukuze banqamule. Ezimisweni zomthetho, nakuba amalungelo angokomthetho okuphikisana angase angabi sobala, abamangalelwa ngokuvamile banelungelo lokubuza ofakazi ngomahluleli noma ngokuqondile, futhi baphikise ubufakazi obaqalwa abamangalelwa.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano

Ukulinganisela Izithakazelo Eziphindisayo

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi aliphelele. Izinkantolo kumelwe zililinganise ngokumelene nezinye izithakazelo eziphoqelelwe, njengofakazi abavikelekile (abantwana, izisulu zokuhlaselwa ngokobulili, abantu abakhubazekile engqondweni), ukuvikela ukulondeka kofakazi besizwe, nokuqinisekisa ukulondeka kokwesaba ukuphindisela. Izikhulu eziningi ziye zamisa izinqubo ezikhethekile ukuze zivumele ofakazi abasengozini ukuba banikeze ubufakazi obungavikelekile busuka kuthelevishini noma ku-teographictifit, uma ummangalelwa ethola ithuba elibalulekile lokunqamuleka. [[FLT:] U. [[FLT:] U.S.NKAR.[FLT: 1] INKAR. engaphezulu] inqubo engaphezulu yobufakazi obubalulekile ingubufakazi obubalulekile obuqhubekayo.

Izwi Elihlukile Nesihluthu

Ngokwesiko kusuka ohlelweni lwenzwabethi [1] njengezimemezelo ezifayo, amazwi avusa amadlingozi, kanye nezinkulumo ezimelene nesithakazelo − zingavumela ukusungulwa kwezitatimende zobufakazi ngaphandle kokuphikisana uma ideclarant ingekho. Nokho, iposi[FLT], izinkantolo zifuna ukuba ukuvinjelwa kubonise ukungafezeki kofakazi futhi ummangalelwa abe nethuba langaphambili lokunqamule i-prengradain (noma ukuthi ufakazi walahlekelwa ilungelo ngokukhokha okwenzile). [[FFLT:]] [FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT:[FLT]] [FLT: 3]] ufaka ufakazi owenhloso owengamabomushongowokunga ukubunga umbiko ofakazi. [5] [5], u-FT], uzama ukuvimbela ukuvuma kofakazi.[5]

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nobufakazi Obuyimikhakha

Ezimweni ezihilela ubuphekula, ubuphekula, noma ezinye izindaba ezibucayi, ngezinye izikhathi ohulumeni bafuna ukuthembela ebufakazini obungatholakali obungachazeki ngokugcwele kummangalelwa. Lokhu kudala ukungezwani okuqondile nokuphikisana kanye nokuxabana. Amazwe amaningi aye athatha izinqubo ezikhethekile zokusekela noma ukuvala inqubo (umz., i-Court of Human Rights of Human Rights Act ye-United Kingdom, noma i-Decurity and Security Act ka-2013, ifuna ukwaziswa okwanele ukuze kuphumelele; ukusebenzisa i-mfihlo ubufakazi ngaphandle kokulahla i-ECH 6 ye-ECHRBR. Nokho, izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu ziye zagxeka izinqubo ezinjalo njengokululaza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala. INkantolo yaseYurophu yezomthetho yamalungelo abantu iye yakholelwa ukuthi nakuba ukulondeka kwezwe, ukumangalelwa okumelwe kunikezwe ukwaziswa okwanele ukuze kube nenselele; ukusebenzisa ubufakazi obuyimfihlo obungaphulwayo obungu-6.

Ukukhula Kwamanani Nokungaziwa Kofakazi

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla bunezinselele ezintsha. Ukwanda kwemibango ye-inthanethi kanye nokusongelwa kwe-inthanethi kuye kwaholela ekuceleni kofakazi abangaziwa abafakazele ngokufihla ama-screen noma ngokuhlanekezelwa kwezwi. Izinkantolo kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi izinyathelo ezinjalo azimnciphisi ummangalelwa ikhono lokuhlola ukuthembeka. Ngokufanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwemizimba ­, ubufakazi bezezindaba zomphakathi, kanye neminye imibhalo yezobuchwepheshe iphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi yini esho ukuthi “inkulumo ehloniphekayo”. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha, umthetho kuyodingeka ukuba uvumelane nomthetho ngaphandle kokulahla izindinganiso eziyinhloko zempikiswano.

Isiphetho

Ilungelo lokubhekana nabamangaleli linesisekelo esijulile esingokomlando, kusukela eNdiya ephakathi kuya emthetho wezizwe zonke. Uhambo lwalo lubonisa ukuzimisela komphakathi ekungakhethini, ukubonakala, nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu. Nakuba ilungelo liye lacwengisiswa futhi ngezinye izikhathi lilinganiselwe ngokuncintisana, lihlala liyisivikelo esiqinile ekuqinisekeni okungenazinhloso ezingokomthetho nobufakazi obuyimfihlo. Njengoba izimiso zomthetho ziqhubeka ziguqula ("ukufaka izinsongosi ezintsha), ubuchwepheshe obusha, kanye nezindlela ezintsha zobufakazi obusha bokubhekana nobunzima. Izinkantolo, izigebengu, nabenzi bezomthetho kumele baqhubeke belinganisela lokhu kanye nezinye izithakazelo ezingokomthetho, njalo zikhumbula ukuthi injongo eyinhloko yokuqulwa kufike ngenqubo ehloniphekayo neyo.