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Ukuqonda Ubugunya: Ukugxilisa Ingqondo Kumandla Nethonya Lawo Embulungeni Yonke

I-authoritarianism imelela olunye lwezinhlobo ezihlala njalo nezilandelana kakhulu zokubusa emlandweni wesintu. Ekujuleni kwayo, ukubusa ngempoqo yisimiso sezombangazwe lapho amandla ebekwa ezandleni zomholi oyedwa noma iqembu elincane, elingalinganiyo, ngokuvamile elondolozwa ngokuphoqelelwa, ubuningi obulinganiselwe, nokucindezelwa okuhlelekile kwemithetho ephikisayo. Ngokungafani nokulawula kwemibuso ezimele, lapho amandla ombuso wentando yeningi ehlakanisiwe futhi ehlolwa khona futhi encitshiswa, i-adentity programs st struption, ukuqina, nokulondolozwa kwezithakazelo zezikhulu ezibusayo ezibusayo, nokuthathiwa kwazo okuthandwayo. Ukuqonda izimiso zezobushiqela, nemisuka engoko, nokubonakaliswa kwamanje kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho kuyimfuneko ezakhamuzini, abenzi bezimiso zezimiso zezombangazwe, nabafundi befuna ukuhlola imbulunga eyinkimbinkimbi.

Nakuba izimiso zobuphoqelelo zingathatha izinhlobo eziningi — kusukela kwezempi kuya ezifundazweni eziseqenjini elilodwa lobushiqela kunoma isigaba esisodwa sobushiqela − zivumelana nomqondo ovamile: ukubekwa kwegunya kanye nokubekwa indinganiso kokuphikiswa. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okubanzi kwemithetho elawulayo, ukuhlola izici zayo ezichazayo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, izindlela zokulawula, imiphumela yezesayensi yezenhlalakahle, kanye namandla aqinile amelana nayo. Ngokudweba ukuhlolwa kwezendaba emhlabeni wonke, sihlose ukunikeza umbono ocacile ngokuthi kungani ubuphostoli buphikelela futhi buvumelana kanjani nezimo, kuhlanganise nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke.

Ukuchaza I - authoritarianism: Izici Ezinezici Ezihlukahlukene Nezici Ezihlukahlukene

Ososayensi bezombangazwe sekuyisikhathi eside bephikisana ngencazelo eqondile yobushiqela, kodwa abaningi bavumelana ngezici eziyinhloko ezibuhlukanisa nezinye izinhlobo zokubusa. Ngokungafani nohulumeni bobushiqela, abafuna ukulawula zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi nokungabodwa, izimiso zobushiqela zivumela izinga elithile lenkululeko yezenhlalo nezomnotho uma nje zingasongeli ukubusa kweqembu elibusayo. Nokho, imingcele phakathi kokubusa kobushiqela nomashiqela ingafiphaza ukusebenza, ikakhulukazi emibusweni yemizwa eqinile noma yemikhakha ewundlu.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zezici Zombhali

Imibuso yabasunguli ibonisa izici eziningana eziphindaphindayo ezibenza bahluke ezimisweni zentando yeningi:

  • Ukuhlanganisa Amandla:[ igunya lokwenza izinqumo libekwa phakathi komholi oyedwa, umkhandlu obusayo, noma i-junta encane. Ukunqandwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, uma zikhona, zingokomthetho-mthetho, kakhulu futhi zingadlula ngentando.
  • I-Platolist ehlangene nezombangazwe:[ amaqembu okuphikiswa, izinhlangano zomphakathi ezizimele, kanye nezinyunyana zenkululeko zezokuhwebelana zivinjelwe, zilawulwa ngokuqinile, noma zenziwe zingaphumeli ngokubambisana noma ngokuhlukumeza.
  • Ukucindezelwa kokungavumelani: Abagxeki bombuso babhekene noshushiso olungokomthetho, ukucusumbulwa, ukuqashelwa, ukuboshwa, ukudingiswa, noma okubi kakhulu. Umbuso usebenzisa amathuluzi awo okuvikela ukuze uthule noma uqede noma uqede noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuphikiswa okuhleliwe.
  • Control Over Information: Izindawo zokukhipha imithombo yezindaba zithonywe kakhulu noma zithonywe kakhulu yizwe, futhi ukuncishiswa kwezindaba ezizimele kuyanqanyulwa. Inkulumo - ze kanye nenkulumo-mkhankaso yokuguqula isetshenziswa ukuguqula umbono womphakathi nokususa izitha.
  • [ I-Sham Echocotions: Lapho kukhethwa, kuklanyelwe ukugunyaza iqembu elibusayo kunokuba linikeze ukukhetha kwangempela. I-Ballot, ukuvota, ukulahla abaphikisi, nokukhomba okunobandlululo kuvamile.
  • NgeSimemezelo:[ Abaholi bavame ukudlula izishaya-mthetho nezinkantolo, ukukhipha izinqumo noma amandla aphuthumayo okumisa izimiso ngaphandle kokuhlola noma ukuqondisa.

Ukwahlukahluka Kwencwadi Yokubhala

Akuyona yonke imibuso yempoqo efanayo. izazi zihlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo eziningana:

  • Imithetho yobuSekela: Amandla anikwa umuntu oyedwa olawula isimiso sezombangazwe nge-isma, isekela, nokwesaba. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-North Korea ngaphansi kukaKim Jong Un, i-Iraq ngaphansi koSadam Hussein, ne-Siriya ngaphansi komkhaya we-Asad.
  • I-Regimes: Iqembu lezikhulu zezempi lithatha amandla, ngokuvamile ngokubusa, futhi libusa ngokuqondile noma ngamaphepha okuvota angagunyaziwe avamile. Izibonelo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa i-Argentina ngaphansi kwe-Jorge Rafael Videlta junta (1976-19983) neMyanmar ngemva kokwehlwithwa kombuso ka-2021.
  • Isigaba esisodwa:[ Iqembu elilodwa lezombangazwe lilawula umbuso, licindezela zonke izimbangi futhi lizinzise lingene juqu ezweni nasemphakathini. IChina ngaphansi kweQembu lamaKhomanisi laseChina, iVietnam, iLaos, neCuba iyizibonelo ezivelele zamanje.
  • I-Authoritarialism: Ababusi abaphelele bagxilisa amandla ezandleni zabo, ngokuvamile ngokusekela kwezikhulu zenkolo noma ezingokwesiko. Saudi Arabia neUnited Arabhu Emirates ziveza loluhlobo.
  • [ I-Authoritarianism ebumbeneyo: Ama-Regime alondoloza ukuncintisana kwentando yeningi kuyilapho ehlela inkundla yokudlala ethanda abantu abancintisanayo. IRussia ngaphansi kukaVladimir Putin, iHungary ngaphansi kukaViktor Orbán, ne-Turkey ngaphansi kweRecep Tayyip Erdopiaan iye yabhekwa njengezimiso zobupholishist.

Umlando: Ukwanda Nokuziphendukela Kwe - Authoritarianism

Kuwo wonke umlando, imiphakathi eminingi yabantu iye yabuswa ababusi be-autocracy, kusukela ku-farao basendulo nababusi kuya kumakhosi enkathi ephakathi namakhosi amakhosi. Nokho, umqondo wanamuhla wobushiqela uhlobene kakhulu nokuvela kwesizwe esisezweni, kwezombangazwe, kanye nezingxabano zemibono yekhulu lama-20.

I - Authoritarianism Yasekuqaleni Kweminyaka Yama - 20: UbuFascism Ne - Stalin

Inkathi ye-internawer (1918-1993) yabona ukuvela kweminye yemibuso yobushiqela enobudlova kakhulu emlandweni. Ukuwa kwemibuso, ukungahleleki kwezomnotho, nokwesaba ubukhomanisi kwabhebhethekisa ukudlondlobala kwezinhlangano zefascist eYurophu. Lemibuso ka-Benito Mussolinis u-Italy (1922-1943) noAdolf Hitler’s German (1933/1945) yahlanganisa ubuzwe bezeqili, ubusosha, nokucindezelwa kwakho konke ukuphikiswa ngobudlova nenkulumo - zenkohliso kahulumeni. Lemibuso yabhubhisa izinhlangano zentando yeningi, yashushisa amahlelo amaphekula, futhi ekugcineni yafaka izwe eMpi Yezwe II.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iSoviet Union ngaphansi kukaJoseph Stalin (1924-19953) yasungula uhlobo lobushiqela bobushiqela obucindezelayo obabufuna ukulawula zonke izici zokuphila ngeqembu elilodwa, umnotho wobushiqela, nethuluzi lamaphoyisa elisemfihlekweni eligcwele yonke indawo. I-Soviet yabangela ukubusa okufanayo eMpumalanga Yurophu, eChina, eNyakatho Korea, nakwezinye izindawo ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Ukubusa kukaStalin kwaphawulwa ukuxoshwa kwabantu abaningi, ukuqoqa, indlala, nesimiso saseGulag, okwaphumela ekufeni kwezigidi zabantu.

Ubugunya Bobubusi Bangemva Kwekoloni Ezweni Elithuthukayo

Ukukhohliswa kwamazwe amasha ngemva ko 1945 kwasungula imibuso eminingi emisha, eminingi yayo eyayizama ukwakha izinhlangano zentando yeningi ezizinzile phakathi kokwehlukana kwezinhlanga, ukuwohloka kwezomnotho, nokucindezela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi. E-Afrika, e-Asia, nase-Middle East, abaholi abanamandla ngokuvamile bathatha amandla, bathembisa ukuhleleka nokuthuthuka kodwa banikeze ukucindezelwa nokukhohlakala. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iMobutu Sese Seko eZaire (manje eyiDemocratic Republic of Congo), iSuharto e-Indonesia, ne-Gamaral Abdebdeb Naser eGibhithe. Lemibuso ngokuvamile ithembele ezinhlanganweni zomuntu siqu, ukusekela, ukusekela kwempi, nokucindezela umphakathi.

IMpi Yomshoshaphansi Nokusakazeka Kwembulunga Yonke Kobugunya

Impi yempi yoMshoshaphansi phakathi kwe-United States neSoviet Union yaqhubekisela phambili ukubusa kwempoqo emazweni amaningi. Zombili imibuso emikhulu yasekela omashiqela abavumelana nezithakazelo zabo zezombangazwe, kungakhathaliseki imibhalo yabo yamalungelo abantu. E-Latin America, e-U.S. i-juntas e-Argentina, Chile, i-Brazil, ne-Central America yalwa izimpi ezingcolile ngokumelene nezinhlangano ze-steinst. Phakathi kwalokho, iSoviet Union yasekela imibuso eyodwa enezigaba eziseMpumalanga Yurophu, iCuba, i-Angola, ne-Ethiopia. Isiphelo seMpi Yomshosha ngo-209 yaholela ekuncipheni kwembulwa kwembulwano, kodwa ubukhonyaridi babonakala beqinile, bevumelanisa izimo ezintsha.

Izindlela Zokulawula: Indlela Abasunguli Abawalondoloza Ngayo Amandla

Nakuba ukuphoqelela nokwesaba kuyinhloko, imibuso yanamuhla isebenzisa nezinqubo ezicashile zokulawula ezenza ukuhlubuka okusobala kube nzima futhi kubiza.

Ikhomu Nesifundazwe Sokulondeka

Indlela eqondile yokulawula iwukusebenzisa amandla. Imibuso yabaphathi igcina amathuluzi anamandla okuvikela − kuhlanganise namabutho, amaphoyisa, izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha, namaqembu amabutho ezempi − ukuqondisa, ukwesabisa, nokuqeda abaphikisi. Amaphoyisa ayimfihlo, njenge-Stasi eMpumalanga Jalimane noma iNkonzo yeSikhungo Sezombuso eChina, iphethe ukuqapha okusakazekele, iphethe amaqembu aphikisayo, futhi iboshelwe ukuboshwa noma abagxeki be-blackmail.

Ukulawula Inkulumo - ze Nokwaziswa

Ukulawula ukulandisa kubalulekile ukuze kusinde i-phority. Abaqondisi batshala imali eningi ezindaweni ezibuswa uhulumeni noma ezithonyelwe uhulumeni ezisakaza isigijimi sikahulumeni futhi zihlasele izitha zakhe. I- Independent saissage icindezelwa ngokuhlola, ilayisensi, ukuthumba okungokomthetho, ubudlova ezintathelini. Kulenkathi yezibalo, ohulumeni basebenzisa imikhankaso eyinkimbinkimbi yokususa ulwazi, ukuxhaphaza kwezembubhiso zomphakathi, kanye nokusakazeka kwemibono yozungu ukuze kudidakise umphakathi futhi kukhubaze izithane. Umqondo we-regnupism, ukuhlulwa komthetho womthetho ongokomthetho, nokuhluphayo kwezindaba, kuvele ukuchaza imibuso enjengeRussia neChina ehlanganisa ukuqamba ukuqamba ngenkulumo - zezokuxhumana ngogesi ukuze kulondolo.

Ukucwiliswa Kwekhofi Ne-Patronage

Akuzona zonke izilawuli ezivumelanayo. Izikhulu ezilawulayo ngokuvamile abasekeli benselele ngokusakaza izinzuzo zezinto ezibonakalayo, izikhundla ezihloniphekile, noma ukufinyelela ezimakethe ezingekho emthethweni. Izinhlangano zePatronage zibopha izikhundla eziphezulu neziyinhloko kuhulumeni, zidala isigxobo sokusinda kwazo. Ngokwesibonelo, eRussia, uMongameli Putin uye wakha isimiso sokuhweba ngokuma kwezenkampane lapho uhulumeni othembekile elawula khona impahla enkulu yezwe ngenxa yokusekela kwezombangazwe. EChina, iKhomanisi likhuthaza abantu abanekhono ngesimiso sokuzimela esinikeza umvuzo wokwethembeka nekhono lobuchwepheshe.

Ukuphanga Okungokomthetho Nokuyizinhlangano

Imibuso eminingi yemibuso yempoqo ilondoloza izinhlobo zangaphandle zokubusa kwentando yeningi .Iziphetho zentando yeningi, izigele, izinkantolo, nokhetho. Njengoba ihlelwa ngokuphambuka. Imithetho ibhalwe ngokungacaci noma ngokukhethayo ukuze iphakamisi ukuphambanisa. I-jaji igcwele abalandeli abaqotho abavala izenzo zikahulumeni. Izinguquko zomthetho zidluliselwe ukunweba imingcele yesikhathi noma ukwandisa amandla egunya le-amandla ephakeme. Lendlela, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi i-actal mentalism esemthethweni [, ivumela imibuso esemthethweni ukuba isholoze ingasebenzi izinhlangano zentando yeningi. Hungary ngaphansi kukaViktor Orán nangaphansi koMthetho wePoland (Pi) isebenzise lezindlela zokwambutholo phakathi kwentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Ukwehlukanisa Nokubusa

Ababusi abagunyazi bavame ukusebenzisa kabi ama-cleavages ezenhlalo (-ethvavages), amaqembu enkolo, esifunda, noma ulimi oluvamile − ukuvimbela ukuvela kokuphikiswa okuhlangene. Ngokuthanda iqembu elilodwa phezu kwezinye, bakha isisekelo esiqinile kuyilapho besekela izitha. E-Siriya, umbuso wama-Assad uye wancika edlanzaneni lama-Aslawi ukuze ulawule i-Sunni eningi, kuyilapho eBahrain, i-Sunbuni icindezela iningi labaseShia. Lamacebo andisa ukuhlukana okulwa nombuso futhi enza ukulwa nombuso ube nzima kakhulu.

Imiphumela YobuKhomanisi: Umphakathi, Umnotho, Namalungelo Abantu

Ithonya lokubusa kwempoqo lidlulela ngalé kwesimiso sezombangazwe, lilolonga zonke izici zokuphila emiphakathini ethintekile.

Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwamalungelo Abantu

Imibuso yabaphathi-hulumeni bangabavukeli abaphambili bokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Inkululeko yokukhuluma, umhlangano, kanye nokuhlangana kuyacindezelwa njalo. Iziboshwa zezombangazwe zigcinwa ngaphandle kokuqulwa ngokulunga; ukuhlukunyezwa nokuphathwa kabi kudlangile emazweni amaningi. Amaqembu amancane, izintatheli, abavikeli bamalungelo abantu, ne LGBTQ+ abantu abasengozini enkulu. Ngokwemibiko evela ezinhlanganweni ezinjenge- Amnesty International [[ kanye nama-Human Rights Watch , ukuxhatshazwa okubi kakhulu kwabantu kwenzeka emazweni anjengeChina (ikakhulu e-Xinang), i-North Korea, i-Eritrea, i-Eritrea, i-S.

Ukungahleleki Kwezomnotho Nokungalingani

Ubuhlobo phakathi kobuphoqelelo nokusebenza kwezomnotho buyinkimbinkimbi. Eminye imibuso, njengeChina neSingapore, iye yafinyelela ukukhula okusheshayo ngokuhlanganisa ukuqondisa kwezwe nemisebenzi yezentengiselwano. Nokho, ngokuvamile, ukubusa kwempoqo kuholela ekungcoleni kwezomnotho, ukonakala, nokungalingani. Ngaphandle kokubonana, ukulandisa, noma umthetho, imithombo iphambukiselwa kubaphathi abaphezulu ababusayo kanye nezindawo zabo. Amalungelo ezindawo awalondekile, futhi anda. Ukuwa kwe-Venezuela ngaphansi kombuso we-chavista kubonisa indlela ukuphatha ngempoqo okunga okungabhubhisa ngayo umnotho owezene, okuholela ekukhukhule, ukusweka kwenani elikhulu, ukusweka kwenani elikhulu, nokuncishwa kwenani elikhulu.

Ukumiswa Kokubuyiselwa Komphakathi Nomphakathi

Izinhlangano ezikhululekile zichuma ngempikiswano esobala, ukuhlola, kanye nokuncintisana kwemibono. Ukuthola imvume yamalungelo kucindezela lezizici, kwakha isimo sokuvumelana nokwesaba. Ukucwaninga okungokwesayensi kuyasuswa ezihlakaniphiniphisweni ezigxekayo, ukucwaninga okungokwesayensi kuqondiswe ezintweni eziza kuqala zikahulumeni, futhi ukuveza kobuciko kuyahlaziywa. Izinhlangano zomphakathi ($_ukusungula nokunikeza inkonzo) zilinganiselwe kakhulu noma zihlangene. Umphumela umphakathi ongavumelani kakhulu, ongasakwazi ukumelana noshintsho, futhi ongakwazi ukujwayela ekushintsheni.

Ukungahlaliseki Nokungalawuleki Komphakathi

Ukucindezelwa kuvame ukubangela ukucasuka, futhi imibuso yobushiqela ibhekana namaqhinga okubhikisha nesiyaluyalu ngezikhathi ezithile. I-Arabian Spring (200-2012) yabonisa ukuthi ngisho nomashiqela abonakala eqinile anganyakaziswa ngokuqoqwa kwabantu abaningi. Nokho, imibuso yobushiqela iye yabonakala inekhono lokumelana nokubhikishwa ngenhlanganisela yempi, ukuvunywa, ukuvunyelwa, nokuhlukaniswa kobudlwano-mthetho. EChina, umbuso wacindezela ngonya ukuvinjelwa kwe-Tianamen Square ngo 1989 futhi kusukela ngo- 1989 uye wakha umbuso omkhulu wokuqapha ukuze uvimbele noma yikuphi ukubuya. ERussia, ukuhlasela kwe-20222 kwabangela ukubhikishwa kwe-gadlayo, kodwa kwabhunyuswa ngokushesha ngokuboshwa nangokucushwa.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Ukubhala Ngezenzo

Ukuhlola imibuso ethile kwembula amasu nemiphumelelo ehlukahlukene yokubusa ngempoqo.

IChina: Isigaba seqembu neSibalo Sezinombolo

I-CP yobuKhomanisi yaseChina iQembu (CCP) ngaphansi kweSici Jining iye yaqinisa amandla ngezinga elingabonwanga kusukela eMao Zedong. Wonke amagatsha kahulumeni, amabutho, umnotho, nomphakathi ungaphansi kokulawulwa kweqembu. Umbuso usebenzisa imishini emikhulu yokuqapha, kuhlanganise nokuqapha ubuso, ukuqapha kwezezimali, nokuqondisa kwangempela kwezokuxhumana, ukulandelela nokulawula izakhamuzi. E-Xinjiang, uhulumeni ubambe ama-Uyghurs namanye ama-Turkic Muslim emakamu, uzenza zisebenze ngokuphoqelelwa, ufundise, nokuvala izimali, kanye nokubulala inzalo. Inhlangano eminingi yezokuxhumana nabantu nohulumeni iye yasho ukuthi ihlelwe kanjani ukuqothulwa kwesizwe. I-China. [FLD]

ERussia: I - Compalititituismism Nombuso Wobuntu

Vladimir Putin’s Russia uyisibonelo sokuncintisana kwemithetho yeningi. Nakuba kunezinhlangano zentando yeningi ezisemthethweni, inkundla yokudlala incishiswe kakhulu ekusekeleni ukudukiswa kwempi. Amanani ayinhloko okuphikiswa aye abulawa, aboshwa, noma aphoqelelwa ekudingisweni; imithombo yezindaba ezizimele iye yavalwa noma yaxoshwa; futhi ukhetho lonakaliswa ngokukhwabanisa nokuphatha ngempoqo. Ukulawula kombuso kuncikenekile ebuzweni, ebuOrthodox, kanye nokulwa kweWestern ukuze kugcinwe ngokomthetho. Ukuhlasela kweRussia ngo-Ukraine ngo-2022 kwaholela phambili ekuvukeleni ukuphikisana, ngokuvimbela imithetho yokuhlola nokungalungisiswa kwecala nanoma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kwebutho elikhethekile kwempi." Ukulawula kombuso kuqiniswa ngamandla ayo okulawula ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe nenkonzo esemthethweni.

IVenezuela: Ukusuka Ebuthweni Lentando Yeningi Kuya Ekuvimbeleni Kwemibuso

I-trateory yaseVenezuela inikeza isixwayiso senganekwane yokuphambuka kwentando yeningi. UHugo Chávez (1999-2013) wasebenzisa ukunxusa kwakhe okuthandwayo nokulawula izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze agxilise amandla, achithe iziphetho, futhi acindezele ukuphikisa. Umlandeli wakhe, uNicolás Maduro, uye waqhubeka nale nqubo phakathi kwenhlekelele yezomnotho eyingozi. Umbuso uye wafaka ijele abaholi abaphikisayo, abasebenzisa ukhetho, futhi wathembela emikhosini yezempi neyamabutho amabutho okuhlala embusweni. Umphumela uyinhlekelele yenhlalakahle, nezigidi ezibaleka ezweni, i-hyndiflation, nobumpofu obukhulu. IVenezuela ibonisa indlela uhulumeni obungabulala ngayo ukuchuma nokuqina kwesizwe.

ITurkey: Ukubuswa Kwentando Yeningi Ngaphansi Kwe - Erdoshayaan

Recep Tayyip Erdoān, owakhethwa kuqala njengomsekeli wenguquko, kancane kancane uye waguqula i-Turkey yaba umbuso wempoqo oncintisanayo. Ngemva kokusinda emzamweni wokugumbuqelwa kombuso ngo-2016, wasusa izinkulungwane zemishini kahulumeni, wabamba izinkulungwane zabahluleli, izintatheli, nezifundiswa, namandla ayinhloko kuhulumeni. I-judicariary, imithombo yezindaba, kanye nomphakathi manje sekulawulwa kakhulu uhulumeni. U-Erdogayan usebenzisa isisekelo sombuso nenkolo ukubuyisa isisekelo sakhe, kuyilapho echachasa phansi abashisekeli beKordish, abashishishi, nabathandi bezwezwezwe. ITurkey ilokhu iyilungu eligxekayo, kodwa ukuwohloka kwayo kwentando yeningi kuye kwaphazamisa ubuhlobo bayo nohulumeni.

Ukumelana Nokuphikisa: Indlela Ukubusa Ngohulumeni Okuyinselele Ngayo

Naphezu kwamandla abo, imibuso yempoqo ayikaze ilondeke ngokuphelele. ukuphikiswa kuvela ezindleleni eziningi, kusukela ekuphikiseni okuhleliwe kwezombangazwe kuya ezenzweni zansuku zonke zokwedelela.

Imithetho Yomthetho Nomphakathi

Izinhlangano zendawo, amaqembu amalungelo abantu, kanye nabaholi bomphakathi bavame ukwakha umgogodla wokumelana nomthetho. ERussia, amaqembu anjengeSikhumbuzo (owafaka ubufakazi bokucindezelwa kweSoviet) ne-Anti-Corruption Foundation (esungulwe ngu-Alexie Navalny) ziye zabekela umbuso inselele naphezu koshushiso olunzima. EBelarus, amaqembu namaqembu abesifazane nezinhlangano zezisebenzi afeza indima enkulu ekuvukeleni u-Alek Lukashenko ngo-20. Lezi zinhlangano zithembele esibindi, ekusunguleni, nasebunyeni bomhlaba wonke ukuze ziqhubeke.

Ukumelana Nezikhali Zezinombolo Nempi Yokwaziswa

Ubuchwepheshe buyinkemba ebambene kabili emongweni we-pholia. Nakuba imibuso isebenzisa amathuluzi e-tec ahlolayo nenkulumo - ze, abashisekeli bawabophela futhi ukuze bahlele futhi bahlanganyele ulwazi. Izinhlelo zokuthumela imiyalezo ezibhalwe ngendlela eyimfihlo njenge-Telegram ziye zasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa ukubhikisha eBelarus, eHong Kong, nase-Iran. Izakhamuzi zisebenzisa ama-computers ukudlulisa ukuhlolwa kwe-intanethi nokuthola izindaba ezizimele. Nokho, i-athoristric ilokhu ithuthukisa amandla azo olwembu-inthanethi, futhi inkundla yempi iyaqhubeka ithuthukisa intuthuko.

Ukucindezela Nokuhlanzeka Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Ohulumeni bamazwe angaphandle, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, ne-NGOs bangacindezela imibuso yobushiqela ngokuzihlukanisa kwemibuso yezizwe, izijeziso zezomnotho, ukuphatha izikhali, nokusekela amandla ombuso wempi. I-European Union, i-United States, ne-United Kingdom baye bafaka izijeziso kubantu ngabanye nakumalungu ahlangene ahlangeneyo ahlobene nokuxhashazwa kwamalungelo abantu eRussia, eChina, eVenezuela, nakwamanye amazwe. I-International Criminal Court (IC) iye yaqhubeka imangalela ubugebengu bempi nobugebengu obumelene nesintu. Nokho, ukuphumelela kokucindezela kwangaphandle kulinganiselwe, ikakhulukazi uma amazwe anamandla anjengeChina neRussia enikeza esinye isifuba sobuphilizo zomphakathi nesombuluko.

Ukwedelela Nokungalaleli Kombango

Umlando ubonisa ukuthi ukumelana nombuso ophoqelelwe nongenabudlova kungaphumelela ngokuphawulekayo, njengoba kuboniswa inhlangano yokuzibusa yamaNdiya, umzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi eUnited States, ukugumbuqelwa kukaFerdinand Marcos ePhilippines (1986), kanye nokuVukela kweVelvet eCzechoslovakia (1999),. Ukubhikisha kweMisa, ukugadla, ukuhlasela, nokungalaleli komphakathi kuphakamisa izindleko zokucindezelwa, kukhuphula umthetho, futhi kwakha izivulo zokushintsha kwezombangazwe. Nokho, izinhlangano ezingenabudlova zidinga ukujeza okungokomthetho, izivumelwano ezinkulu, nokuzimisela ukwamukela izingozi.

Ikusasa Lobugunya: Imiqondo Nezinselele

Ukubuswa kwemithetho akuyona into ekhona. Kuzivumelanisa nobuchwepheshe obusha, ukushintshwa kwezezombangazwe, nezinguquko zezenhlalo.

Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe Nokulawula Amanani

Imibuso yobucukubhede ifaka imali eningi ekuhlakanipheni kokwenziwa, ukuqashelwa kobuso, i-biometric metage, kanye namaphoyisa abikezelayo. I-Social Curce System yeChina iyisibonelo esiphambili, kodwa izimiso ezifanayo zivela eRussia, eSaudi Arabia, nakwamanye amazwe. Le misebenzi yenza ukuba izinga elingenakulinganiswa nakancane lokuhlola, ukuhlela izenhlalo, nokulawula ukuziphatha. Ukusakazeka kobuphoqesha obuphoqelela abantu ngemishini yobuchwepheshe kusongela kakhulu amalungelo nenkululeko yentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.

Umncintiswano Wezombangazwe Nokusekela Okugunyaziwe

Ukuvela kweChina nokubuya kweRussia kuye kwashintsha ukulinganisela kombuso embulungeni yonke, kwadala isimo esingcono kakhulu sokubusa ngempoqo. Lamazwe akhuthaza ezinye izindlela zokubusa ezilahla imithetho yentando yeningi ekhululekile. Anikeza usizo lwezezimali, ukutshala imali, nokusekela kweminye imibuso ye-athorist, kunciphisa ukuchayeka kwawo ekucindezelekeni kwaseNtshonalanga. Ngokwesibonelo, iBelt ne Road Initiatiatiative, iye yandisa ithonya leChina e-Asia, e-Afrika, nase-Latin America, ngokuvamile ngokulahlekelwa ukubusa kwentando yeningi.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokucindezeleka Kwendawo Ezungezile

Ukuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile, ukuntuleka kwemithombo yemali, kanye nokufuduka okubangelwa isimo sezulu cishe kubangela izingxabano ezingokwenhlalo nokungahleleki kwezombangazwe. Imibuso elawulayo ingasebenzisa lezi zinhlekelele ukuze ithethelele imibuso ephuthumayo, inciphise, futhi ilawule ingaphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukumelana nendawo ezungezile kungaba yindawo entsha yokumelana, njengoba kubonakala emzabalazweni okhulayo wesimo sezulu eChina naseRussia, naphezu kokucindezelwa kwezwe.

Ukuzithethelela Ngentando Yeningi Nomphakathi Wabezakhamuzi Emhlabeni Wonke

Naphezu kwezinselele zamanje, idemokrasi isalokhu iwumgomo onamandla. Ukuhlola komphakathi njalo kubonisa ukuthi abantu abaningi emhlabeni wonke bakhetha ukubusa ngentando yeningi esikhundleni sezindawo zobushiqela. Izifundazwe zedemokrasi, izinhlangano zomphakathi wezizwe zonke, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ziyaqhubeka zisekela amalungelo abantu nokubusa komthetho. Umzabalazo phakathi kobushiqela nentando yeningi usekude kakhulu, futhi umphumela uzoxhomeka ekukhetheni okwenziwa izakhamuzi, abaholi, nomphakathi wezizwe zonke.

Isiphetho

I-authoritarianism isici esiphikelelayo nesivumelanayo sezombangazwe zomhlaba wonke. Ukuchaza kwayo izici zokwenza kube nokuncishiswa kwamandla, ukucindezelwa kokungavumelani, nokulawula ukwaziswa − kubeka izinselele eziyisisekelo zenkululeko yomuntu, isithunzi, nentuthuko. Nokho, ukuqonda inqubo yokubusa ngempoqo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokumelana nawo. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi ngisho nohulumeni wobushiqela obunamandla kakhulu kungabekelwa inselele, futhi kwezinye izimo, kuwiswe izakhamuzi ezizimisele nomphakathi wembulunga yonke. Njengentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe nezimiso zesayensi yembulunga yonke iphinde ishintshe indawo, isidingo sokuqapha, ukubambisana, nezimiso zemithetho yemithetho yobushiqela akukaze kube sikhulu. Ukuhlolwa kobushicilo lwezemfundo yezemfundo; kuyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuvikela izindinganiso zentando yentando yezwe, amalungelo abantu, amalungelo embulungeni, kanye nezobulungisa ekhulwini lama-21 ekhulwini.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, hlola imithombo evela ku Indlu yenkululeko, [ Journal of Democracy, ne [ Carnegie Endlement for International Peace.